Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
The Earth’s Internal Heat
Lesson
1 The Earth’s Internal Heat
Heat energy plays a vital role in our planet. It is one of the extreme factors in what
makes the world livable. If you think of a volcano, you know Earth must be hot inside.
The heat inside of our planet moves continents, build mountains and causes
earthquakes, but where does all this heat inside the earth come from?
Sources of heat in our planet can be identified as Primordial and Radiogenic heat.
During the early formation of the Earth, the internal heat energy that gradually
gathered together by means of dispersion in the planet during its few million years
of evolution is called Primordial heat. The major contribution of this internal heat
is the accretional energy – the energy deposited during the early formation of a planet.
The core is a storage of primordial heat that originates from times of accretion when
kinetic energy of colliding particles was transformed into thermal energy. This heat
is constantly lost to the outer silicate layers of the mantle and crust of the earth
through convection and conduction. In addition, the heat of the core takes tens of
thousands of years to reach the surface of the earth. Today, the surface of the earth
is made of a cold rigid rock since 4.5 billion years ago, the earth’s surface cools from
the outside but the core is still made of extremely hot material.
On the other hand, the thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous nuclear
disintegration is called Radiogenic Heat. It involves the disintegration of natural
radioactive elements inside the earth – like Uranium, Thorium and Potassium.
Uranium is a special kind of element because when it decays, heat (radiogenic) is
produced. Estimated at 47 terawatts (TW), the flow of heat from Earth's
interior to the surface and it comes from two main sources in equal amounts: the
radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust,
and the primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth. Radioactive
elements exist everywhere on the earth in a fairly significant concentration. Without the
process of radioactive decay, there would be fewer volcanoes and earthquakes – and
less formation of earth’s vast mountain ranges.
2
What’s In
Activity 1: Earth’s Layers
Directions. Label the diagram below with the names of each layers. Include a brief
description of each of the Earth’s layers.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
Activity 2: Which of which?
Directions. Identify the sources of internal heat by writing RH for radiogenic heat
and PH for primordial heat. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Presence of different isotopes of heat producing element in the mantle and
crust.
2. Internal heat accumulated by dissipation of planet.
3. Release of accretional energy.
4. Processes involved in mantle convection.
5. Release of thermal energy as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration.
3
Sources of Heat and Heat Transfer
Both sources of heat whether primordial or radiogenic undergo heat transfer and
it plays an important role to the continuous changes and development of our planet. In
connection, another part of this module describes the heat transfer in the Earth. Three
processes can transfer heat: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction governs the thermal conditions in almost entire solid portions of the
Earth and plays a very important role in the lithosphere. Its processes happen in the
earth’s surface. Conduction is one of the three main ways that heat energy moves
from place to place. Technically, it can be defined as the process by which heat energy
is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. Heat from
the Earth's core and radiation from the Sun is transferred to the surface of the
Earth by conduction. Contact of the atmosphere with these warm surfaces transfers
thermal energy, which then heats up the rest of the air through convection.
Convection involves transfer of heat by the movement of mass, which is a more
efficient means of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure conduction.
Convection dominates the thermal conditions in the zones where large quantities of
fluids (molten rocks) exist, and thus governs the heat transport in the fluid outer core
and the mantle. In geological time scale, the mantle behaves as a viscous fluid due to
the existence of high temperatures. In convection current, the mantle of the earth
moves slowly because of transfer of heat from the interior of the earth up to the
surface. This result to the movement of tectonic plates. Hot materials are added at
the edges of a plate and then it cools. At those edges, it becomes dense by its exposure
from the heat and sinks into the earth at an ocean trench. This start the formation of
volcanoes.
Radiation is the least important mode of heat transport in the Earth. The process of
heat exchange between the Sun and the Earth, through radiation, controls the
temperatures at the Earth's surface. Inside the Earth, radiation is significant only in
the hottest parts of the core and the lower mantle. When the land and water become
warm in summer, they emit long – wavelength infrared radiation that is readily
absorbed by the atmosphere. This continues during night time too. Convection in the
air then spreads out the thermal energy throughout the atmosphere.
4
Activity 4: My Notepad
Directions. In your own words, how do the three (3) major processes of heat transfer
affect the temperature of the Earth? Write your answer on the space provided.
What is It
Activity 5: Fill me up!
Directions. Use the word bank to fill in the gaps in the passage below. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Convection Earth’s plates
Plates
Convection current Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Crust Plate tectonics
The surface layer of the earth is called the . This layer is
broken up into pieces called . These “float” on
the mantle. Heat rising and falling inside the mantle creates current called
. The current move the .
This movement is known as . The movement of the earth’s plate
causes earthquakes and .
5
What’s More
What’s inside the Earth’s Mantle?
Figure B. Conduction
Figure A shows a convection cell, warm material rises (up to the surface of the earth)
and cool material sinks. These cooled materials will eventually turn to land formation.
In mantle convection, the heat source is the core. The core of the earth is very hot. It is
nearly as hot as the surface of the sun – about 6000˚C. Convection current is relevant
to the movement of tectonic plate because the heat builds up pressure underneath the
crust (tectonic plates). As they become unstable, they push against each other
(subduction) and rise upwards or one goes under the other.
Figure B shows the process of conduction on how air molecules come in contact with
the warmer surface of the land or ocean, resulting to the increase of its thermal energy
through conduction. The thermal energy of the core is transferred to the surface of the
earth and the lower levels of ocean by conduction.
6
Activity 6: Picture Analysis
Directions. Read and analyze figures A and B. Answer the questions stated below.
a. Figure A shows the process of convection in the earth’s mantle. How does it
affect the formation of mountains and the temperature in the surface
(ground)?
b. How the convection current affects the movement of tectonic plates?
c. How convection in earth’s interior and conduction in the surface affect the
temperature in our atmosphere?
d. How subduction cause the formation of land mass like mountains and
volcano?
e. Why does earthquake occur in subduction zone? (The area where
subduction occur)
Synthesis: Based from figure A and B, how convection and conduction is inter-
related?
7
What I Have Learned
Directions. Read each question and fill in the blanks with the correct term to
complete the statement. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. in the interior of the earth can be classified as primordial
and radiogenic heat.
2. The thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous is called
Radiogenic Heat while the internal heat energy accumulated by
in a planet during its few million years of evolution is called Primordial heat.
3. There are three processes can transfer heat: , , and
radiation.
4. governs the thermal conditions in almost entire solid portions of
the Earth and plays a very important role in the lithosphere.
5. involves transfer of heat by the movement of mass, which is a more
efficient means of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure conduction.
6. is the least important mode of heat transport in the Earth.
7. Convection current is relevant to the movement of
because the heat builds up pressure underneath the crust.
8. The of the core is transferred to the surface of the earth
and the lower levels of ocean by conduction.
9. Air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface of the land or ocean,
resulting to the increase of its .
[Link] area where subduction occur is called .
8
Additional Activities
Directions. Using your smartphones, take a picture of five (5) common
activities/scenarios on which heat transfer is applied. It may be material, event or
situation. Classify each whether it is conduction, convection or radiation. Provide
brief explanation to support your answer. Post the picture and your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
PICTURE KIND OF HEAT BRIEF EXPLANATION
TRANSFER
9
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 – Module 7:Magmatism
10
Lesson
Magmatism
2
Do you still remember what happened to Taal Volcano last January 12, 2020? Yes, you
are right. This volcano, which is located at the province of Batangas, spewed ash
plumes up to nine miles (14 kilometers) into the air due to a “steam-driven” or phreatic
eruption. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS), for the past two days, over 600 volcanic tremors have been recorded which
was an indication of continuous movement of magma or molten rocks beneath the
volcano. You might be wondering how magma got inside the volcano.
For this module, we will be discussing all about magma; its formation and
composition.
What’s In
Activity 1. Decoding Time
In the previous lesson, you have learned that Earth’s interior is the site of great
amount of heat. Let us review first about this before proceeding to the next topic.
Your task is to reveal the magic words by decoding the given numbers to their
corresponding letters of the alphabet. Then, complete the statement below using those
words.
18 1 4 9 1 10 9 15 14
1. Word:
18 1 4 9 15 7 5 14 9 3 8 5 1 20
2. Word:
3 15 14 4 21 3 20 9 15 14
11
3. Word:
16 18 9 13 15 18 4 9 1 12 8 5 1 20
4. Word:
3 15 14 22 5 3 20 9 15 14
5. Word:
9 14 20 5 18 14 1 12 8 5 1 20
6. Word:
The Earth’s internal heat comes from two main sources: the radiogenic heat
produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the (7)
left over from the formation of the Earth. The heat can be
transferred by three processes, namely, (8) , (9) , and
(10) .
12
What’s New
Activity 2. Picture Analysis
Mount Mayon is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. It erupted for
eight minutes last January 23, 2018, spewing a 3-mile-tall column of debris and
volcanic gas. It exploded at least five more times for two days.
According to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), two
"explosion-type earthquakes" had occurred, as well as 18 tremor events — some of
which sent forth fountains of lava. One of the lava flows advanced nearly 2 miles from
the summit's crater.
Observe the picture of Mount Mayon and answer the following.
A. Give three (3) descriptions about the picture.
1.
2.
3.
B. What is the material being extruded by Mount Mayon? Where do you think
did this material come from?
13
What is It
What is Magma?
Magma is composed of semi-liquid hot molten rocks located beneath the Earth,
specifically in the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate. This molten state, when
solidified, creates igneous rocks found on the surface of the Earth.
Do you know the difference between magma and lava? Magma and lava are both
molten rocks. However, they differ in location. Magma is found in the magma
chamber of the volcano while lava is found on the surface of earth once the volcano
erupts.
Magmatism is a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of
magma occur. So where does these formation and movement take place? These
happen in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle,
known as asthenosphere.
Figure 1. Convection Process in Asthenosphere
On the given figure, identify the substances/elements present in magma.
14
How is magma formed?
The magma present in the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth is formed or
generated through the process of partial melting. In this process, different minerals
in rock melt at different temperature and pressure. Another factor being considered in
this process is the addition of volatile materials such as water and carbon dioxide.
This is a diagram showing how minerals in rocks undergo partial melting.
This solid rock The first minerals Minerals such as
contains the that melt are quartz biotite and
minerals quartz, and some types of hornblende
feldspar, biotite, and feldspar. The generally melt last,
hornblende. background which changes the
represents magma. composition of
magma.
Figure 3. The Process of Partial Melting
Melting in the mantle requires one of three possible events to occur:
1. AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE: Conduction in mantle happens when heat is
transferred from hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. This process is known
as heat transfer. As magma rises, it is often hot enough to melt the rock it touches.
It happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together.
Rocks are composed of minerals. These rocks start to melt once the temperature in
the lower crust and upper mantle increases or exceeds the melting point of minerals.
The temperature of mantle is around 1200 degrees Celsius. Rock minerals such as
quartz and feldspar begin to partially melt at around 650-850 degrees Celsius.
Figure 4. Heat Transfer in Convergent Boundary
15
2. A DECREASE OF PRESSURE: Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high
pressure. However, during convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level)
and the pressure is reduced. This triggers the melting of magma. This is known as
decompression melting. This process occurs at the Mid-Ocean Ridge, an
underwater mountain system.
Figure 5. Depression Melting in Mid-Ocean Ridge
3. ADDITION OF VOLATILES: When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks,
flux melting occurs. The melting points of minerals within the rocks decrease. If a
rock is already close to its melting point, the effect of adding these volatiles can be
enough to trigger partial melting. It occurs around subduction zones.
Figure 6. Flux Melting in Subduction Zone
16
What’s More
Activity 3. Concept Map
Directions. Complete the concept map about Magmatism. Choose your answers on
the box below.
asthenosphere igneous rocks pressure
convergent boundary lava silicon
decompression magma subduction zone
melting mid-ocean ridge temperature
flux melting oxygen volatiles
heat transfer partial melting volcano
17
Activity 4. What Do You Think?
Directions. Based on the discussion, justify your answer to the following
questions.
a. Do you think partial melting will occur if the pressure is high in the
asthenosphere?
b. Do you think partial melting will occur if there is too much amount of water
in the subduction zone?
c. Do you think partial melting will occur if there is direct contact of hot
molten rock in the Earth’s crust?
What I Have Learned
Activity 5. Complete Me!
Directions. Read the following statements and fill in the blanks.
1. is composed of hot molten rocks located beneath the
Earth, specifically in the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate.
2. When magma solidifies, it creates found on surface of the Earth.
3. Magma is found in the of the volcano while is found on
the surface of earth once the erupts.
4. is a process under the earth’s crust where formation and
movement of magma occur.
5. Magma is mostly composed of elements and .
6. Magma present in the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth is formed
or generated through the process of .
7. Melting in the mantle requires one of three possible events to occur:
, , and .
8. Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten
rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. This process is known as . It
happens at , where tectonic plates are crashing together.
9. During convection, rocks tend to go upward (shallower level) and the
pressure is reduced. This is known as . This process occurs at the
, an underwater mountain system.
[Link] water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, occurs. It
occurs around .
18
What I Can Do
Activity 6. Apply It!
Directions. Observe the illustrations below and relate these to the lesson.
What is in the picture?
How will you relate it to magmatism?
A.
What is in the picture?
How will you relate it to magmatism?
B.
What is in the picture?
How will you relate it to magmatism?
19
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
PERFORMANCE TASK #1
INSTRUCTIONS:
A. Form a group of triad/quartet.
B. Your task is to create a three-fold pamphlet about the ff. topics:
1. The Unique Earth: Its special characteristics.
2. The Earth’s Subsystems.
3. Common Rock-forming Minerals.
4. Identifying rock-forming minerals.
5. Classification of rocks
6. The Rock cycle and its geologic processes.
Contents of the three-fold science pamphlet should include the following:
1. Creative title page (Unique title of the topic, submitted by and submitted to).
2. An overview or introduction of the topic.
3. Main information about the topic of your choice.
4. Call to action! (a short promotion to conserve and protect Earth’s resources
(specifically about your topic).
5. List of references
RUBRICS FOR GRADING
Note: This rubric is for grading your three-fold pamphlet. You will be given an
individual rating sheet to rate your participation within the group. The average of
the output grade and individual grade will be your INDIVIDUAL FINAL GRADE for this
performance task.
