Pre-Calculus Reference Sheet

Factoring Arithmetic Series

2 2
• a − b = (a − b)(a + b) • ak = a + (k − 1)d
n
• a2 + b2 is prime X n
• Sn = [a + (k − 1)d] = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2 2 2 2
• a + 2ab + b = (a + b) k=1

n
• a2 − 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2
 
X a + an
• Sn = [a + (k − 1)d] = n

2
• a3 + b3 = (a + b) a2 − ab + b2 k=1

• a3 − b3 = (a − b) a2 + ab + b2
Geometric Series
• an = arn−1
Analytic Geometry
n−1
1 − rn
 
y2 − y1 X
k
• slope: m = • Sn = ar = a if r 6= 1
x2 − x1 1−r
k=0
• equation of a line: y − y1 = m (x − x1 ) ∞
X a
q • S= ark = if |r| < 1
2
• distance: d = (x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 )
2 1−r
k=0

Exponent Rules Trigonometry

adjacent opposite
• ax+y = ax ay • cos A = • sin A =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
• (ab)x = ax bx
opposite
y • tan A =
• (ax ) = axy adjacent

• a0 = 1 if a 6= 0 0◦ 30◦ 45◦ 60◦ 90◦

1 π π π π
• a−x = if a 6= 0 0
ax 6 4 3 2
ax √ √
• ax−y = if a 6= 0 1 2 3
ay sin 0 1
2 2 2
√ √
Logarithm Rules 3 2 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
y
• logb x = y ⇐⇒ x = b √
3 √
• blogb x = x tan 0 1 3 undefined
3
• logb bx = x

• logb 1 = 0 Pythagorean Identities

• logb b = 1 • cos2 A + sin2 A = 1

• logb xy = logb x + logb y • 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A

x • 1 + cot2 A = csc2 A
• logb = logb x − logb y
y
• logb xy = y logb x
Ratio Identities
loga x sin A cos A
• logb x = • tan A = • cot A =
loga b cos A sin A

CSUEB STEM LAB

Reciprocal Identities Sum-to-Product Identities
   
1 1 1 A+B A−B
• sec A = • csc A = • cot A = • sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
cos A sin A tan A 2 2
   
A+B A−B
• sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
Sum and Difference Identities 2 2
   
• cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B A+B A−B
• cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
• sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
   
A+B A−B
tan A ± tan B • cos A − cos B = −2 sin sin
• tan(A ± B) = 2 2
1 ∓ tan A tan B

Double Angle Identities Product-to-Sum Identities

1
• cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A • sin A cos B = 2 [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]
1
• cos 2A = 2 cos2 A − 1 • cos A cos B = 2 [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
1
• sin A sin B = [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]
• cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A 2

• sin 2A = 2 cos A sin A

2 tan A
Sums of Sines and Cosines
• tan 2A = √
1 − tan2 A • A cos x + B sin x = A2 + B 2 sin(x + φ) where
B A
cos φ = √ and sin φ = √
2
A +B 2 A + B2
2
Half Angle Identities √
r • A cos x + B sin x = A2 + B 2 cos(x − φ) where
A 1 + cos A A B
• cos = ± cos φ = √ and sin φ = √
2 2 2
A +B 2 A + B2
2

r
A 1 − cos A
• sin = ±
2 2 Laws of Sines and Cosines
A 1 − cos A sin A • c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
• tan = =
2 sin A 1 + cos A a b c
• = =
sin A sin B sin C
Triple Angle Identities
• cos 3A = 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A Area of a Triangle
• sin 3A = 3 sin A − 4 sin3 A For a triangle with sides a, b, c and angles 6 A, 6 B,
and 6 C,
p
• Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) where
Power Reduction Identities a+b+c
1 + cos 2A s=
• cos2 A = 2
2
1
1 − cos 2A • Area = ab sin C
2
• sin A = 2
2
c2 sin A sin B
1 − cos 2A • Area =
• tan2 A = 2 sin C
1 + cos 2A
3 cos A + cos 3A Circular Section
• cos3 A =
4
• Arc length: s = rθ
3 3 sin A − sin 3A
• sin A = 1 2
4 • Area: A = r θ
2

CSUEB STEM LAB