BASIC MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING (3110006)

CHAPTER 1
BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND ENERGY
Prepared By:
Prof. Ahutosh Gohel and
Dr. Nikunj Patel
Mechanical Engineering Department
GPERI, Mehsana.
OUTLINE
 Course Content
 Prime movers and its types
 Basic Concepts
 Thermodynamics Concepts
 Statements of Zeroth law and First law
 Applications of Energy sources
 Environmental issues
COURSE CONTENT
1. Prime movers and its types
2. Concept of Force, Pressure, Energy, Work,
Power, System, Heat, Temperature, Specific
heat capacity
3. Process, Cycle, Internal energy, Enthalpy
4. Statements of Zeroth law and First law
5. Applications of Energy sources like Fossil
fuels, Nuclear fuels, Hydrogen fuel, Hydro,
Solar, Wind, and Bio-fuels
6. Environmental issues like Global warming
and Ozone depletion
PRIME MOVERS
AND ITS TYPES
PRIME MOVERS

Definition: Prime mover is a device which

uses natural sources to convert their
energy into mechanical energy or useful
work (shaft power).
PRIME MOVERS
Sources of energy
Prime movers are using various
natural sources of energy life
fuel, flow of river water, atom,
biomass, wind, etc.
1. Fuel: When fuel is burned, heat
energy is Discharged. Amount of
heat Discharged by burning of
fuel depends upon calorific
value of that fuel. By using heat
engine, the heat energy is
converted into mechanical
energy shaft power. Fuel is most
widely used source of energy.
PRIME MOVERS

2. Flow of river water: This is another source of

energy. Water stored at high elevation contains
potential energy. more at high elevation When
water starts flowing, potential energy gets
converted to kinetic energy. Hydraulic
turbine is a prime mover which converts
kinetic energy of flowing water into
Mechanical energy.
PRIME MOVERS

3. Atoms (Nuclear Energy): Nuclear energy or

atomic energy is recent development. Heat
energy produced by the fission or fusion
of atoms may be used to produce shaft
power by heat engines.
PRIME MOVERS

4. Nonconventional Energy Sources: These

energy resources replenish themselves
naturally in a relatively short time and
therefore will always be available. The
examples of these resources are solar energy,
wind energy, tidal energy, bio energy, solid
wastes etc. Almost all nonconventional
energy resources offer pollution free
environment and also help in maintaining the
ecological balance.
PRIME MOVERS TYPES
BASIC CONCEPTS
FORCE

 “Force is the product of mass and

acceleration of the body upon which it
is applied.”
 As per Newton's second law of motion
Force ∝ acceleration , F ∝ a ,
F = m x a, where, m is (constant) mass
of body in kg.
FORCE

 In SI unit (International system), unit of

mass is kg and unit of acceleration is
m/s². From eq. The unit of force is kg-
m/s² which is known as newton (N).
 Newton (N) may be defined as that force
which when applied to a body having a
mass of one kilogram gives it an
acceleration of one metre per square
second.
 Kilo Newton (kN) and Mega Newton (MN)
are recommended larger unit.
WEIGHT

 Weight: Weight is force exerted by gravity

Weight = Mass x Gravitational acceleration,
W=mxg
Weight of body is dependent upon gravitational
force, so it is not constant.
PRESSURE

 “Pressure is the property of fluid and it is defined as

force per unit area.”
Pressure = Force/Area or P = F/a N/m². The unit of
pressure is N/m². N/m² is known as Pascal (Pa)

 1 Pa = 1 N/m². Kilo Pascal (kPa); Mega Pascal (MPa) and

bar (1 bar = 105 Pa or N/m²) are recommended larger
unit. 1 kg/cm² is approximately equals to 0.1 MPa.
PRESSURE
 The pressure measured by a pressure
gauge is called gauge pressure.
 Pressure gauges, Manometers etc are
used to measure gauge pressure and
Barometer is used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
 Atmospheric pressure is the pressure
exerted by atmosphere. It varies with
location on earth.
PRESSURE
 Standard atmospheric pressure
is pressure of atmospheric air
at mean sea level. It is defined
as the pressure developed by a
mercury column of 760 mm.

 If we take density of mercury

equal to 13595.09 kg/m3 and
gravitational acceleration
9.80665 m/s²,
PRESSURE
 Standard atmospheric pressure will be
P = pgh = 13595.09×9.80665× 0.760 N/m²
=1.01325×105 N/m². or Pa
Patm = 1.01325 bar
 Absolute pressure is measured with
reference to absolute zero pressure. It is
the pressure related to perfect vacuum.
 Mathematically, Absolute pressure =
Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure
PRESSURE
 Vacuum is defined as the pressure below
atmospheric pressure. A perfect vacuum is obtained
when absolute pressure is zero, at this instant
molecular momentum is zero.
 ENERGY

 "Energy", a word derived from the Greek word

"Energia", means capacity for doing work.
 The unit of energy is the unit of work i.e. Joule.
 Another important unit of energy is Kilowatt hour
(kWh) which is derived from the unit of power
kilowatt.
 Forms of energy :- Mechanical energy, Thermal or
heat energy, Chemical energy, Electrical energy,
Nuclear energy.
ENERGY

 It is possible to convert one form of

energy into another form of energy.
 Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but the total amount of
energy remains constant before and
after the transformation. This is called
the law of conservation of energy.
 HIGH AND LOW GRADE OF ENERGY
 The second law of
thermodynamics prohibits the
complete conversion of heat
into work. Sources of energy is
divided into two groups.
1. High grade energy: Energy
that can be completely
converted (neglecting losses)
into the work.
 Examples: Mechanical work,
Electrical energy, Water power,
Wind and tidal power, Kinetic
energy of jet.
 HIGH AND LOW GRADE OF ENERGY

2. Low Grade energy: Only

a certain portion of
energy that can be
converted into a
mechanical work (shaft
power), that energy is
called low grade energy.
 Examples: Thermal or
heat energy, Heat derived
from combustion of fuels,
Heat of nuclear fission.
TYPES OF ENERGY
 Energy may be classified as
(1) Stored energy
(2) Energy in transition
 The stored energy of a substance may be in the
form of mechanical energy, internal energy,
nuclear energy etc.
 Energy in transition is the energy transferred as
a result of potential difference. This energy may
be in the forms of heat energy, work energy etc.
TYPES OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
 Potential energy: The
energy which a body
possesses by virtue of its
elevation or position is
known as its potential
energy. Example: Water
stored at higher level in a
dam.
 Potential energy, P.E.= w.h,
P.E. = mgh J or N.m
where w = weight of body
in N, h = Height in meter, m
= mass of body in kg, g =
Gravitational acceleration
= 9.81 m/s².
TYPES OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

 Kinetic Energy: The energy which a body possesses

by virtue of its motion is known as its kinetic
energy. Example: Jet of water coming out from
nozzle.
 Kinetic Energy (K.E.) = (½)*mV2 N.m or J
 where m = mass of body in kg, V = velocity of
body in m/s.
 WORK

 “Work is said to be done when a force moves through a

distance.”
 If a part of the boundary of a system undergoes a
displacement under the action of a pressure, the work
done W is the product of the force (Pressure x area)
and the distance it moves in the direction of the force.
 Work = Force x Distance moved into direction of force
WORK

 If the work is done by the system on

surrounding, e.g. when a fluid expands
pushing a piston outwards, the work is said to
be positive.
 Work output of the system = + W
 If work is done on system by surrounding eg.
When force is applied to piston to compress a
fluid, the work is said to be negative.
 Work output of the system = - W
 Unit of work = Unit of force x Unit of
displacement Nx m = N.m or Joule
 POWER
 Power is defined as the rate of doing work
OR The power is work done per unit time.
Mathematically,
 Power = Work done / Time
= Joule / second
 In SI unit Joule/second is called Watt (W).
Watt is very small unit, so recommended
larger units are Kilowatt (kW), Megawatt
MW), etc.
 The power available at the engine shaft is
called Brake power (B.P.) and the power
developed by the engine is called Indicated
power (L.P.).
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

 A Thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of

matter or region in space under consideration for
analysis.
 Example: piston Cylinder assembly, turbine etc.
 The system is identified by a boundary around the
system. The boundary may be real or imaginary.
Everything outside the system boundary is called
surroundings. A system and its surroundings together is
called the universe.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

 Universe = system + surroundings

 Types of system: The systems may be classified as
 Open system
 Closed system
 Isolated system
HEAT
 “When two body at different temperatures are brought
into contact there are observable changes in some of
their properties and changes continue till the two don't
attain the same temperature if contact is maintained.”
Thus, there is some kind of energy interaction at the
boundary which causes change in temperatures. This form
of energy interaction is called heat.
 Heat may be defined as the energy interaction at the
system boundary which occurs due to temperature
difference only.
 When heat is removed from a body or supplied to it,
there are some changes found to happen such as:
(a) Change in temperature,
(b) change of volume,
(c) change of state (solid to liquid, liquid to gas, etc.),
(d) change of physical properties, etc.
 POSITIVE HEAT AND NEGATIVE HEAT

 In general, the heat transferred to the system is

considered as positive heat while the heat
transferred from the system is considered as
negative heat.
 Mass of the substance, specific heat, and
temperature difference are the factors on which
the heat transfer rate depends.
COMPARISON OF WORK AND HEAT
Similarities:
1. Both are path functions
2. Both are boundary phenomenon
3. Both are associated with a process, not a state
4. Systems possess energy, but not work or heat
Dissimilarities:
1. In heat transfer, temperature difference is
required.
2. In a stable system there cannot be work transfer,
however, there is no restriction for the transfer of
heat.
3. Heat is low grade energy while work is high
grade energy.
TEMPERATURE
 The temperature of a body is proportional to the stored
molecular energy i.e. the average molecular kinetic
energy of the molecules in a system.

 Definition: “Temperature is a physical quantity that

quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or
coldness.”

 Unit of temperature
 In the International system (SI) of unit, the unit of
thermodynamic temperature is Kelvin. It is denoted by
the symbol K. However, for practical purposes the Celsius
scale is used for measuring temperature. It is denoted by
degree Celsius (°C).
TEMPERATURE
 Absolute zero temperature :Absolute
zero, temperature at which a
thermodynamic system has the lowest
energy.

 This
is the lowest temperature that can
be measured by a gas thermometer.
TEMPERATURE SCALES
 Some standard reference points used for
international practical Temperature Scale is given in
Table.
No. State Temperature

°C K

1 Ice Point 0 273.15

2 Steam Point 100 373.15

3 Triple point of water 0.01 273.16

4 Absolute zero -273.15 0

TEMPERATURE
Melting point:
 It is the temperature at which the solid is
converted into liquid when heat is supplied.
Boiling point:
 It is the temperature at which the liquid is
converted into vapour when heat is supplied.
Critical point:
 It is the temperature and pressure above which
only one phase is existing i.e. vapour.
Triple point:
 Triple point of a substance refers to the state at
which substance can coexist in solid, liquid and
gaseous phase in equilibrium.
 For water triple point is 0.010 ℃ i.e. at this
temperature ice, water and steam can coexist in
equilibrium.
UNIT OF HEATS
 Heat is a form of energy. In SI system, unit
of heat is taken as Joule.
 Kilojoule (kJ) and Megajoule (MJ) are
recommended larger units of heat.
 Calorie (cal.) is also unit of heat. Generally
Kilocalorie (kcal) is quantity of heat
required to raise temperature of unit mass
of water through one degree Celsius or
Kelvin.
1 kcal= 4186.8 joules = 4.1868 kilojoules
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
 Specific heat capacity is also known as specific heat.
The specific heat capacity of a substance may be
defined as “the quantity of heat required to raise
the temperature of unit mass of the substance by
one degree.”
 The unit of specific heat is J/kg °C. This unit is
small, so kJ/kg-K or kJ/kg °C are recommended
larger units. Mathematically, the heat transfer rate
Q is written as
Q = mxCxΔT, C = Q/mxΔT
where, C= specific heat in kJ/kg.K,
m = mass of substance in kg,
 Specific heat is function of temperature, hence it is
not constant but varies with temperature.
SPECIFIC HEATS IN THERMODYNAMICS

 The solids and liquids have only one value of

specific heat but a gas is considered to have two
distinct values of specific heat capacity.
1. a value when the gas is heated at constant
volume, Cv.
2. a value when the gas is heated at constant
pressure Cp
 “The specific heat at constant volume C, may be
defined as the heat required to increase the
temperature of the unit mass of a substance by
one degree as the volume is maintained constant.”
 Same way one can define the specific heat at
constant pressure (C), here pressure is maintained
constant.
CHANGE OF STATE
 The various states of substance (Phases) are
Solid, Liquid and Vapor/Gas.
 When heat is supplied to a substance at the
solid phase, its temperature rises until it
starts converting into liquid
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES,
PROCESSES AND CYCLE
Thermodynamic property:
 “A thermodynamic property refers to the
characteristics which can be used to describe
the physical condition or state of a system.”
 Examples of thermodynamic properties are:
Temperature, Pressure, Volume, Energy,
Mass, Velocity, etc.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

Types of thermodynamic property:

1. Intensive Property
 Intensive property is Independent of the mass
of the system.
 Its value remains same whether one considers
the whole system or only a part of it.
 Examples: Pressure, Temperature, Density, etc.
2. Extensive Property
 Extensive property depends on mass of the
system.
 Examples: Mass, Volume, Total energy, Enthalpy
etc.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
3. Specific Property
 Extensive properties per unit mass are
called specific properties.
 Example: Specific volume v = V/m and
specific enthalpy h = H/m
STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
State
 State refers to the condition of a
system as described by its
properties.
 It gives complete description of the
system.
 At a given state, all the properties of
a system have fixed values.
 If the value of even one property
changes, the state will change to a
different one (fig. 1.13)
Equilibrium
 The word equilibrium implies a state
of balance.
 In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving
forces) within the system.
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
A system is in thermal equilibrium if the
temperature is same throughout the entire
system.
 Mechanical equilibrium is related to
pressure. “If there is no change in pressure
at any point in the system with time the
system is in mechanical equilibrium.”
 Chemical equilibrium is that state “when
the chemical composition does not change
with time and there is no chemical
reaction.”
A system will be in thermodynamic
equilibrium only when it satisfies the
conditions for all modes of equilibrium.
PROCESS AND PATH
 Any change that a system
undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another is
called a process, and the
series of states through which
a system passes during a
process is called the path of
the process.
 To describe a process
completely, one should specify
the initial and final states of
the process, as well as the
path it follows, and the
interactions with the
surroundings.
CYCLE
 “When a system in a given
initial state goes through a
number of different
changes of state or
processes and finally
returns to its initial state,
the system has undergone a
cycle.”
 Thus for a cycle the initial
and final states are
identical.
 Example: Steam that
circulates through a steam
power plant undergoes a
cycle.
 INTERNAL ENERGY
 In non-flow processes, fluid does not flow and has
no kinetic energy.
 There is very small amount of change in potential
energy because change in centre of gravity is
negligible.
 When heat is supplied to a body the amount of heat
transferred to a body is not fully converted to work.
 When heat (Q) is supplied to a body, some amount of
heat is converted into external work (W) due to
expansion of fluid volume and remaining amount of
heat causes either to increase its temperature or to
change its state.
INTERNAL ENERGY
 Internal Energy is one type of energy which is
neither heat nor work; hence it is stored form of
energy. It is denoted by U. Mathematically,
Q = W + U
 where Q is amount of heat, W is work and U is
internal energy.
 The internal energy per unit mass is called
specific internal energy. Below equation is
referred as non-flow energy equation. In other
words, for non-flow process
 ENTHALPY
 Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of
fluid, denoted by H. It can be defined as the
summation of internal energy and flow energy.
 Enthalpy of a substance at any point is
qualification of energy content in it.
 Mathematically, it is given as
H = U + PV
Internal energy Flow energy
ENTHALPY
 On unit mass basis, the specific enthalpy
could be given as
 h = u + pv
 From expression of enthalpy it is clear that
as we cannot have absolute value of internal
energy, the absolute value of enthalpy
cannot be obtained.
 Therefore only change in enthalpy of
substance is considered.
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

 Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that

“the bodies A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body separately
then the two bodies A and B shall also be
in thermal equilibrium with each other”.
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

 Thefirst law of thermodynamics is the law of

conservation of energy and it states that
“energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, it can be converted from one
form to another and total energy remains
same”.
Thank You