INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

“WATER TREATMENT PLANT”

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Under Supervision of
Dr. Sandhya Pathak

Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Duration: Dec, 2022 to May, 2023)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Institute of Engineering and Technology

DR. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar( M.P.), INDIA

(A Central University)
Approved by AICTE,
Sagar, Madhya Pradesh

SUBMITTED BY :

UDAY PATEL (Y226101063)

ARJUN SINGH GOUND (Y226101009)
KUNJBIHARI KORI (Y226101029)
AYUSH NEGI (Y226101014)
SAURABH AHIRWAR (Y226101053)
AJIT YADAV (Y226101003)
RAHUL BHAGAT (Y226101041)
RAJENDRA KUMAR YADAV (Y226101042)
i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the “Internship Report” submitted by Uday patel, Arjun singh gound,
Kunjbihari kori, Ayush negi, Ajit yadav, Saurabh ahirwar, Rahul bhagat, Rajendra yadav.
work done by us and submitted during 2022 – 2023 academic year, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, at Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Dr. Harising Gour University Sagar (M.P.).

Director In-Charge : Internship Mentor :

Professor Aashish Verma Dr. Sandhya Pathak

 Declaration
I hereby declare that the Internship work entitled “Water Treatment Plant” submitted to the
Department of Computer Science Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr,
Harisingh Gour University, is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Dr.
Sandhya Pathak, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University Sagar is
my original work.
T h i s I nt e r n s h i p w o r k i s s u b m i t t e d i n t h e p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Sciences &
Engineering. The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Date : 09/06/2023 UDAY PATEL

Y226101063

Institute of Engineering and Technology

Dr. Harisingh Gour University , Sagar(M.P.)

 “IntroductIon”

Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a
specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow
maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the
environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their
concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to
human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use..

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

A water treatment plant, is a facility that processes and purifies water to make it safe for various
uses or to return it to the environment. These plants play a crucial role in ensuring the availability of
clean water for drinking, industrial processes, and environmental conservation.

The process of water treatment involves several stages, each designed to remove impurities and
contaminants from the water. While specific processes may vary depending on the plant's design
and the quality of the incoming water, the general steps include:

Once the water has undergone these treatment steps, it is typically stored in large reservoirs or sent
through a distribution system to supply communities, industries, or agricultural operations with
clean water. In the case of wastewater treatment plants, the treated water is discharged into rivers,
lakes, or oceans, ensuring it meets the required environmental standards.

Water treatment plants also generate sludge, a byproduct of the treatment process that contains solid
materials separated from the water. This sludge is often further treated and processed to reduce its
volume and make it safe for disposal or potential reuse.

Overall, water treatment plants are essential infrastructure that helps protect public health, preserve
ecosystems, and support sustainable water management by providing clean and safe water for
various purposes while minimizing the impact on the environment.
“Water Treatment Plant”
There are seven major steps involved in the large-scale
water treatment for urban municipal water supply. Each of
the steps are described in the article below,
 1. Screening

To protect the main units of a treatment plant and aid in their efficient operation, it is necessary to
use screens to remove any large floating and suspended solids present in the inflow. These materials
include leaves, twigs, paper, rags, and other debris that could obstruct flow through the plant or
damage equipment.

There are coarse and fine screens.

1. Coarse screens are made of corrosion-resistant steel bars spaced 5–15 cm apart, which are
used to exclude coarse materials (such as logs and fish) from entering the treatment plant.
The screens are positioned at an angle of 60º to facilitate removing the collected material by
mechanical raking.

2. Fine screens, which come after the coarse screens, keep out material that can block
pipework at the plant. They consist of steel bars that are spaced 5–20 mm apart. A variation
of the fine screen is the micro strainer, consisting of a rotating drum of stainless steel mesh
with a very small mesh size (ranging from 15 µm to 64 µm, i.e., 15–64 millionths of a
meter). Suspended matter as small as algae and plankton (microscopic organisms that float
with the current in water) can be trapped. The trapped solids are dislodged from the fabric
by high-pressure water jets using clean water and carried away for disposal.

Coarse Screen Fine screens Coarse screens

 2. Aeration
After screening, the water is aerated (supplied with air) by passing it over a series of steps to take in
oxygen from the air. This process helps in expelling soluble gases such as carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide (both of which are acidic, so this process makes the water less corrosive) and
expels any gaseous organic compounds an undesirable taste to the water. Aeration also removes
iron or manganese by oxidation of these substances to their insoluble form. Iron and manganese can
cause peculiar tastes and can stain clothing. Once in their insoluble forms, these substances can be
removed by filtration.
In certain instances, excess algae in the raw water can result in algal growth blocking the sand filter
further down the treatment process. In such situations, chlorination is used in place of, or in addition
to, aeration to kill the algae, termed pre-chlorination. This process of water treatment comes before
the main stages in the treatment of the water. The pre-chlorination also oxidizes taste- and odor-
causing compounds.

3. Coagulation and Flocculation

After aeration, coagulation occurs to remove the fine particles (less than 1 µm in size) suspended in
the water. In this process, a chemical called a coagulant (with a positive electrical charge) is added
to the water, which neutralizes the fine particles' negative electrical charge. The coagulant's addition
takes place in a rapid mix tank where a high-speed impeller rapidly disperses the coagulant.
Since their charges are now neutralized, the fine particles come together, forming soft, fluffy
particles called 'flocs.' Two coagulants commonly used in the treatment of water are aluminum
sulfate and ferric chloride.
The next step is flocculation. Here the water is gently stirred by paddles in a flocculation basin, and
the flocs come into contact with each other to form larger flocs.
The flocculation basin often has a number of compartments with decreasing mixing speeds as the
water advances through the basin. This compartmentalized chamber allows increasingly large flocs
to form without being broken apart by the mixing blades.
 4. Sedimentation
Once large flocs are formed, they need to be settled out, and this takes place in a process
called sedimentation (when the particles fall to the floor of a settling tank). The water (after
coagulation and flocculation) is kept in the tank for several hours for sedimentation to take
place. The material accumulated at the bottom of the tank is called sludge; this is removed for
disposal.

5. Filtration
Filtration is the process where solids are separated from a liquid. In water treatment, the solids
that are not separated in the sedimentation tank are removed by passing the water through sand
and gravel beds. With a flow rate of 4–8 cubic meters per square meter of filter surface per
hour, rapid gravity filters are often used.
When the filters are full of trapped solids, they are back-washed. In this process, clean water
and air are pumped back up the filter to dislodge the trapped impurities, and the water carrying
the dirt (referred to as backwash) is pumped into the sewerage system if there is one.
Alternatively, it may be discharged back into the source river after a settlement stage in a
sedimentation tank to remove solids.
 6. Chlorination
After sedimentation, the water is disinfected to eliminate any remaining pathogenic micro-
organisms. The most commonly used disinfectant (the chemical used for disinfection) is
chlorine, a liquid (such as sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl), or a gas. It is relatively cheap and
simple to use. When chlorine is added to water, it reacts with any pollutants present, including
micro-organisms, over a given period of time, referred to as the contact time. The amount of
chlorine left after this is called residual chlorine. This stays in the water through the distribution
system, protecting it from any micro-organisms that might enter it until the water reaches the
consumers.
World Health Organization Guidelines (WHO, 2003) suggest a maximum residual chlorine of 5
mg l–1 of water. The minimum residual chlorine level should be 0.5 mg l–1 of water after 30
minutes of contact time (WHO, n.d.). There are other ways of disinfecting water (e.g., using the
gas ozone or ultraviolet radiation). Still, these do not protect it from microbial contamination
after it has left the water treatment plant. Following disinfection, the treated water is pumped
into the distribution system.

7. Supplementary Treatment
Supplementary treatment may be needed for the benefit of the population. One such instance is
the fluoridation of water, where fluoride is added to water. It has been stated by the World
Health Organization that ‘fluoridation of water supplies, where possible, is the most effective
public health measure for the prevention of dental decay. The optimum fluoride level is around
1 mg per liter of water (1 mg l–1).
 8. Conclusion

In conclusion, water treatment plants play a critical role in ensuring the availability of clean and
safe drinking water for communities worldwide. These facilities employ a wide range of processes
and technologies to remove contaminants and impurities from raw water sources, making it suitable
for consumption and various other purposes.

Water treatment plants use a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes to purify
water. These include coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and
advanced treatments like reverse osmosis and activated carbon adsorption. Each step is carefully
designed to target specific contaminants and achieve the desired water quality standards.

The significance of water treatment plants cannot be overstated. They help prevent waterborne
diseases by eliminating harmful bacteria, viruses, and parasites from the water supply. Additionally,
they remove chemical pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste, which could
otherwise pose serious health risks to humans and the environment.

Moreover, water treatment plants contribute to the conservation of water resources by enabling the
safe reuse of wastewater for irrigation, industrial processes, and environmental purposes. This helps
alleviate water scarcity issues, especially in areas facing drought or limited freshwater availability.

However, the effectiveness of water treatment plants relies not only on their infrastructure and
technology but also on consistent monitoring and maintenance. Regular testing and analysis of
water samples ensure that quality standards are met and any necessary adjustments or
improvements are made promptly.

In conclusion, water treatment plants are vital for safeguarding public health, protecting the
environment, and promoting sustainable water management. Continued investment in these
facilities, along with research and innovation in water treatment technologies, will be crucial in
meeting the growing global demand for safe and clean water. By prioritizing the importance of
water treatment, we can ensure a healthier future for generations to come.
 GROUP FLEX
ON THE TOPIC OF
“WATER TREATMENT PLANT”