ME 291 (Safety engineering)

Module No. 2
Safety in Engineering Industry
OBJECTIVES

To explain the safety in engineering industry

Guarding of machines

Manual and mechanical handling of equipments.

 Industrial Injuries in Factories
in India (upto 2011)
Year Fatal - Fatal - Non-Fatal - Non-Fatal - Total - Total -
Number Incidence Number Incidence rate(#) Numbe Incidenc
rate(#) r e rate(#)
2000 486 0.22 23490 10.7 23976 10.93
2001 627 0.19 27737 8.48 28364 8.67
2002 540 0.16 19913 5.98 20453 6.14
2003 525 0.11 15907 3.23 16432 3.33
2004 562 0.08 14458 2.13 15020 2.21
2005 613 0.09 14163 1.97 14776 2.06
2006 1068 0.13 18844 2.28 19912 2.41
2007 821 0.1 14469 1.81 15290 1.91
2008 478 0.06 5494 0.74 5972 0.8
2009 668 0.1 5983 0.92 6651 1.03
2010 1064 0.1 10111 0.93 11175 1.03
Source: 2011 1083 Ministry of0.09
Labour Bureau Chandigarh, 9358
Labour and Employment 0.81
and Ministry of Statistics 10441 Govt.
and Program Implementation, 0.9Of India
Incidence Rate : Incidence rate is the ratio of the number of injuries to the number of employees during the
period under review. It is expressed as the number of accidents or injuries, per 1000 persons employed.
 STATUTORY PROVISIONS
Factories Act 1948
Factories Act Consists of :

Health

Safety

Welfare

Working hours of adults

Employment of young persons

Annual leave with wages

Special provisions
 STATUTORY PROVISIONS
Factories Act 1948

OBJECTIVES

To ensure safety measures

To promote workers’ health, saftey and welfare emplyoed

in factories

Provisions regarding employment of women and young

persons

Annual leaves and wages of employees

 Provisions Regarding Safety
(Chapter IV of Factories Act 1948)
Fencing of Machinery (sec.21)
Work on or near Machinery in motion (sec.22)
Employment of Young Persons on Dangerous Machines (sec. 23)
Striking Gear and Devices for cutting off power (sec.24)
Self Acting Machines (sec.25)
Casing of New Machinery (sec.26)
Prohibition of Employment of Women & Children near Cotton openers (sec. 27)
Hoists, lifts, Lifting Machines and others (sec.28,29)
Revolving Machinery (sec. 30)
Pressure Plant (sec.31)
Floors, Stairs & Means or Access (sec.32)
Pits, Sumps, Opening in Floors and others (sec.33)
Excessive Weights (sec.34)
Protection of Eyes\precautions against Dangerous Fumes,
Gases & others (sec.35,36)
Precautions Regarding use of portable electric light
Explosive or Inflammable Dust, Gas (sec.36A,37)
Precautions in case of fire (sec.38)
Specifications of Defective Parts or Tests of Stability (sec.39)
Safety of Buildings and machines (sec.40,40A)
Safety officers (sec. 40B)
 1. Fencing of Machinery
(Sec. 21)
Machineries should be securely fenced.

(i) every moving part of a prime mover and every flywheel

connected to a prime mover, whether the prime mover or
flywheel is in the engine house or not;
(ii) the headrace and tailrace of every water-wheel and water
turbine
(iii) any part of a stock-bar which projects beyond the head
stock of a lathe
(iv) following parts should be properly fenced
(a) every part of an electric generator, a motor or rotary
converter;
(b) every part of transmission machinery; and
(c) every dangerous part of any other machinery;
 2. Work on or Near Machinery in
Motion (Sec. 22)

Examination shall be carried out only by specially trained male workers

Should wear tight fitting clothes

Such worker shall not handle a belt at moving pulley

No woman or young person shall be allowed to clean

lubricate or adjust any part of prime mover

 3. Employment of young persons on
dangerous machines (Sec. 23)

Section 23 provides that young person shall be required or allowed to work at any machine to
which he has been fully instructed as to the dangers arising in connection with the machine and
the precautions to be observed and-

(a) has received sufficient training in work at the machine, or

(b) is under adequate supervision by a person who has a thorough knowledge and experience of
the machine.
 4. Striking gear and devices for
cutting off power (Sec. 24)
(1) In every factory—
(a) suitable striking gear or other efficient mechanical
appliance shall be provided and maintained and used to move driving
belts to and from fast and loose pulleys which form part of the
transmission machinery, and such gear or appliances shall be so
constructed, placed and maintained as to prevent the belt from creeping
back on the fast pulley;
(b) driving belts when not in use shall not be allowed to
rest or ride upon shafting in motion.

(2) In every factory suitable devices for cutting off power in

emergencies from running machinery shall be provided and maintained
in every workroom

(3) When a device, which can inadvertently shift from “off” to “on”
position, is provided in a factory to cut off power, arrangements shall
be provided for locking the device in safe position to prevent
accidental starting of the transmission machinery or other machines to
which the device is fitted
 5. Self-acting machines
(Sec. 25)

No traversing part of a self-acting machine in any factory and no material carried thereon

shall, if the space over which it runs is a space over which any person is liable to pass,

whether in the course of his employment or otherwise, be allowed to run on its outward or

inward traverse within a distance of forty-five centimeters from any fixed structure which is

not part of the machine.

 6. Casing of new machinery
(Sec. 26)
In all machinery driven by power and installed in any factory after the commencement of this
Act,—
(a) every set screw, bolt or key on any revolving shaft, spindle, wheel or
pinion shall be so sunk, encased or otherwise effectively guarded as to prevent danger;

(b) all spur, worm and other toothed or friction gearing which does not
require frequent adjustment while in motion shall be completely encased, unless it is so situated
as to be as safe as it would be if it were completely encased.
 7. Prohibition of employment of women and
children near cotton-openers
(Sec. 27)

In any part of a factory where a cotton-opener is at work for

pressing cotton, no woman or child shall be employed.

Provided that the Inspector may in any particular case specify

in writing that the women and children may be employed on

the side of the partition where the feed-end is situated.

 8. Hoists and lifts
(Sec. 28)

Every hoist and lift shall be of good mechanical

construction, sound material and adequate strength,
properly maintained, protected by an enclosure fitted with
gates, and shall be thoroughly examined by a competent
person.

Every hoist way and lift way shall be sufficiently

protected by an enclosure fitted with gates, and the hoist
or lift and every such enclosure shall be so constructed as
to prevent any person or thing from being trapped
between any part of the hoist or lift and any fixed
structure or moving part.

The maximum safe working load shall be plainly marked

on every hoist or lift, and no load greater than such load
shall be carried thereon.
 9. Lifting machines, chains, ropes
and lifting tackles (Sec. 29)
1. All parts, including the working gear, whether fixed or movable, of
every lifting machine and
every chain, rope or lifting tackle shall be—
(i) of good construction, sound material and
adequate strength and free from defects;
(ii) properly maintained; and
(iii) thoroughly examined by a competent person at
least once in every period of twelve months, or at such intervals as the
Chief Inspector may specify in writing; and a register shall be kept
containing the prescribed particulars of every such examination;

2. No lifting machine and no chain, rope or lifting tackle shall, except

for the purpose of test be loaded beyond the safe working load which
shall be plainly marked thereon together with an identification mark and
duly entered in the prescribed register; and where this is not practicable,
a table showing the safe working loads of every kind and size of lifting
machine or chain, rope or lifting tackle in use shall be displayed in
prominent positions on the premises.

3. While any person is employed or working on or near the wheel track

of a travelling crane in any place where he would be liable to be struck
by the crane, effective measures shall be taken to ensure that the crane
 10. Revolving Machinery
(Sec. 30)
In every factory in which the process of grinding is carried on there shall be permanently
affixed to or placed near each machine in use a notice indicating the maximum safe
working peripheral speed of every grindstone or abrasive wheel, the speed of the shaft or
spindle upon which the wheel is mounted, and the diameter of the pulley upon such shaft
or spindle necessary to secure such safe working peripheral speed.

Effective measures shall be taken in every factory to ensure that the safe working peripheral
speed of every revolving vessel, cage, basket, fly-wheel, pulley, disc or similar appliance
driven by power is not exceeded.
 MACHINE GUARDING

Basic need of machine guarding is to protect against contact

with the dangerous and moving parts of a machine, work in
process and failure due to mechanical, electrical, chemical or
human causes.

The guards remove workers' fear and thereby increase their

morale and the production. They allow the operation at higher
speeds and compensate the expenditure on guarding.

It is obvious that when cutting edges of sharp tools, rotating

and projecting parts, point of operation or contact point of die
and punch, nip (contact) points of pulley -.belts or gears,
rollers, calendar rolls, traversing tools or bed etc. are unguarded
and workers are exposed to such openly moving i.e. unguarded
parts, their risk of accident is highest. Long sleeves (shirt),
sadis, chain, i.e. muffler, shawl etc. can trap or entangle into
unguarded rotating parts and serious or fatal accidents are
possible.
 MACHINE GUARDING
(Contd.)

Mainly machine guarding is of two types:

(1) Guarding for points of operation i.e. guarding for cutting edges, tool points, press or
shear points, nip or running contact points, feed points etc., and

(2) Guarding for Power Transmission Machinery i.e. gem's, pulley-belts, couplings, clutches,
brakes, cams, shafts, rolls, rods that transmit energy and motion from the source of power (prime
mover) to the point of operation.
Queries

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