Data Structures and

Algorithms in Python
Michael T. Goodrich/ Roberto
Tamassia/ Michael H. Goldwasser
Adapted by Subhrakanta Panda

Chapter 13
Searching and Sorting

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser

 Quick-Sort
7 4 9 6 2  2 4 6 7 9

4 2  2 4 7 9  7 9

22 99

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 2

 Quick-Sort
Quick-sort is a randomized
sorting algorithm based x
on the divide-and-conquer
paradigm:
 Divide: pick a random
element x (called pivot) and
x
partition S into
 L elements less than x
 E elements equal x L E G
 G elements greater than x
 Recur: sort L and G
 Conquer: join L, E and G x

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 3

 Partition
We partition an input Algorithm partition(S, p)
sequence as follows: Input sequence S, position p of pivot
 We remove, in turn, each Output subsequences L, E, G of the
elements of S less than, equal to,
element y from S and
or greater than the pivot, resp.
 We insert y into L, E or G, L, E, G  empty sequences
depending on the result of
x  [Link](p)
the comparison with the
while [Link]()
pivot x
y  [Link]([Link]())
Each insertion and removal if y < x
is at the beginning or at the [Link](y)
end of a sequence, and else if y = x
hence takes O(1) time [Link](y)
Thus, the partition step of else { y > x }
quick-sort takes O(n) time [Link](y)
return L, E, G
© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 4
 Python Implementation

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 5

 Quick-Sort Tree
An execution of quick-sort is depicted by a binary tree
 Each node represents a recursive call of quick-sort and stores
 Unsorted sequence before the execution and its pivot
 Sorted sequence at the end of the execution
 The root is the initial call
 The leaves are calls on subsequences of size 0 or 1

7 4 9 6 2  2 4 6 7 9

4 2  2 4 7 9  7 9

22 99
© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 6
 Execution Example
Pivot selection
7 2 9 43 7 6 1  1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

7 2 9 4  2 4 7 9 3 8 6 1  1 3 8 6

22 9 4  4 9 33 88

99 44

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 7

 Execution Example (cont.)
Partition, recursive call, pivot selection
7 2 9 4 3 7 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

2 4 3 1 2 4 7 9 3 8 6 1  1 3 8 6

22 9 4  4 9 33 88

99 44

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 8

 Execution Example (cont.)
Partition, recursive call, base case
7 2 9 43 7 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

2 4 3 1  2 4 7 3 8 6 1  1 3 8 6

11 9 4  4 9 33 88

99 44

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 9

 Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, …, base case, join
7 2 9 43 7 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

2 4 3 1  1 2 3 4 3 8 6 1  1 3 8 6

11 4 3  3 4 33 88

99 44

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 10

 Execution Example (cont.)
Recursive call, pivot selection
7 2 9 43 7 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

2 4 3 1  1 2 3 4 7 9 7 1  1 3 8 6

11 4 3  3 4 88 99

99 44

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 11

 Execution Example (cont.)
Partition, …, recursive call, base case
7 2 9 43 7 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

2 4 3 1  1 2 3 4 7 9 7 1  1 3 8 6

11 4 3  3 4 88 99

99 44

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 12

 Execution Example (cont.)
Join, join
7 2 9 4 3 7 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 9

2 4 3 1  1 2 3 4 7 9 7  17 7 9

11 4 3  3 4 88 99

99 44

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 13

 Worst-case Running Time
The worst case for quick-sort occurs when the pivot is the unique
minimum or maximum element
One of L and G has size n - 1 and the other has size 0
The running time is proportional to the sum
n + (n - 1) + … + 2 + 1
Thus, the worst-case running time of quick-sort is O(n2)
depth time
0 n

1 n-1

… …

n-1 1
© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 14
 Expected Running Time
Consider a recursive call of quick-sort on a sequence of size s
 Good call: the sizes of L and G are each less than 3s/4
 Bad call: one of L and G has size greater than 3s/4
7 2 9 43 7 6 19 7 2 9 43 7 6 1

2 4 3 1 7 9 7 1  1 1 7294376

Good call Bad call

A call is good with probability 1/2

 1/2 of the possible pivots cause good calls:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Bad pivots Good pivots Bad pivots

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 15

 Expected Running Time, Part 2
Probabilistic Fact: The expected number of coin tosses required in
order to get k heads is 2k
For a node of depth i, we expect
 i/2 ancestors are good calls
 The size of the input sequence for the current call is at most (3/4)i/2n
Therefore, we have expected height time per level
s(r) O(n)
 For a node of depth 2log4/3n,
the expected input size is one
 The expected height of the s(a) s(b) O(n)
quick-sort tree is O(log n)
O(log n)
The amount or work done at the s(c) s(d) s(e) s(f) O(n)
nodes of the same depth is O(n)
Thus, the expected running time
of quick-sort is O(n log n)
total expected time: O(n log n)

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 16

 In-Place Quick-Sort
Quick-sort can be implemented
to run in-place
In the partition step, we use Algorithm inPlaceQuickSort(S, l, r)
replace operations to rearrange Input sequence S, ranks l and r
the elements of the input Output sequence S with the
sequence such that elements of rank between l and r
rearranged in increasing order
 the elements less than the
pivot have rank less than h if l  r
 the elements equal to the pivot return
have rank between h and k i  a random integer between l and r
 the elements greater than the x  [Link](i)
pivot have rank greater than k (h, k)  inPlacePartition(x)
The recursive calls consider inPlaceQuickSort(S, l, h - 1)
 elements with rank less than h inPlaceQuickSort(S, k + 1, r)
 elements with rank greater
than k

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 17

 In-Place Partitioning
Perform the partition using two indices to split S into L
and E U G (a similar method can split E U G into E and G).
j k
3 2 5 1 0 7 3 5 9 2 7 9 8 9 7 6 9 (pivot = 6)

Repeat until j and k cross:

 Scan j to the right until finding an element > x.
 Scan k to the left until finding an element < x.
 Swap elements at indices j and k
j k
3 2 5 1 0 7 3 5 9 2 7 9 8 9 7 6 9

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 18

 Python Implementation

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 19

 Summary of Sorting Algorithms
Algorithm Time Notes
 in-place
selection-sort O(n2)  slow (good for small inputs)
 in-place
insertion-sort O(n2)  slow (good for small inputs)
O(n log n)  in-place, randomized
quick-sort  fastest (good for large inputs)
expected
 in-place
heap-sort O(n log n)  fast (good for large inputs)
 sequential data access
merge-sort O(n log n)  fast (good for huge inputs)

© 2021 Goodrich, Tamassia, Goldwasser Searching and Sorting 20