What is Non-fiction?
Creative non-fiction texts utilize techniques
commonly used in literary text as part of art and
✓ Non-fiction pieces are based on facts and aesthetic aspect of writing.
author's opinions about a subject.
1. Figures of speech. It is a word or phrase that
✓ Non-fiction could be biographies, articles departs from literal language to express
from textbooks, newspaper and magazine comparison, add emphasis or clarity or make
articles. the writing more interesting with the addition
of color or freshness.
✓ The purpose of non-fiction writing is to
inform and sometimes persuade. 2. Dialogue. Introduces the points of view of
characters within the narrative and can be used
Fiction. Refers to any narrative that is derived to develop characters, introduce information,
from the imagination- in other words, not based and to move the plot forward.
strictly on history or fact. Genre: fables,
folktales, fairytales fantasy, mystery, myth, 3. Imagery. It is the descriptive language used to
legend historical fiction realistic fiction drama, appeal to the reader's senses:Touch, taste,
poetry. smell, sound and sight
Non-fiction. Refers to the stories that are based 4. Symbolism. A symbol can be a word, object,
on events that actually happened in reality. Ex. action, character or concept that embodies and
Biography, Autobiography Newspaper article, evoke a range of additional meaning and
Essay Speeches, diaries, Letters. significance. A literary symbol is an object, a
person, a situation, or an action that has a
The Elements of fiction literal meaning in a story but suggest or
represents other meanings.
Plot and structure
5. Parallelism. It is a literary technique in which
Characterization
parts of the sentence are grammatically the
Theme same, or are similar in construction.
Setting 6. Flashback. It is a device that moves an
audience from the present moment in a
Point of view chronological narrative to a scene in the past.
Style 7. Inductive reasoning. Presents facts and then
wraps them up with a conclusion.
Symbol
8. Deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning
Humor and irony Presents a thesis statement and then provides
supportive facts or examples.
Creative non-fiction is a genre of writing that
utilizes the elements and styles of writing fiction Literary Elements
to artistically and aesthetically express, inform
and persuade others about facts and true life Theme. Refers to the central idea, message or
accounts. subject the text want to convey. It is a revolving
idea althroughout the text conveyed through
Literary Techniques significant events, elements and techniques.
Creative Non-Fiction. A genre of writing that caused by a specific personality disorder or
combines different literary styles and character flaw.
techniques in presenting factual information.
✓ Tragic flaw. The tragic flaw is the single
Literary Devices: characteristic (usually negative) or personality
disorder that causes the downfall of the
a. Literary techniques protagonist.
b. Literary elements
Setting➤ Refers to the time and place where a
Literary Techniques. These are specific, story occurs. It can be used to create the mood
deliberate construction and the use of language or atmosphere within a story. It can also
to convey meaning. express the writer's view of the world.
Creative non-fiction texts utilize techniques • Specific
commonly used in literary text as part of art and
• Ambiguous
aesthetic aspect of writing.
Plot
Literary Elements. Are specific means by which
writers or storytellers manipulate words in The plot is the sequence of events in a story. It
specific patterns to unfold their stories and is made up of:
experiences.
Exposition, the beginning of the story,
Literary Elements of the different genres characters, setting, and the main conflict are
typically introduced.
Fiction. A written stories about people and
events that are not real: literature that tell Rising Action, also called Complication, where
stories which are imagined by the writer. the main character is in crisis and events leading
up to facing the conflict begin to unfold. The
Elements of Fiction
story becomes complicated.
1. Character. It is a figure in a literary work.
Climax, the peak of the story, where a major
Characters can be major or minor.
event occurs in which the main character faces
Character types: a major enemy, fear, challenge, or other source
of conflict.
Protagonist
Falling Action, where the story begins to slow
Static down and work towards its end, tying up loose
ends.
Antagonist
Resolution, like a concluding paragraph that
Dynamic resolves any remaining issues and ends the
story.
Flat
Round
Protagonist
Point of view
✓ Tragic hero/tragic figure. The tragic hero or
tragic figure is a protagonist who comes to a
bad end as a result of his own behavior, usually
Point-of-view refers to the identity of the Poetry. Poetry is a literary art form that can be
narrative voice. It is the person or entity written, spoken, or performed. It focuses on the
through whom the reader experiences the aesthetics of language.
story. It may be:
Alliteration
➤ Third-person, where a narrator describes
what is seen but as a spectator, who may be: ➤ It is exemplified with the repetition of
consonant sounds within close proximity,
• Limited, sees only what is in front of him and usually in consecutive words within the same
unable to read any other character's mind sentence or line.
• Omniscient, sees all, much as an all-knowing Assonance
god of some kind.
➤ Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds
> Second-person, using the pronoun you to within words. Example: Chips and dips.
narrate the story.
Consonance
➤ First-person, when we are seeing events
through the eyes of the character telling the ➤ Refers to repetitive sounds produced by
story. It uses "I" to refer to himself/herself. consonants within a sentence or phrase which
often takes place in quick succession.
Conflict
Examples: Mike likes his new bike
The conflictis a struggle between opposing
forces which is the driving force of a story. Onomatopoeia
Conflicts can exist as:
➤ is a word that conveys the sound of
Man versus man, the typical scenario between something. Sounds are spelled out as words, or
the protagonist and antagonist. when words describing sounds actually sound
like the sounds they describe.
Man versus nature, where the character is
tormented by natural forces such as storms or Rhyme ➤ is a repetition of similar sounding
animals. words, occurring at the end of lines in poems or
songs.
Man versus self, where the conflict develops
from the protagonist's inner struggles, and may Rhythm ➤ is the pattern of stressed and
depend on a character trying to decide between unstressed beats.
good and evil or overcome self- doubts.
Meter ➤ identifies units of stressed and
Man versus society, where a character must unstressed syllables. When a writer combines
take on society itself, stands at odds and metrical units into a pattern, he creates rhythm.
realizes the necessity to work against these The five key metrical units are:
norms.
1. Iamb, one unstressed syllable followed by
Man versus fate, where a protagonist is working one stressed syllable.
against what has been foretold for that person.
2. Trochee, one stressed syllable followed by
Theme. A theme is the main idea or underlying one unstressed syllable.
meaning conveyed by the piece.
3. Spondee, two subsequent stressed syllables.
4. Dactyl, one stressed syllable followed by two a. Inner, where the characters speak to
unstressed syllables. themselves and reveal their personalities
(stream of consciousness, dramatic monologue)
5. Anapest, two unstressed syllable followed by
one stressed syllable. b. Outer, a conversation between characters.
Stanza- is a smaller unit or group of lines in
poetry. Stanza may be:
Other literary elements
Couplet - 2 lines
Allusion
Tercet 3 lines
➤ An allusion is a brief and indirect reference
Terza Rima - 3 stanza, 3 lines to persons, places, things or ideas of historical,
cultural, literary, or political significance. It does
Quatrain – 4 lines not describe in detail what it refers to instead it
Quintet - 5 lines is just a passing comment.
Sestet - 6 lines Anaphora
Septet - 7 lines ➤ Possibly the oldest literary device, is the
deliberate repetition of the first part of the
Octet - 8 lines sentence.
Tone Epistrophe
➤ Tone is defined as a speaker's or narrator's ➤ the opposite of anaphora, repeats words or
attitude about a subject and is different from phrases at the end of a sentence to strategically
the mood a reader gets while reading the story. add rhythm or emphasize a point.
Simile Diction
Metaphor ➤ is a style of speaking or writing determined
by the word choice of speakers or writers.
Personification
Diction is classified into:
Symbolism
a. Formal diction, when formal words are used
Imagery in formal situations such as meetings and
conference.
Drama
b. Informal diction, when informal words are
Style
used conversationally such as writing to or
➤ Style is the way in which an author writes talking with friends
and/or tells a story.
c. Colloquial diction, when common words and
Dialogue phrases are used in everyday speech but vary in
different regions or communities
➤ is the stance where characters speak to one
another. A dialogue may be: d. Slang diction, when newly coined, trendy, or
impolite words are used
Anthropomorphism Irony
➤ is employed when animals or inanimate ➤ Happens when an event occurs which is
objects are portrayed in a story as people, such unexpected, and which is in absurd or mocking
as by walking, talking, or being given arms, legs opposition to what is expected or appropriate.
and/or facial features.
Characters
Euphemism
Plot
➤ Describes someone or something in a more
pleasant or more polite way. Setting
Mood Point of View
Theme
➤ The atmosphere or emotional condition
created by the piece, within the setting. Allusion
Motif Flashback
➤ Exemplified when a recurrent element (such Foreshadowing
as an image, sound, or concept) is found
throughout a story, to help develop the theme, Imagery
or central message.
Tone
Juxtaposition
Mood- is the feeling or atmosphere the author
➤ Applied when a writer places two contrasting makes for the reader.
concepts, people, or events directly side-by-side
Moral- is the call towards having a good
in a sentence or paragraph to show the reader
behavior; this could be in the form of a maxim,
the differences or similarities between two
or a saying.
things, or to add an element of surprise.
Suspense- is the feeling of excitement, tension
Oxymoron
or even pressure by the reader as he/she gets
➤ Includes a combination of contrasting, or involved in the story to know the outcome of a
opposite, words to create a dramatic effect for particular conflict.
the reader, especially in poetry.
Symbol- is the representation of a person, place
Paradox or an object.
➤ It is different from an oxymoron because it is Figure of Speech- is the language that has
a sentence or a phrase that appears beyond the common and literal meaning.
contradictory, but implies some kind truth, to FIGURES OF SPEECH
add a hidden meaning to a concept in your
writing. Simile- the comparison of two unlike things, but
have some commonalities. You can easily
Hyperbole distinguish that it is a simile because of the use
of the words as or like.
➤ The extreme exaggeration of a real event or
scenario while adding a humorous effect or to Metaphor- the comparison of two unlike things
emphasize a concept. which have commonalities but without the use
of the words as or like. Ex. The youngest It is the preliminary or preparatory phase in
princess is the apple of the king's eyes. which the writer explores and select possible
topics, subjects and themes.
Personification- it personifies the inanimate
objects, or it makes the inanimate objects as if I. Topic Selection
they are living things. Ex. The rock stubbornly
refused to move an inch. The writer will be choosing a topic of what he
would like to write about.
Apostrophe- addresses the dead as if he/she is
still alive, the absent as if they are present, and II. BRAINSTORMING
the inanimate as if they are persons. Ex. O
It helps writers generate more ideas before
Wind, if Winter comes, can Spring be far
beginning to write about a topic. It can also help
behind?
reduce writing anxiety and focus attention on
Alliteration- the succeeding words in a line or a the most relevant content when writing.
sentence which have the same consonant
III. OUTLINING
sounds beginning.
It is an ordered list of the main points which
Hyperbole- the exaggeration of what is said.
helps you define and organize your topic and
Onomatopoeia- the use of words that mimic subtopics so that you bring the reader on a
sounds. Ex. There was a loud bang on the door. logical journey from your main ideas, through
your supporting evidence, to your conclusion.
Paradox- a contradictory statement which is
true. Ex. Life succeeds in that it seems to fail. 2. DURING WRITING STAGE
Oxymoron- a kind of paradox which has two It is when the writer put together all the
opposite or contradictory terms in a sentence. brainstormed ideas, thus focusing on the
Ex. Parting js such a sweet sorrow. content rather than the structure.
Metonymy- a word substitution by another I. Thesis Statement
term which has a similar meaning. Ex. He
Short statement usually one sentence that
spends the evening reading Shakespeare.
summarizes the main point or claim and is
Synecdoche- a substitution of a part for a whole developed, supported and explained in the text
and a whole for a part. Ex. The captain shouted by means of examples and evidence.
"I need all hands on the deck"
II. Topic Sentence
WRITING
Sentence that introduces a paragraph by
is said to be a process oriented skill and it must presenting that one topic that will be the focus
go through a procedure so that one can come of that paragraph.
up with a more effective effect that a writer
Thesis Statement VS Topic Sentence
made through his observation.
Thesis statement covers the whole narrative,
3 WRITING STAGES.
while topic sentence just shows the focus of a
1. PRE-WRITING - STAGE specific paragraph.
3. POST-WRITING STAGE
It is the phase wherein checking and correcting
inconsistencies in content and mechanics are
done.
I. Proofreading
Examining your text carefully to find and correct
typographical errors and mistakes in grammar,
style and spelling.
II. Revising
Is the process in writing of rearranging, adding,
or removing paragraphs, sentences, or words.
Proofreading = surface- level scan/sentence-
level changes.
Revising = substantive changes to a written
including content structure, and/or
organization.
