Lesson Note on Basic Technology JSS

3 First Term
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Basic Technology Lesson Note for JSS3

First Term – Edudelight.com
SUBJECT: BASIC TECHNOLOGY
CLASS: JSS3

SCHEME OF WORK BASIC TECHNOLOGY JSS3 FIRST TERM

WEEKS TOPICS

1. PRODUCTION OF MATERIAL: WOOD

2. PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS : WOOD

3. PRODUCTION OF MATERIAL: WOOD

4. PROCESSING OF MATERIALS: ALLOYS

5. PROCESSING OF MATERIALS: CERAMICS AND GLASS,

PLASTICSAND RUBBER.

6. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

7. OBLIQUE DRAWING

8. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

9. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

10. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

11. SCALE AND SCALE DRAWING/ SIMPLE BLUE PRINT READING.

REF MATERIALS

EVANS BASIC TECH FOR JSS BOOK 3

NERDC BASIC TECH FOR JSS BOOK THREE

PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS: WOOD

WEEK ONEAND TWO

CONTENT

Concept of wood processing:

Timber growth

Wood felling

Wood conversion

Wood seasoning

Wood preservation

PRODUCTION OF WOOD

Wood gotten from trees must pass through processing stages before it
becomes useful for domestic and industrial purposes.

Production of wood involves the following stages:

1. Timber growth

2. Wood felling

3. Wood conversion

4. Wood seasoning

5. Wood preservation

TIMBER GROWTH: Timber is used for various domestic and industrial

woodwork. Timber is obtained from trees especially the trunk and
branches. Trees that provide timbers are usually trees with big trunk.
These trees are grown in the southern parts of Nigeria in the Rain Forest
vegetation. Common examples of such trees areOmo, Iroko, Oak, Obeche,
teak etc.

WOOD FELLING: The process of cutting down a tree in the forest is called
felling of timber. The felling of tree is done with the aid of chain saws. The
wood that is suitable for technology work is called timber. The process of
felling of trees for timber use in the forest is called LUMBERING.

The felling of timber for use can be done broadly in two areas:

The Free Area (F. A.): This is owned by individuals, the amount of
money paid to the government by the timber contractor for
permission to cut down any tree for commercial purpose is called
TARRIF.

The Forest Reserve Area (F.R.A.): This is owned by the government.

The amount of money paid for the timber to be cut in F.R.A. depends
on the volume of tree to be cut down. Hence this is termed O.T.V.
(Out Turn Volume)

The log of wood obtained from the forest can be transported to the
sawmill where it is converted into planks by road transport, by train and by
waterways.

EVALUATION

1. State the five stages of wood processing

2. What is wood felling?

3. What is limbering?

4. Where can felling takes place?

WOOD CONVERSION: this is the process of sawing log of wood into

commercial or marketable sizes. The popular methods of wood conversion
are plain sawn method and quarter sawn method

PLAIN SAWN METHOD: This is also known as ‘’through and through

method’’. Here, the planks are sawn plank after plank without paying
attention to the rays. The method is simple, quick and cheap.
QUARTER SAWN METHOD: This method is the method of sawing log of
wood into planks by cutting along the rays of the wood. In quarter sawn
method planks are cut at right angle to the growth rings.The planks
produced by this method have fine figures.

EVALUATION

Define wood conversion

Differentiate between plain sawn method and quarter sawn method.

SEASONING OF TIMBER: This is the process of reducing the moisture

content or drying the timber. There are two methods of seasoning

THE AIR SEASONING (NATURALSEASONING): This method of seasoning

wood involves stacking the wood in the open shed for a long period of
time and allows it to dry naturally. The stacked planks (wood) are arranged
on top of one another with one piece of wood called STACKER. This
method of seasoning is relatively cheap and requires little attention
although the rate of drying is slow.

THE KILN SEASONING (ARTIFICIAL SEASONING): This method of

seasoning wood involves stacking the timber in a specially heated
chamber.The planks are stacked in the same way as in air seasoning. In
this process, the planks dry quicker.

REASONS FOR SEASONING WOOD

1. It makes the wood lighter in weight.

2. It makes the wood more stable

3. It makes the wood to take paints, polishes and preservatives.

4. It makes the wood to be durable i.e. last longer.

5. It reduces the insect and the fungi attack on wood

6. It reduces the moisture content of the wood.

MOISTURE CONTENT(M.C.)The moisture content is defined as the excess

water in the wet wood. The moisture content is expressedas a
percentage.Moisture Content of the wood MC
MC = Wet Weight-Dry WeightX 100%

Dry weight

EXAMPLE (1): If a sample of wood weight 80Kg before and 50 Kg after

drying. What is the percentage moisture content of the wood sample?

MC=Wet Sample –Dry Sample* 100%

Dry sample

MC =80Kg -50KgX`100

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THE DESKTOP SCHEME OF WORK
FOR MUSIC JSS2
(BASIC 8)

50Kg

=30KgX100%=60%`

50Kg

ACTIVITY: the weightof a sample of wood after drying was found to

be60Kg. The percentage moisture content was 40%,what is the weight of
the wood before drying?

EVALUATION
 Define wood seasoning.

Mention the two types of wood seasoning we have and differentiate

between them.

The weight of sample of woodbefore drying was found to be 10Kg.

The percentage moisture content was found to be 50%, whatis the
weight of the sample of woodafter drying.

WOOD PRESERVATION: This is the process of applying chemicals on wood

to prevent insect and fungi attack. Preservatives help to protect wood
against termite, insect and fungi. Examples include coaltar,solignum,
creosote, chlorinated phenol and sodium PCP.

TYPES OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES

Water soluble preservatives

Oil soluble preservatives

Solvent soluble preservatives

METHODS OF APPLYING PRESERVATIVES

By bushing: This is the process of using brush to apply the

preservatives to the wood

By spraying method: This is the method of using spraying gun in

applying the preservatives to the wood.

By cold immersion method: This is the process of immersing

(dipping) the plank in an unheated solution of preservatives for one
or two days

By open tank method (hot and cold method): This is the process in
which the plank is immersed in a tank containing hot preservatives
liquid.This process is normally used for treating poles and fence
posts.

By pressure treatmentmethod: This is the process in which the plank

is placed inside an enclosed metal cylinder. In this process, the
preservatives are being forced into the plank under high pressure.

PROPERTIES OF GOOD PRESERVATIVES

 1. It must be poisonous to the destructive agent.

2. It must be safe to handle.

3. It must be permanent to the wood on application.

4. It must be easy to apply on the wood

5. It must be chemically stable

EVALUATION

1. What are preservatives?

2. Mention four properties of a good preservative.

3. Mention three methods of applying preservatives.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Name three important things to consider before a tree is felled.

2. Mention two methods of wood conversion.

3. What is seasoning?

4. Why should timber be seasoned?

5. How do you prevent insect and fungi attack on wood?

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about wood defects and manufactured board.

REF. BOOK:NERDC BASIC TECH FOR JSS BK 3 PG 13-18.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
 Which of the following is not a stage of woodproduction and
processing?(a) wood seasoning (b) wood logging (c) wood conversion
(d) wood preservation.

Felling of trees is done with aid of ——- (a) Chain saw (b) German
knife (c) Israel hoe (d) Oxford scriber.

Trees that provide timbers are usually trees with big trunk, which
include the following except (a) Mahogany (b) Palm Tree (c) Obeche
(d) Teak

The kind of seasoning that involves putting a stacker between logs of

wood in a saw-mill is called———- (a) kiln (b) air (c) plain sawn (d)
artificial.

What is the weight of wood that weighs 20Kg after seasoning? If the
percentage moisture content is 40% (a) 28Kg (b) 140Kg (c) 78Kg (d)
56Kg.

THEORY

What is wood conversion? Mention the two methods of wood

conversion.

List five reasons for seasoning wood. (b) list five properties of a good
preservatives.

WEEK THREE

CONTENT

Wood defects

Veneer

Manufactured boards

WOOD DEFECTS:

A defect in timber is any feature in timber that reduces the quality and
market value of timber. Defects in timber can be grouped into two types

1. The natural defects: these are the defects that occur during the growth
of the tree. Examples include knots, shakes, upset grains and cross grains.
 KNOT: These occur at the point where branches grow from the
trunkof trees. When the knot rot away and fall out of position it leaves
what is known as knot-hole

SHAKES: These are splits and complete separation of parts of a stem

in a living tree. Shakes may be heart shake. star shakes , cup shakes
and ring shakes

2. The artificial defects. These are caused by careless handling faulty

seasoning and preservation of wood. Artificial defects include cup, bow,
twist, check and insect attack

1. CUP: This is a concave curvature across the face of the timber. It is

caused by bad stacking during drying. Plain sawn planksare more
affected than quarter sawn.

2. BOW: This is either convex or concave curvature along the length of

the plank.

3. TWIST: This is a spiral from of distortion along the length of the plank.

4. INSECT ATTACK: These are visible minute holes seen the surface of
boards.

EVALUATION

1. What is wood defect?

2. State the differences between natural defects and artificial defect.

3. Mention three examples each o f natural defect and artificial defect

VENEER

A VENEER is a thin sheet or slice of sheet obtained from wood. The

thickness of such veneer ranges from 0.5mm to 3mm.

USES OF VENEER

1. It is used for manufacturing plywood.

2. It is used in decorating furniture

3. It is used in making faces of other types of composite boards.

METHODS OF MAKING VENEER

1. ROTARY OR PEELING METHOD

2. SLICING METHOD

3. ECCENTRIC PEELING METHOD

ROTARY METHOD

The log of wood is mounted on a heavy lathe machine and a cutting knife
peels off a continuous sheet as the log is rotating. Then the continuous
sheet is later cut into the required size.

SLICING METHOD

This method involves serving the log to the lathe machine bed surface top
and the slices of veneer are gotten by peeling knife back and forth. This
method is used to produce decorative veneer.

ECCENTRIC PEELING METHOD

The log is first sawn to quarter log with the sapwood corner as centre. The
log is mounted on the lathe machines and veneers are sliced off with
cutting knife

MANUFACTURED BOARDS

Manufactured boards are man-made (artificial) wood products. They vary

in sizes weight and structure.

ADVANTAGES OF MANUFACTURED BOARD OVER SOLID WOOD

1. They can be made into large, flat sheets.

2. They do not check and warp like solid wood.

3. Some of them can be bent to form curves.

4. They can be worked on and cut easily.

5. They can be nailed without splitting.

EXAMPLES OF MANUFCATURED BOARDS

1. PLYWOOD: This is obtained by gluing three or more sheets of veneer

together.

2. BLOCK BOARD: This board resembles plywood but it has a core

which is made of strips usually 20mm-25mm wide and covered with
two skins of veneers .It has all the quantities of plywood but cannot
be bent .It is used for table tops, cupboards e.t.c

3. LAMINATED BOARD: It is similar to block board but its core materials

are usually thinner, being 3mm- 7mm wide. It is heavier than block
board .It is used for high-class veneer furniture.

4. CHIP BOARD: This is the board manufactured from wood chips. Chips
are mixed with glue and pressed together under heat to form solid
boards of varying thickness .It is used for kitchen furniture and
panelling.

5. HARD BOARD: This is made from wood (mashed wood) with

hardness and holding agent’s very high temperature and
compression are essential for its production.

Other types of manufactured board include:

1. Particle board

2. Composite board

3. Batten board

EVALUATION

1. Mention three ways veneer can be obtained.

2. State five advantages of manufactured boards over solid wood

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is veneer?

2. Mention five examples of manufactured board

3. Mention four advantages of veneer over solid wood

4. Mention two uses of veneer

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about processing material: metal

REF BOOK:NERDC BASIC TECH FOR JSS3 PG 18-21

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. A thin slice of sheet obtained from wood is a ____(a) lamina (b) plank
(c) plywood (d) veneer.

2. The following are methods of producing veneer except ___ (a) cutting
(b) peeling (c) sourcing (d) slicing

3. Which of the following materials cannot be produced from wood (a)

Hook (b) paper (c) cloth (d) shoe?

4. Which of the following is not a manufactured board? (a) Composite

board (b) block board (c) particle board (d) shopping board.

5. The type of man-made board obtained by gluing three or more sheets

of veneer together is called ___ (a) Hard board (b) Chip board (c)
Plywood (d) Block board

THEORY

1. State the advantages of manufactured board over solid wood

2. Mention three uses of veneer.

WEEK FOUR

TOPIC: PROCESSING OF MATERIALS: ALLOYS

CONTENT

1. Metal processing methods

2. Metal alloys, examples, properties and uses.

Metals are materials used in producing some equipment used in everyday

life. Metals are usually solid but a few ones are liquid or powder form. They
are made raw forms called ore.
METHODS OF PROCESSING METALS

Most metals do not occur in a pure state they are usually combined with
other metals and earthly impuritiesto form what is called mineral ore. The
ore is then mined and processedto extract the metal of interest. The
methods of processing metals include:

1. Casting

2. Smelting

3. Annealing

CASTING

This is the process of melting and pouring molten metal into the mould to
take the shape of the mould when it cools down or solidifies.

SMELTING

This is the process of extracting metals from iron ore dug from the ground.

ANNEALING

This is the process by which metals can be softened.

EVALUATION

1. Explain the following terms: (a) casting (b) annealing (c) smelting.

2. Briefly describe metals

STAGES OF METAL PRODUCTION

There three stages in the production of metals

STAGE ONE: EXTRACTION STAGE: The rock containing the metal is dug
from the ground with drilling and excavating. The rock and the metal
mixed togetherare calledthe metal ore(the impure metal)
STAGE TWO: SMELTING STAGE: The metal ore is heated in a furnace( e. g
blast furnace ) until the metal melts into liquid form with other impurities
that have mixed with it .

STAGE THREE: CASTING STAGE: The hot molten (liquid) metalis poured
into container of different lengths and sizes called moulds .it is left there to
solidify to take up the shape of the mould, this is called casting. This is how
round bars, square bar,wires and others are produced

EVALUATION

Briefly explain the three stages of metal production.

METAL ALLOYS,EXAMPLES PROPERTIES, AND USES

An alloy is a metal that is obtained by mixing two or more metals together

examples are ferrous alloys and non- ferrous alloys

FERROUS
COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
ALLOYS

Hard and brittle it

High Iron, carbon, Machine cutting
will withstand
speed vanadium and tools such as drill
temperatures up
steel tungsten bits.
to 600 0C

Hard and difficult Cutlery, hand

Iron ,carbon, towork,resist cutting tools,
Stainless
chromium and corrosion takes a washbasins and
steel
sometimes nickel high polish and sink containers for
will not rust. corrosives.

High Iron, Very strong and Components

tensile carbon,nickel and tough where high
steel chromium strength is
needed, engine
parts, bolts and
 nuts for cars and
machinery

NON FERROUS ALLOYS

ALLOYS COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES

Can be bent and Plumbing industry,

pressed into ammunition(bullet
Copper65%, zinc
Brass shapes, resist and shell) Castings,
35%
corrosion very wires rivets screws
well decorative works

4.5%copper,
0.5% manganese,
It becomes
0.5% It is used to make
Duralumin hardened with
magnesium, and aircrafts and sheets
age
94.5%
Aluminium

Very malleable
Decorative beaten
Gilding Copper 90%, and ductile,
work, cheap
metal zinc 10% resist corrosion
jewellery.
well

Strong and
tough with high
Statues, ornaments,
tensile
80%copper,20% Bearings, springs
Bronze strength,
tin electrical and
resist corrosion
architectural work.
and machine
well

EVALUATION
 1. What is an alloy?

2. State three examples of alloy ferrous metals and mention (2) practical
uses of each.

3. State three (3) examples of non-ferrous metal and mention (2)

practical uses of each.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Defines metals.

2. Mention the classes of metals with examples.

3. Differentiate between ferrous metals and non ferrous metals.

4. Describe the processes of processing metals.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about ‘processing clay, ceramics, plastics,rubber and glass

REFERENCE BOOKS

(i) EVANS Basic Technology for JSS book 3.

(ii) NERDC Basic Technology for JSS book 3.pg.22-36.

WEEKEND ASSSIGNMENT

1. The metal obtained from the processing of iron ore in blast furnace is
__ (a) limestone (b) steel (c) pig iron (d) coke .

2. The best material for making cooking pots is ___ (a) Tin (b) steel (c)
clay (d) aluminum.

3. The process of melting and pouring molten metal into the mould to
take the shape of the mould when it cools down or solidifies is called
______ (a) smelting (b) casting (c) annealing (d) furnishing.

4. Which of the following is not a stage in the metal production? (a)

extraction stage (b)fabrication stage (c)smelting stage (d)casting stage.

5. The following are examples of alloys except(a) bass (b) bronze

(c)copper (d) duralumin.
THEORY

1. In tabular form, mention two example of ferrous alloys and non-

ferrous alloys, state their components, properties and uses

2. Explain the process of processing metal.

WEEK FIVE

TOPIC: PROCESSING OF MATERIALS- CERAMICS AND GLASS,PLASTIC

AND RUBBER

CONTENT

METHODS OF PROCESSING

PRODUCTION AND USES OF CLAY, CERAMIC AND GLASS

PRODUCTION OF PLASTICSAND RUBBER

PROCESSING CLAY

Pottery is the act of using clay to make different objects like pots, flower
vases, tea cups and dishes.

Procedure
 1. Clay preparation: Clay is first dug from the soil. It is thoroughly mixed
with water in the right proportion and pounded using hands, feet or
pestle and mortal. Air bubbles are removed and it becomes soft. Sand
particles as well as stones are removed during mixing.

2. Moulding of articles: There are two methods of moulding the article

3. Pinch pot method

4. Potter’s wheel method: This is the method with a rotating disc upon
which the clay is mould

5. Firing/Baking of articles: This is the process of hardening the article e.

g. pot. This is a furnace or oven specially designed for baking finished
wet clay products.

6. Decorating of articles: This can be done before or after firing.

MUD

In order to make articles, houses and object from mud, we dig pure earth
that does not contain sand. Then follow the following procedure:

1. Mud preparation

2. Moulding of articles

3. Firing of articles

4. Decorating of articles

CONCRETE

Concrete is a hard material formed when cement is mixed with aggregate

of sand (coarse sand, gravel or stone) and water only. The mixture is
turned into a uniform paste by using a shovel or a concrete mixer. Then
made into objects e. g blocks or for construction

EVALUATION

1. Define pottery.

1. Outline the procedure for making pottery.

1. State five uses of ceramics.

1. State five products of ceramics.

PROCESSING GLASS

The mineral glass belongs to a group of ceramic material. It is made from

inorganic resin made from refining petroleum product.

The raw materials used in making glass are sand,soda,lime, potash and
lead oxide. These materials are thoroughly mixed together. The mixture is
melted in a furnace at a very high temperature to produce molten glass.
While in its molten state various shapes of glass are made by blowing air
into the mixture. The rigid glass is heated again and allowed to cool
gradually. This process of re-heating and allowed to cool is called
annealing.

EVALUATION

Mention the five materials used in making glass.

Explain the process of processing glass

Mention FIVE example materials made from glass

PROCESSING PLASTIC

There are five methods of processing plastics material namely:

1. Vacuum forming

2. Injection moulding

3. Extrusionmoulding

4. Calendaring

5. Compression moulding

Production of plastic involves heating at a very high temperature.

VACUUM FORMING

This is an enclosed method from which air has been completely removed.
It is a method for making plastic buckets and cup.

INJECTION MOULDING
This is a method of forming an object by injecting hot molten or plastic
materials into the mould by means of plungers.

EXTRUSION

This is a method of heating a plastic material and forcing it through a

mould followed by continuous cooling. It is a method used for
manufactured thermoplastic pipe.

CALENDARING

This is a method of making a continuous sheet of the thermoplastic

material in paste form between heated and cooled rollers.

COMPRESSION MOULDING

This is a method of forcing plastics materials into a mould by the

application of pressure and heat

USES OF PLASTIC

1. Plastics are increasingly being used in every day’s life because of its
lightness in weight.

2. The top of your ballpoint pen is made of plastic.

3. The family products are obtained from plastics: buckets, cup, radio
case battery case , protractors , ruler , set square, in mathematical
set, button, electrical switches sockets toys , telephones, helmet etc.

The main disadvantage of plastic products is that it is breakable.

PROCESSING RUBBER

Rubber is a non- metal product. It looks like plastics but it is more elastic
than plastic. The raw rubber occurs in LATEX. If the latex is heated, it
changes into an elastic, soft and sticky solid which is called rubber.

TYPES OF RUBBER
NATURAL RUBBER:this is obtained from the white milk sap-like fluid found
in rubber tree. The raw rubber produced can be improved through the
process called vulcanization.

SYNTHETIC RUBBER: The synthetic rubberis an artificial rubber sometimes

called elastomer. It is made from petroleum products.

Both the natural and the synthetic rubber are processed through the
following stages:

The rubber is softened by adding chemicals such as coal, limestone,

natural gas, petroleum,oil, acetylene,water and sodium chloride by a
process called polymerization and mixing them thoroughly to bring it
to mould able stage.

It is then heated in a chamberinto a molten form

The molten rubber is forced into a mould already designed to take

the shapes of the object.

The methods of processing rubber are:

1. Vacuum forming

2. Extrusion

3. Calendaring

4. Compression moulding.

USES OF RUBBER

1. It can be used as an elastic materials e.g. for making catapult.

2. Rubber is water proof, so it is used in making rubber sandals and

gloves

3. Rubber has electrical insulating property i.e. it is an insulator. Thus, it

is used in covering electrical wires that supply electricity to the iron or
kettle.

4. Rubber can be used as shock absorber, thus it is used in making

bumper of cars tyres and tubes of cars

EVALUATION
 1. List the methods of processing rubber

2. Mention the processing plastics.

3. State two advantages of rubber over plastic.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Discuss five methods of processing plastics

1. Explain the three stages of processing rubber

1. Outline four methods of processing rubber

1. State three uses of rubber

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about processing ceramic, rubber and plastic

REF. BOOKS:i) EVANS Basic Technology for JSS book 1.

ii) NERDC Basic Technology for JSS book 1.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. All solids objects made from clay, mud or cement are called ____(a)
plastics (b) rubber (c) semiconductors (d) ceramics.

2. The art of using clay to make various objects is called ____ (a) plastics
(b) rubber (c) semiconductors (d) pottery.

3. Which of the following is not a method of processing rubber (a)

Vacuum forming (b) Injection moulding (c) Extrusion (d) Calendaring.

4. Which of the following material is made from inorganic resin made

from refining petroleum(a) rubber (b) ceramic (c)glass (d) plastic.

5. _____ is a hard heat resistant material made by firing a mixture of

clay and chemicals at high temperature(a) plastic (b) rubber (c)
ceramic (d) wood.

THEORY
 1. Define rubbermaterials and uses

2. List the methods of processing plastic s and state THREE (3) uses of
plastics.

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: ISOMETRIC DRAWING.

CONTENT

1. Meaning Of Isometric Drawing

2. Angles Of Projection

3. Differences Between Isometric Drawing And Isometric Projection

4. Uses of isometric drawing

5. Making Isometric Projection

ISOMETRIC DRAWING

This is a clear way of presenting information about the physical outlook of

objects.

One method of pictorial representation of objects is isometric drawing.

Isometric means “equal measures”. It shows the three faces of an object. It
indicates the length, width and height. In this manner the shape can be
easily understood.

ANGLES OF PROJECTION

Isometric drawing is the pictorial method of drawing an object in which all

its isometric axes are projected 300 to the horizontal and 1200 to one
another.

Any line parallel to any of three lines or isometric axes is known as an

isometric line

EVALUATION
 1. Define isometric drawing

2. At what angle is isometric drawing projected?

IMPORTANCE OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING

1. It helps us to develop the ability to draw every object to appear look

like photograph

2. It also helps the designer to put down ideas easily before going into
the detailed description of various parts of the system.

3. It is used for explaining the true shapes of objects to technical and

non-technical people

SOLID SHAPES

The following objects can be drawn in isometric drawing: a block, a

hammer, a prism, a pyramid, truncated objects, a cone, right objects,
regular polygons.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ISOMETRIC DRAWING AND ISOMETRIC

PROJECTION

Isometric drawing is the drawing in which the full dimension is achieved

as this is normally marked. The scale is 100:100.

Isometric projection is the fore-shortened size of an object. The scale is

81: 100

Whereas an isometric drawing is drawn with an ordinary scale, an

isometric projection is drawn with an isometric scale which makes the look
shorter (foreshortened) than the real size.

MAKING ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

 1. Draw a horizontal line.

2. At a point A on the line, erect line AC

3. On the left side of A, use the 300 set squares to draw line AD. Do the
same for line AB on the right side of A.

4. At point B, erect line BE and at point D erect line DG.

5. At point C, draw CE parallel to AB and CG parallel to AD.

6. Draw GF parallel to CE and EF parallel to GC.

USES OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Isometric drawings are used to:

1. Promote quick and easy understanding of the shape and size of an

object.

2. Make quick design and construction of objects.

3. Give a more realistic impression of the form of an object than by

orthographic drawing.

4. Produce catalogues, leaflets and manuals by artists.

EVALUATION

1. State the importance of isometric drawing

2. Draw a cube of 60mm in isometric drawing

PROJECT

1. Construct a DODECAGON using cardboard made up of 12 regular

pentagons of 50mm length.

GENRALEVALUATION
 1. Define Isometric drawing

2. Draw the following shapes (a) right rectangular pyramid (b) oblique
pentagonal pyramid

3. Measure the length, width and height of your mathematical set and
produce a reduced scale of it.

4. Differentiate between isometric projection and isometric drawing.

READING ASSIGNMENT

OBLQUE DRAWING AND PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

REFERENCE MATERIALS

1. EVANS- INTRODUCTORY TECHNOLOGY BOOK 3, pages 8-12.

2. NERDC, BASIC TECHNOLOGY,BOOK 3 pages 42-47.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following is the foreshortened size of an object? A.

Isometric projection B. isometric drawing C. projector line D.
identification line.

2. In isometric drawing, objects are always drawn at ____ angle to the

horizontal (a) 600 (b) 300 (c) 1200 (d) 400.

3. A polygon with 12 sides is called ____A. Nonagon B. Dodecagon C.

Decagon D. Pentagon

4. A pyramid is right if its ____ coincides with the axis A. pyramid B.

altitude C. vertex

D. oblique.

5. Which of the following depict pictorial method of drawing objects? A.

scale drawing

B. perspective drawing C. isometric drawing D. oblique drawing.

THEORY
 1. State the differences between Isometric drawing and Isometric
projection.

2. Construct a cube of 70mm in an isometric drawing.

WEEK SEVEN AND EIGHT

TOPIC: OBLIQUE DRAWING AND PERSPECTIVES

CONTENT

1. Meaning of oblique drawing

2. Methods of drawing oblique drawing

3. Meaning of perspective drawing

4. Classes of perspective drawing

OBLIQUE DRAWING: This is a method of drawing the shape of solid

object in which the projection angles are drawn at an angle450to the
horizontal plane. It recognizes objects in three (3) dimensions i.e. length,
breadth, and depth.

ACTIVITY: Produce an oblique drawing of an isometric drawing of a

rectangular block with the given dimension length 50mm, width 30mm
and height 70mm.

METHODS OF DRAWING OBLIQUE

1. CAVALIER METHOD: when the receding axis of an angle 450 is drawn

in full length

CABINET OBLIQUE: thisis whenthe receding axis of an angle 450is half

the length.

EVALUATION

Define oblique drawing.

Differentiate between cavalier type of oblique drawing and cabinet

oblique drawing.
PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

This is a method of drawing the shape of solid object such that the THREE
sides of an object are shownat once. Of all the pictorial drawing, it is the
closest to how the eye actually sees objects.

Their principal distinguishing feature is that they make allowance for the
fact that as an object recedes from the eye, the image observed by the eye
become smaller.

In perspective drawing, all the lines of an object converge to a point called

varnishing point.

Varnishing point is the point in the perspective drawing where all thevisual
rays converged. This can be classified according to the number of
varnishing point the drawing may have, the number of varnishing point
depends on the position of the object with respect to the picture.

One point perspective means one varnishing point

Two point perspective means two varnishing point.

ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING: Here the four parallel edges of the
cube are converged at a particular point called varnishing point.

TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING: this contains two varnishing

pointsand the two varnishing point appears at a point in two
directionscalled sight line.

A perspective drawing is not drawn to scales and does not give any
information about hidden details.

EVALUATION

Define perspective drawing

What is varnishing point?

GENERAL EVALUATION
 Using one point perspective draw a cube

Differentiate between one point perspective and two point

perspective

Using oblique drawing draw a rectangle of length 70mm/width 50mm

and height 40mm.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read orthographic drawing.

Ref book: NERDC, Basic Tech for JSS book Three. Pg. 50-60.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. A pictorial drawing of solid objects projected at angle 450 is called A.

varnishing point B. isometric drawing C. oblique drawing D.
perspective drawing.

2. The point in the perspective drawing where all the visual rays
converge at appoint is called______ A. varnishing point B. perspective
point C. annealing point D. orthographic drawing.

3. Which of the following is a method of drawing oblique drawing A.

casting method B. extrusion method C. cavalier method D. rotary
method.

4. __________ contains two varnishing points and the two varnishing point
appear at a point in two directions called sight line.A. One point
perspective B.Two point perspective C. Cabinet drawing D. Cavalier
method.

5. The method of drawing shapes of solid objects such that it shows the
three sides of an object at once is called_____A. scale drawing B.
perspective drawing C. orthographic drawing D. oblique drawing.

THEORY

1. With the aid of diagram draw one point perspective view of a cube.

2. Differentiate between one point perspective view and two point

perspective view.
WEEK NINE AND TEN

TOPIC: ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

CONTENT

1. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

2. METHODS OF PROJECTIONS

3. ANGLES OF PROJECTION

4. DIMENSIONING

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

The draughtsman or engineer uses two basic methods to represent an

object on paper, board, or similar surfaces. The two basic methods are:

Orthographic projection

Pictorial projection

Orthographic projection is used to show at least three views. The three

views usually shown in orthographic projection are: front view (elevation),
side view (either right side or left side), and plan (top view). Orthographic
drawing is the method of producing the drawing of an object so it can be
fabricated accurately.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

1. Standardize lines are used

2. The plan, front and side views of the object are properly drawn

3. Objects are drawn to scale

IMPORTANCE OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

1. It shows accurately the shape of the object

2. It shows clearly the size of each part of the object

Dimension of an orthographic drawing is usually measured in
millimeters

EVALUATION

1. Define orthographic drawing

2. State characteristics orthographic drawing

METHODS OF PROJECTION

Orthographic views of objects are drawn on surfaces called planes. A

projection plane can be likened to a screen on which a film is projected. If
the screen is placed vertically, the plane is called a vertical plane. If it is
placed horizontally, it is called a horizontal plane. It is equally called a side
vertical plane, if it is placed by either the right hand side or the left hand
side.

The method of projection varies depending on the rays of light the object
is taken to the plane. When the projection rays are perpendicular to the
plane, the projective method is called ORTHOGRAPHIC. If the rays are at
right angle to the plane, the projection is called OBLIQUE. If the rays are
taken to a particular station, the projective method will result
PERSPECTIVE,thereby presenting the object as would appear to the
eye.

ANGLES OF PROJECTION

The angle of projection in common use areof two types namely:

1. First angle projection

2. Third angle projection

The first angle projection method is mainly used in European countries.

In this projection, the front elevation drawing is followed by the plan
elevation

The third angle projection method is mainly used in USA and Canada. In
this projection, the plan elevation is followed by front elevation.
There are three types of views in orthographic drawing:

3. Horizontal plan views

4. Vertical plan views

5. Side plan views

DIMENSIONING

This is act of using lines to indicate the length and breadth of a particular
object. Lines indicating extremes of dimension are drawn where required
either to the right side or below it.

Arrowheads are drawn to point inwards and the figure is printed between
the arrowheads in case of small dimension.

Hidden details are indicated with dotted lines. Hidden details and hatching
line indicate a sectional view of objects. Rounded corners and small
diameter holes should also be dimensioned

EVALUATION

1. Explain the two types of angle of projection .

2. Define dimensioning.

3. Differentiate between the angles of projection with the aid of a

sketch.

GENERAL EVALUATION

Define orthographic projection.

Draw letter “F” and produce it in first angle projection.

Draw a rectangle of length 70mmand width 50mm and dimension it.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read SCALES AND SCALE DRAWING

REFERENCE MATERIALS
 1. NERDC, BASIC TECHNOLOGY,BOOK 1 pages 58-63

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following lines can be used for hidden details A. hatching
line B. short dashes C. continuous thin lines D. Straight lines.

2. The method of projection in which the plan elevation comes before

the front elevation is called A. third angle B. first angle C. second
angle projection D. fourth angle projection.

3. When the projection rays are perpendicular to the plane, the

projective method is called A. orthographic B. oblique C.
perpendicular D. plane views .

4. If the rays are at right angle to the plane, the projection is called ______
A. orthographic B. oblique C. perpendicular D. perspective .

5. If the rays are taken to a particular station, the projective method will
result ­____

A. orthographic B. oblique C. perspective (d) plane views.

Theory

1. Define (a) Dimensioning (b) orthographic drawing.

2. Briefly describe first angle and third angle projection with sketch.

WEEK ELEVEN

TOPIC: SCALES AND SCALE DRAWING, SIMPLE BLUE PRINT READING

CONTENT

1. DEFINITION OF SCALE DRAWING

2. MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR SCALE DRAWING

3. TYPES OF SCALE DRAWING

4. MEASURING AND COMPARING GIVEN SIZES

5. SIMPLE DETAILS OF A BUILDING PLAN

6. COMMON SYMBOLS USED AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS

DEFINITION OF SCALE DRAWING

Scale drawing can be defined as the accurate representation of objects in a

determined proportion .Scale drawing is different from ordinary drawing in
that it presents the object either reduced or enlarged. There are scales for
reduction and for enlargement of the size of the object.

MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR SCALE DRAWING

A. Metric rule

This has two flat straight edges. It is usually 30cm long. Each main division
on the metric rule is equal to one centimeter (1cm =10mm) and each
division is sub divided into 10 units being 1mm .Always start from 0 as the
beginning of your measurement.

B. Scale rule

These have three straight edges and are triangular in shape. Each edge is
graduated and each scale designation is marked on the rule.

EVALUATION

1. Define scale drawing.

2. State the materials and instruments for scale drawing.

SCALE

Some objects are too big for the actual size to be contained on a drawing
paper, while some are too small for the parts to be clearly seen. Hence,
such objects should be drawn to an appropriate scale.

Scale is usually given as a ratio and they are stated in the title block.

TYPES OF SCALE DRAWING

Ascale is used to draw or read a scale on a drawing paper

We have the following scales:

1. Full scale drawing

2. Reduced scale drawing

3. Enlarged scale drawing

Therefore a cupboard of size 1800mm long drawn as 18mm has a reduced

scale drawing of 1:100mm.

ENLARGED SCALE DRAWING

This is used when the object to be drawn is too small to be clearly

seen.Here, the actual size of the object is enlarged in the proportion to the
drawing.

Examples include 2:1, 10:1, 100:1,

Drawing size 100:1 actual size

REDUCED SCALE DRAWING: this is used when the object to be drawn is

too big. Here the actual size of the object is reduced in the proportion of
the drawing. Examples include 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1: 100 etc.

FULL SCALE DRAWING: This is when the object to be drawn is the same
size as the size of the object the scale used is 1:1.

EVALUATION

1. Define scale drawing.

2. Mention three types of scale drawing.

TOPIC: SIMPLE BLUE PRINT READING

Blueprint is the means of communication between the builders and

building designer(architect). They are finished plans of what is to be
produced or built,i.e. it is the complete drawings builders use at their
building site to build. In building industry, the blueprint is also called the
working drawing. The blue print is prepared by the architect while the
builder interpretsit correctly. Blue print reading requires high-level
knowledge of architectural and engineering drawings. It also requires
ability to understand measurements and to measure accurately. Any
mistake error could be too costly.

The following are to be interpreted by the builders.

1. The floor plan

2. The elevation

3. The section

4. The detailed drawings

5. The schedule

6. The electrical plan

COMMON SYMBOLS USED AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS.

S
MEANING
/N SYMBOLS

Earth or
1
soil

2 Strip foundation

3 Hardcore

4 Mass concrete floor slab

5 Stone work

6 Brickwork

7 Block work

8 Timber

9 Bath

10 Water closet

11 Sink

12 Wash hand basing

13 Fluorescent tube

14 Socket outline

15 Switch

16 Electric meter

17 Window

18 Door

19 Filament bulb
EVALUATION

1. Define simple blue print.

2. Mention five sections that can be find in a blueprint reading

3. Provide symbols for the following: doors, switch, hard core, concretes,
wash hand

basing.

GENERAL EVALUATION

Define scale.

Define scale drawing.

Draw the top of your desk using scale rule.

Draw a line 80mm and an equivalent of it in cm indicating the

dimensions in cm.

Produce the building plan of a bungalow on page 235 of NERDC BK3

On a drawing sheet.

READING ASSIGNMENT

READ “SIMPLE BLUEPRINT READING” AND SCALE DRAWING

REFERENCE MATERIALS:

1. EVANS, BASIC TECHNOLOGY FOR JSS, BOOK 3 pages 97-101.

2. NERDC, BASIC TECHNOLOGY FOR JSS, BOOK 3 pages 220-236.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
 1. ________ can be defined as the accurate representation of objects in a
determined proportion A. Scale drawing B. Freehand sketches C.
Technical drawing D. Isometric drawing.

2. In _____ scale drawing, the object is drawn to the same size with the
actual size. e.g. 1:1 A. enlarged B. reduced C. full D. proportioned.

3. In ______ scale drawing the actual size of the object is reduced in

proportion to the drawing .It is used when the object is too big ,
examples include 1:2 , 1:5 ,1:10 , 1:50 ,1:100 A. enlarged B.
reduced C. full D. proportioned.

4. _involves the assembly and erection of building structures. A. Building

construction

B. Architectural C. Marine engineering D. Forecasting engineering.

The following are the professionals in building industry

except____________(a) Architect (b)structural engineer (c) quantity
surveyor (d) agricultural engineer

THEORY

1. What do you understand by the word blueprint.

2. Mention types of scale drawing and explain them.

One Comment

Akintayo solomon
July 10, 2024 at 3:02 pm

This year 9 basic tech note is very relevant to our school

Reply

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