UNIT 3
2D Geometric Transformations
In many applications, changes in orientations, size, and shape are accomplished with
geometric transformations that alter the coordinate descriptions of objects.
• 2D Transformations take place in a two-dimensional plane.
• Transformations are helpful in changing the position, size, orientation, shape etc of
the object.
Basic geometric transformations are:
Translation
Rotation
Scaling
Reflection
Shear
Translation
It is the straight line movement of an object from one position to another is called
Translation. Here the object is positioned from one coordinate location to another.
Translation of point:
To translate a point from coordinate position (x, y) to another (x1 y1), we add algebraically
the translation distances Tx and Ty to original coordinate.
The translation pair (Tx,Ty) is called as shift vector.
Translation is a movement of objects without deformation. Every position or point is
translated by the same amount. When the straight line is translated, then it will be drawn
using endpoints.
Rotation:
It is a process of changing the angle of the object. Rotation can be clockwise or
anticlockwise. For rotation, we have to specify the angle of rotation and rotation point.
Rotation point is also called a pivot point. It is print about which object is rotated.
Types of Rotation:
1. Anticlockwise
2. Counterclockwise
The positive value of the pivot point (rotation angle) rotates an object in a counter-
clockwise (anti-clockwise) direction.
The negative value of the pivot point (rotation angle) rotates an object in a clockwise
direction.
When the object is rotated, then every point of the object is rotated by the same angle.
Straight Line: Straight Line is rotated by the endpoints with the same angle and
redrawing the line between new endpoints.
Polygon: Polygon is rotated by shifting every vertex using the same rotational angle.
Curved Lines: Curved Lines are rotated by repositioning of all points and drawing of the
curve at new positions.
Circle: It can be obtained by center position by the specified angle.
Ellipse: Its rotation can be obtained by rotating major and minor axis of an ellipse by the
desired angle.
Scaling:
It is used to alter or change the size of objects. The change is done using scaling factors.
There are two scaling factors, i.e. Sx in x direction Sy in y-direction. If the original position
is x and y. Scaling factors are Sx and Sy then the value of coordinates after scaling will be
x1 and y1.
If the picture to be enlarged to twice its original size then Sx = Sy =2. If Sxand Sy are not
equal then scaling will occur but it will elongate or distort the picture.
If scaling factors are less than one, then the size of the object will be reduced. If scaling
factors are higher than one, then the size of the object will be enlarged.
If Sxand Syare equal it is also called as Uniform Scaling. If not equal then called as
Differential Scaling. If scaling factors with values less than one will move the object closer
to coordinate origin, while a value higher than one will move coordinate position farther
from origin.
Reflection:
It is a transformation which produces a mirror image of an object. The mirror image can
be either about x-axis or y-axis. The object is rotated by180°.
Types of Reflection:
1. Reflection about the x-axis
2. Reflection about the y-axis
3. Reflection about an axis perpendicular to xy plane and passing through the origin
4. Reflection about line y=x
1. Reflection about x-axis: The object can be reflected about x-axis with the help of the
following matrix
In this transformation value of x will remain same whereas the value of y will become
negative. Following figures shows the reflection of the object axis. The object will lie
another side of the x-axis.
2. Reflection about y-axis: The object can be reflected about y-axis with the help of
following transformation matrix
Here the values of x will be reversed, whereas the value of y will remain the same. The
object will lie another side of the y-axis.
The following figure shows the reflection about the y-axis
3. Reflection about an axis perpendicular to xy plane and passing through origin:
In the matrix of this transformation is given below
In this value of x and y both will be reversed. This is also called as half revolution about
the origin.
4. Reflection about line y=x: The object may be reflected about line y = x with the help
of following transformation matrix
First of all, the object is rotated at 45°. The direction of rotation is clockwise. After it
reflection is done concerning x-axis. The last step is the rotation of y=x back to its original
position that is counterclockwise at 45°.
Shearing:
It is transformation which changes the shape of object. The sliding of layers of object occur.
The shear can be in one direction or in two directions.
Shearing in the X-direction: In this horizontal shearing sliding of layers occur. The
homogeneous matrix for shearing in the x-direction is shown below:
Shearing in the Y-direction: Here shearing is done by sliding along vertical or y-axis.
Shearing in X-Y directions: Here layers will be slided in both x as well as y direction.
The sliding will be in horizontal as well as vertical direction. The shape of the object will
be distorted. The matrix of shear in both directions is given by:
