Tabula Rasa: John Locke – Locke not only on understanding the

holds that the mind is a tabula rasa nature of intelligence.

or blank sheet until experience in Sensorimotor stage – birth to 2
the form of sensation and reflection years
provide the basic materials- simple Preoperational stage – ages 2 to 7
ideas – out of which most of our Concrete Operational stage – ages
more complex knowledge is 7 to 11
constructed. Formal Operational Stage – ages 12
and up
Learning by Doing: John Dewey –
refers to a theory of education The Father of Modern Psychology:
expounded by American Wilhem Wundt – Wilhem Wundt
Philosopher John Dewey. It’s a rightfully holds the title as the
hand-on approach to learning, father of modern psychology as a
meaning students must interact scientific pursuit. Wundt
with their environment in order to approached the study of the mind
adapt and learn. from a scientific perspective from
the beginning of his work in the
Instrumental Conceptualism: field.
Jerome Seymour Bruner- Bruner
sums up his view at this point in his Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund
thinking as instrumental Feud (Father of Psychoanalysis) –
conceptualism, a view that is Sigmund Freud emphasized the
organized around two central claims importance of the unconscious
about the nature of knowing. mind, and a primary assumption of
Freudian Theory is that the
Founder of Kindergarten System: unconscious mind governs behavior
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel – to a greater degree than people
Friedrich Froebel, the German suspect. Indeed, the goal of
educationalist, is best known as the psychoanalysis is to make the
originator of the kindergarten unconscious conscious.
system.
Theory of Scaffolding: Lev Vygotsky
Theory of Cognitive Development: – Vygotsky emphasized the concept
Jean Piaget – Jean Piaget’s Theory of instructional scaffolding, which
of Cognitive Development suggests allows the learned to build
that children move through four connections based on social
different stages of mental interactions. In reality, only some
development. His theory focuses learning activities place an
emphasis on language, while other
skills are acquired instead with
hands-on practice and observation. Montessori Method: Maria
Moral Development Theory: Montessori – Montessori is a
Lawrence Kohlberg – Kohlberg’s method of education that is based
theory of moral development is a on self-directed activity, hand-on
theory that focuses on how children learning and collaborative play. In
develop morality and moral Montessori classrooms, children
reasoning. Kohlberg’s theory make creative choices in their
suggests that moral development learning, while the classroom and
occurs in series of six stages. The the highly trained teacher offer age-
theory also suggests that the moral appropriate activities to guide the
logic is primarily focused on seeking process.
and maintaining justice.
Operant Conditioning Theory:
Insight Learning: Wolfgang Kohler – Burrhus Frederic Skinner –
insight learning is the abrupt According to this principle, behavior
realization of a problem’s solution. that is followed by pleasant
Insight learning is not the result of consequences is likely to be
trial and error, responding to an repeated, and behavior followed by
environmental stimulus, or the unpleasant consequences is less
result of observing someone else likely to be repeated.
attempting the problem. It is a
completely cognitive experience Classical Conditioning Theory: Ivan
that requires the ability to visualize Pavlov – Classical Conditioning (also
the problem and the solution known as Pavlovian or respondent
internally- in the mind’s eye, so to conditioning) is learning through
speak- before initiating a behavioral association and was discovered by
response. Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In
simple terms, two stimuli are linked
Social Cognitive Learning Theory together to produce a new learned
(Modeling): Albert Bandura – Social response in a person or animal.
Development Theory revolves
around the process of knowledge Connectionism Theory: Edward
acquisition or learning directly Thorndike – Connectionism Theory
correlated to the observation of is based on the principle of active
models. The models can be those of learning and is the result of the
an interpersonal imitation or media work of the American psychologist
source. Effective modeling teaches Edward Thorndike. This work led
general rules and strategies for Thorndike’s Laws. According to
dealing with different situations. these Laws, learning is achieved
when an individual is able to form collectively to allow individuals to
associations between a particular achieve success within particular
stimulus and a response. sociocultural contexts.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Social Domain Theory: Elliot Turiel

Howard Gardner – This theory – He as formulated a theory of
suggests that traditional domains of social development
psychometric views of intelligences involving the development of moral
are too limited. Gardner proposed judgements (based on concepts of
that there are 8 intelligences and welfare, justice, and rights) and
has suggested the possible addition their distinction throughout
of a ninth known as “existentialist development, from understandings
intelligence”. The following are the of the conventions and customs of
types of intelligences: Linguistic societies- as well as from arenas of
Intelligence, Logical-Mathematical personal jurisdiction.
Intelligence, Spatial Intelligence,
Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence, Gender Schema Theory: Sandra
Musical Intelligence, Interpersonal Bem - gender schema theory is a
Intelligence, Intrapersonal cognitive account of sex typing by
Intelligence, and Naturalist which schemas are developed
Intelligence. through the combination of social
and cognitive learning process.
Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking:
Edward Paul Torrance (Father of Life Space Concept: Kurt Lewin –
Creativity) – The TTCT assess how Lewin states that each person exists
creatively a child’s mind works and within a field of forces. The field of
are often given to children to forces to which the individual is
determine advanced placement or responding or reacting is called his
as part of an entrance examination. life-space. Lewin’s theory regards
They are very different from learning as a relativistic process by
intelligence and reasoning tests which a learner develops new
your child may have taken. insight or changes old ones.

Triarchic Theory of Gestalt Theory: Max Wertheimer,

(Successful) Intelligence: Robert J. Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka – The
Sternberg – contends that Gestalt Theory of the psychology of
intelligent behavior arises from a learning states that every stimulus
balance between analytical, in learning is perceived by humans
creative, and practical abilities, and in its most simple form, also known
that these abilities function as the Law of Simplicity.
 occurs when the new information is
Discovery Learning; Jerome Bruner related to prior knowledge.
– Discovery Learning was
introduced by Jerome Bruner, and is Psychosocial Development Theory:
a method of Inquiry- Based Erik Erikson – Erikson’s stages of
Instruction. This popular theory psychosocial development, as
encourages learners to build on articulated in the second half of the
past experiences and knowledge, 20th century by Erik Erikson in
use their intuition, imagination and collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a
creativity, and search foe new comprehensive psychoanalytic
information to discover facts, theory that identifies a series of 8
correlations, and new truths. stages that a healthy developing
individual should pass through from
Spiral Curriculum: Jerome Bruner – infancy to late adulthood.
Spiral Curriculum, a concept widely
attributed to Jerome Bruner, refers Laws of Learning: Eward Thorndike:
to a curriculum design, in which key Edward Thorndike developed the
concepts are presented repeatedly first three laws of learning:
throughout the curriculum, but readiness, exercise, and effect.
with deepening layers of
complexity, or in different Belongingness: Edward Thorndike –
applications. Belongingness is a “ law” that
Thorndike proposed to describe this
Constructivist Theory: Jerome type of phenomena, and to
Bruner – Bruner believed that the paraphrase them; “ punishment
most effective way to develop a and reward has to be relative to a
coding system is to discover it situation in order to have
rather than being told by the effectiveness”. For a reward
teacher. The concept of discovery (reinforcer) or punishment to be at
learning implies that students its greatest effectiveness, it has to
construct their own knowledge for be working on a behavior relevant
themselves (also known as a to the situation.
constructivist approach).
Education to All: Confucius –
Meaningful Learning Theory: David Confucius revolutionized education
Ausubel – According to this theory, by providing education to all.
students are considered to be the According to him, education has no
center of the teaching learning class distinction. All human beings
process, and the teachers are the are teachable and improvable. A
facilitators. Meaningful Learning
person desiring an education should
be educated.