Q 1.(a).

The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for

administrative rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the
statement from the ethical point of view.

Approach- Introduce topic + arguments in favour + ethical concerns + examples + conclusion

(reiterating importance).

Introduction-
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to perform human-like cognitive functions, such as
learning, problem-solving, and decision making.

Arguments in favour of administrative rational AI-driven decision-making:

● Efficiency and accuracy:
○ Example: AI-powered chatbots help citizens track their passport applications, reducing
query resolution time by 75% (India's Passport Seva Project).
● Objectivity:
○ Example: AI-driven recruitment tools used by Indian Railways to reduce bias.
● Scalability:
○ Example: AI-powered tax systems for GST processing and compliance
● Data-driven insights:
○ Example: AI analyses satellite images to predict crop yields, enabling informed
agricultural decisions.e.g. Kisan Suvidha
● Fairness and justice:
○ Example: AI-powered bail decision systems aim to reduce racial bias (Arnold
Foundation's Public Safety Assessment).

Ethical concerns and limitations:

● Bias in data and algorithms:
○ Example: COMPAS AI system disproportionately labelled black defendants as high-risk,
perpetuating racial bias.
● Lack of transparency and explainability:
○ Example: Google's AI-powered job search algorithm was criticised for lack of
transparency, potentially perpetuating bias.
● Accountability and responsibility:
○ Example: Tesla's Autopilot feature raised questions about accountability when involved in
accidents.
 ● Job displacement and social impact:
○ Example: Amazon's AI-powered warehouse automation will replace thousands of human
workers.

● Privacy and surveillance:

○ Example: China's AI-powered surveillance system, Social Credit System, raises concerns
about citizen’s privacy.
● Value alignment:
○ Example: AI-powered healthcare systems prioritise cost efficiency over patient
well-being (UK's NHS AI-powered triage).
● Dependence on data quality:
○ Example: Poor data quality led to inaccurate COVID-19 predictions, highlighting AI's
limitations.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence in decision-making processes presents a double-edged sword.

While AI enhances efficiency, accuracy, and scalability, it also introduces ethical concerns that
compromise fairness, transparency, accountability, and human values.

Q 1.(b)."Ethics encompasses several key dimensions that are crucial in guiding individuals
and organisations towards morally responsible behaviour." Explain the key dimensions of
ethics that influence human actions. Discuss how these dimensions shape ethical
decision-making in the professional context.

Approach: Define Ethics + Key Dimensions of Ethics that influence Human Action + Impact of these
dimensions in shaping ethical decision-making in the professional context.

Introduction
Mackenzie defines ethics as a set of moral principles that guide human action in a way acceptable by
society. It determines what is right and what is wrong.

Key Dimensions of Ethics along with their role in shaping ethical decision making

Dimension Role Example

Descriptive Ethics Recognizes ethical How companies implement CSR, informing

industrial standards and decision-making on philanthropy and sustainability.
 develops realistic ethical
guidelines.

Prescribes moral principles and standards for right and wrong actions.

Virtue Ethics Emphasizes ideal virtues Integrity: D Roopa

(e.g., honesty, courage) exposing jail corruption;
for human development. Compassion: P Narhari
making Gwalior district
barrier-free.

Deontology Ethics Protects moral rights, Honesty: Ashok

dignity, and free will. Khemka; Probity: Debo
Na Lebo Na; Impartiality
and Neutrality: Prabhat
Normative Ethics Shankar arresting his
son.

Teleological Ethics Morality based on action Empathy: Understanding

outcomes. ground realities;
Compassion: Mother
Teresa; Utilitarianism:
Maximizing happiness;
Egoism: Maximizing
individual good;
Welfarism: Increasing
economic well-being.

Philosophical examination of specific moral issues (abortion, animal rights,

environmental concerns).

Gender Ethics Promotes equality, Equal pay policies, equal

non-discrimination, and opportunities in STEM,
respect for individuals laws against domestic
Applied Ethics regardless of gender. violence and sexual
harassment.

Media Ethics Emphasizes truthfulness, Fact-checking, balanced

objectivity, and privacy in coverage, respecting
media reporting. celebrities' privacy.

Environmental Ethics Prioritizes sustainability, Renewable energy

 conservation, and sources, national parks,
responsibility towards the recycling programs.
environment.

The first two principles – personal benefit and social benefit are consequentialist since they appeal to the
consequences of an action whereas the principles of benevolence, paternalism, harm etc. are based on
duty. The principles of autonomy, justice, and the various rights are based on moral rights.

Q2. (a) "It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to
believe in it, one must act upon it." In the present context, the major weapon industries of
the developed nations are adversely influencing continuation of number of wars for their
own self-interest, all around the world. What are the ethical considerations of the powerful
nations in today's international arena to stop continuation of ongoing conflicts?

Introduction
The quote highlights the importance of not only expressing the desire for peace but also taking concrete
actions to achieve it.
Ethical considerations for powerful nations

1. Humanitarian responsibility: Powerful nations have a moral obligation to protect innocent

civilians caught in conflicts. This involves avoiding indiscriminate bombing, and prioritizing
diplomatic solutions.
○ Eg. Switzerland recently hosted Summit on Peace in Ukraine.
2. Conflict of interest (self interest vs global good): The US arms industry's ties to conflicts
in the Middle East reflect a conflict of interest. For example, Lockheed Martin and other defence
manufacturers benefit from massive arms deals with countries involved in regional wars.
○ Powerful nations should take steps to reduce arms trade to conflict-prone regions by
stricter export control.
3. Resolution efforts: Powerful nations should provide financial and logistical support to
international peacekeeping missions.
○ Eg. India has been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions, which
aim to stop conflicts and stabilize post-war situations.
4. Accountability and transparency: Lack of transparency in arms deals demonstrates an
ethical failing as profit motives override the ethical considerations
 5. Addressing the root causes of conflict: Providing development assistance, promoting good
governance and supporting human rights to create more stable societies and reducing the
likelihood of conflict.
○ Eg. India has supported Afghan-led, Afghan-owned and Afghan-controlled peace process
and implemented various development projects there.

Conclusion

Thus, there is a need to balance the economic and strategic interests of powerful nations with their
moral duty to promote peace and work toward a more stable and just international order. India's
efforts to prevent conflicts through non-alignment, peacekeeping and promoting dialogue can serve as a
guiding light to the other nations.

Q2. (b) Global warming and climate change are the outcomes of human greed in the name
of development, indicating the direction in which extinction of organisms including human
beings is heading towards loss of life on Earth. How do you put an end to this to protect life
and bring equilibrium between the society and the environment?

Introduction
The pursuit of development fueled by human greed has led to unsustainable practices and excessive
consumption leading to environmental degradation and climate instability. It presents a grave moral
challenge as they threaten the well-being of current and future generations as well as countless other
species.
Measures to protect life and restore equilibrium

● Intergenerational responsibility: Ethical duty to preserve the environment for future

generations by adopting sustainable development practices.
○ Eg. The Paris Agreement (2015) to limit global temperature rise to 2°C.
● Environmental justice: Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable communities,
and developed nations have an ethical responsibility to assist them.
○ [Link] Climate Fund supports developing countries in adaptation.
● Ethics of consumption and lifestyle modification: Society must shift towards sustainable
consumption to reduce environmental harm.
○ Eg. Mission LiFE of India.
● Global solidarity and cooperation: Global cooperation to address climate change with
shared responsibility and mutual aid.
○ Eg.: Kyoto Protocol, Montreal protocol etc.
 ● Respect for all Life Forms: Ethically, humans must respect all life and ecosystems, moving
away from exploitation of nature.
○ Eg. Convention on Biological Diversity promotes biodiversity conservation.
Philosophy of Jainism also promotes respect for all lifeforms.
● Environmental stewardship: Humans have a moral duty to restore and conserve ecosystems
that sustain life.
○ Eg. traditional practice of conserving sacred groves. .
● Ethical innovation and technology: Investing in green technology can advance development
without harming the environment.
○ Eg. Green hydrogen mission.
● Education and awareness: Raising environmental awareness through education to promote
responsible behavior towards nature.
○ Eg. : Eco Clubs in schools.

Conclusion
"The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it." - Robert Swan
It is our collective responsibility to act towards environment friendly lifestyle ensuring ethical choices,
sustainable practices and global cooperation to create a healthier, sustainable and more balanced world.

Q3. (a) "Learn everything that is good from others, but bring it in, and in your own way
absorb it, do not become others." - Swami Vivekananda (Answer in 150 words)

How to approach the Question:

● Set the Context: Begin by discussing the value of learning from others, acknowledging that
individuals, societies, and nations often benefit from adopting external influences.
● Highlight the Key Message: Emphasize the central idea of the quote, which stresses the
importance of absorbing external knowledge or practices while preserving one’s own distinct
identity.
● Apply it to Various dimensions: individual, societal, and national

Introduction:

Can start by defining the meaning of question : It suggests that while it is beneficial to gather
wisdom and insights from various sources, true growth comes from integrating those lessons into one’s
own life authentically.
Body

Key Messages

● Personal Growth: Emphasizes the importance of integrating others' positive traits while
maintaining one's individuality.
● Cultural Exchange: Encourages adopting beneficial practices from diverse cultures without
losing one's own cultural identity.
● Innovation: Highlights the value of learning from global advancements and adapting them
creatively to suit local contexts.
● Social Movements: Reflects on how historical figures, like Gandhi, absorbed and tailored
external philosophies to drive local change.
● Balanced Development: Advocates for a mixed approach in societal and economic models
that incorporate external influences while respecting local traditions.

Dimensions of the Quote:

● Individual Level:
○ Personal growth involves learning from others' experiences, skills, and values, but
adapting them to one’s own personality and circumstances.
○ Example: Mahatma Gandhi drew inspiration from global leaders like Tolstoy and Thoreau
but shaped their ideas into his own philosophy of non-violence.
● Societal Level:
○ Societies evolve by adopting beneficial aspects from other cultures while retaining their
unique traditions.
○ Example: India's society has absorbed influences from various global cultures, yet
continues to uphold its distinct cultural values and festivals.
● National Level:
○ Nations thrive by embracing global innovations and governance models but tailoring
them to their specific needs.
○ Example: India adopted democratic governance inspired by Western models but adapted
it to accommodate its diverse population and federal structure.

In conclusion, By selectively integrating valuable lessons and practices, we can enhance our personal
growth and contribute positively to our communities. This approach fosters innovation and adaptability,
allowing us to thrive in a diverse and interconnected world without losing sight of who we are.
Q3. (b) Faith is of no avail in the absence of strength. Faith and strength, both are essential
to accomplish any great work." - Sardar Patel

How to approach the Question?

● Set the Context: In the journey of personal and collective achievement, the interplay between
belief and resilience is crucial. Throughout history, individuals and societies have often faced
challenges that require not just vision but also the strength to act upon that vision.
● Highlight the Key Message: Sardar Patel’s quote powerfully encapsulates this dual necessity,
asserting that faith alone is insufficient without the accompanying strength to realize one’s
ambitions. It underscores the idea that both elements must coexist to drive meaningful progress.
● Apply it to Various Dimensions: Individual, Societal, National

Introduction:

Can start by defining the meaning of question : This quote emphasizes the importance of
balancing belief with action. While faith provides the vision and motivation to pursue a goal, strength
gives the power and resilience to realize it.

Body

Faith and Strength: Key Points

● Interdependence of Faith and Strength: Faith provides vision and motivation, while
strength enables action. Without strength, faith remains unrealized.
○ Example: In India, social activist Anna Hazare demonstrated this interdependence during
his campaign for the Lokpal Bill. lead to the passing of bill
● Personal Development:Growth requires belief in oneself combined with the resilience to
overcome obstacles.
○ Example: Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps had faith in his training and goals, but his
strength to persevere through rigorous training and mental health challenges enabled his
record-breaking achievements.
● Leadership in Social Movements: Effective leaders inspire faith in their cause and
demonstrate the strength to challenge the status quo.
○ Example: Mahatma Gandhi inspired faith in the power of non-violence and civil
disobedience during India’s struggle for independence. He challenged British colonial rule
and ultimately paved the way for India's freedom.
 ● Nation-Building: Countries require a vision for progress (faith) and the strength to implement
policies that foster development.
○ Example: ISRO's faith in India's space potential, combined with the strength to innovate
using low-cost technology, led to milestones like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan, making
India a global space leader.
● Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs must have faith in their ideas and the
strength to navigate failures and setbacks.
○ Example: Elon Musk faced numerous failures with SpaceX, yet his faith in space
exploration and his strength to persist ultimately led to successful missions and
advancements in space travel.
● Community Resilience: Communities must have faith in their ability to thrive and the
strength to collaborate during crises.
○ Example: After Cyclone Fani in 2019, the people of Odisha showed remarkable
community resilience. With faith in their ability to recover and the strength to
collaborate in rebuilding efforts
● Environmental Advocacy:Advocates must have faith in sustainable practices and the strength
to fight against destructive policies.
○ Example: Rajendra Singh, known as the "Waterman of India,". His efforts in Rajasthan,
through rainwater harvesting and community involvement, rejuvenated rivers and
transformed arid regions, promoting sustainable water management practices.

In conclusion we can say faith alone is insufficient without the corresponding strength to act. Together,
they create a powerful synergy essential for overcoming challenges and achieving meaningful goals. This
duality is vital not just in individual pursuits but also in collective efforts towards societal and national
progress.

Q 3 (c)"In law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, he is guilty if
he only thinks of doing so." - Immanuel Kant

How to approach
● Set the Context: Begin by discussing the distinction between legal and ethical frameworks.
While law governs actions and enforces rights, ethics pertains to moral principles guiding
behavior.
● Highlight the Key Message: Emphasize Kant's perspective that legal guilt is tied to actual
violations of rights, whereas ethical guilt arises from intentions and thoughts about harming
others, underscoring a deeper moral responsibility.
 ● Explore Implications: Discuss the broader implications of this distinction in society, such as
how legal systems may not always address ethical considerations, and the importance of
cultivating moral integrity in individuals.
● Apply to Real-Life Scenarios: Provide examples where legal actions may be permissible but
ethically questionable, illustrating the necessity of aligning legal standards with ethical values in
personal and professional contexts.
● Conclude with Relevance: Conclude by reflecting on the importance of fostering an ethical
mindset alongside adherence to the law, as true accountability involves both action and intention.

Introduction:

Can start by defining the meaning of question : This quote serves as a reminder that
accountability extends beyond actions to encompass the underlying motivations that drive human
behavior, prompting us to consider the broader impact of our intentions in both personal and societal
contexts.

Body

Key Points :
● Distinction Between Law and Ethics: Law focuses on actions that violate the rights of
others, while ethics concerns itself with intentions and moral considerations.
○ Example: In India, a person might legally evade taxes by exploiting loopholes, but
ethically, they are guilty of undermining national welfare and responsibility toward
society.
● Intent Matters in Ethics: Ethical frameworks consider intentions behind actions, suggesting
that harmful thoughts can be morally culpable.
○ Example: A politician in India contemplating the use of communal rhetoric for electoral
gain may never act on it, but their intention reflects a serious ethical breach, as it can
incite violence and division.
● Legal Guilt vs. Ethical Guilt: Legal systems punish actions, while ethical standards evaluate
character and intent.
○ Example: An individual may legally purchase counterfeit goods, but ethically, they are
guilty of supporting illegal trade and harming local businesses.
● Implications for Society: Relying solely on legal standards may lead to moral laxity, where
harmful intentions are overlooked.
○ Example: Corruption in public office, where officials may not violate specific laws but
engage in unethical practices for personal gain, erodes public trust and governance in
India.
 ● Role of Ethics in Professional Conduct: In professions like medicine or law, ethical
standards often surpass legal requirements to protect rights and welfare.
○ Example: Indian medical professionals are bound by ethical codes to prioritize patient
welfare, In the recent Kolkata RG Kar Hospital case, despite the entire medical
fraternity going on strike, emergency services continued to operate.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Immanuel Kant's quote underscores the essential distinction between legal accountability
and ethical responsibility. While the law addresses actions that infringe on the rights of others, ethics
compels individuals to reflect on their intentions and thoughts

Q4. (a) The concept of just and unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn
out to be unjust in today’s context. Changing context should be constantly under scrutiny
to prevent miscarriage of justice." Examine the above statement with suitable examples.

Introduction
➔ Highlight that the concept of just and unjust is fluid and context-dependent
➔ Elaborate the factors on which the concept of just and unjust is dependent-what is considered
fair or unfair can vary depending on the circumstances, progress of a society, cultural and
societal norms, laws, values or perspectives involved.

How concept just and unjust has varied temporally

➔ Social Evolution and Concept of Just and Unjust:
◆ E.g., decriminalisation of homosexuality in India reflects a shift from past laws→
Criminalization was once considered just→Decriminalization is a shift to a new
understanding of personal freedoms and human dignity.
➔ Technological advancements and concept of just and unjust:
◆ Surveillance technologies were once seen as justifiable for national security, however, the
right to privacy in the digital age has become a concern→Right to privacy recognized
under Article 21
➔ Judicial Activism and the Concept of Just and Unjust
◆ E.g., Sabarimala Case (2018) The prohibition on women of menstruating age entering
the temple was traditionally considered just based on religious customs→SC ruled in
 favour of women entry→shift towards gender equality and a re-examination of what
constitutes religious freedom versus discrimination.
➔ Globalization and the Concept of Just and Unjust
◆ Licence Raj (regulations and licences that restricted the operation of businesses in India)
was seen as necessary for social justice and economic growth.
◆ However, later the system was seen as an ineffective system which hindered economic
growth→ shift→ economic liberalization reforms of 1991, were seen as a just solution
to promote competition, efficiency, and growth.
Need to consider changing contexts to prevent miscarriages of justice
➔ Gender-based Violence (Marital Rape): laws that once seemed just, appear outdated and
unjust→ important to consider consent and women’s rights to ensure justice.
➔ Discrimination based on food habits (Veg Vs Non Veg Issue)- Previously, minimal
discrimination→currently, discrimination with increasing fundamentalism and communalism.
◆ E.g., a nursery student was expelled from school for bringing non-vegetarian food to
class→Necessary interventions to be taken to prevent such discriminations.
➔ Acceptance of art: E.g., controversies surrounding films like "Padmaavat" (2018). Interventions
are necessary to prevent miscarriages of justice by balancing religious sentiments with freedom
of expression.
➔ Dissent:
◆ Previously, dissent and criticism of government policies were seen as a natural part of
democratic discourse in India.
◆ In recent times, dissent has increasingly been viewed as anti-national or seditious, leading
to arrests under laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).
Conclusion
➔ "Laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind."
– - Thomas Jefferson
➔ Emphasise the need for constant re-evaluation of legal and social norms to serve justice based
on changing values, social awareness, and economic realities.

Q.4 (b) "Mindless addiction to form, ignoring the substance of the matter, results in
rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and
carries out true intent." Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations. (Answer
in 150 words)

Ans:
Introduction:
You can introduce with mentioning the dichotomy between letter and spirit of the law faced by civil
servants. It warns against the dangers of formalist thinking, where adherence to rules, procedures, and
technicalities takes precedence over the intent and purpose behind the law or policy.

Mindless addiction to form (rules) can lead to rendering of injustice in following ways:
● Red tapism: focus on procedures, forms, and compliance with rigid rules, leading to delays in
decision-making. E.g. in case of road development, defective detailed project reports (DPRs) and
cbureaucratic inefficiency hampers even simple tasks, such as pothole repairs.
● Exclusion errors: literal interpretation of laws and rules can sometimes contradict their
intended purpose, leading to unjust outcomes.
○ E.g. According to the Delhi High Court, denying EWS admission by a school even after
allotment by authorities undermines the Right to Education (RTE) Act.
● Hindrance to innovation: ban on cryptocurrency in India led to lagging behind of than
countries like Singapore and even small country [Link]. Although the ban has been negated
by SC, the goal of financial inclusion is missed.
● Denial of essential services: Several beneficiaries under the Ayushman Bharat scheme in India
reported that they were denied cashless treatment because their details were not updated in the
system

Illustrations of Perceptive Civil Servants Who Prioritized Substance Over Form

● T. N. Seshan – Election Reforms: Seshan reinterpreted existing rules to strengthen electoral

integrity by introducing reforms like strict enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct,
curbing electoral malpractices, and reducing the influence of black money. By doing so, he
focused on the true intent of democracy and electoral justice.
● Armstrong Pame – The People’s Road: Pame used crowdfunding and community
participation to build the road, ignoring the slow-moving bureaucratic process that would have
delayed the project for years. His decision was based on the substantive need for
infrastructure, showcasing how the intent of governance.
● E. Sreedharan – The Delhi Metro: Sreedharan’s leadership was marked by his insistence on
quality, speed, and efficiency, cutting through red tape to achieve the broader goal of
modernizing urban transport in India.

How Civil Servants Can Balance Form and Substance

● Using empathy and compassion within the Framework of Law: Civil servants should
use their discretionary powers within the framework of law to achieve equitable
outcomes.
○ A civil servant dealing with an issue of an old-age pensioner missing documents should
focus on ensuring the pension reaches the elderly, even if it requires using discretion in
document verification.
● Continuous Training and Awareness: to transform formalist thinking to prioritize
substantive justice.
 ● Encouraging Public-Centric Governance: can lead to innovative solutions, streamlined
procedures, and a focus on delivery of services rather than just following procedures.

Conclusion:

“Laws are made for men, and not men for laws;” and civil servants must ensure that the purpose
of law serves justice, not the rigid application of its letter." This emphasizes the idea that true justice lies
in understanding and implementing the spirit of the law rather than being bound by its literal
interpretation, urging civil servants to act with discernment, empathy, and a focus on public welfare.

Q.5 (a) The 'Code of Conduct' and 'Code of Ethics' are the sources of guidance in public
administration. There is code of conduct already in operation, whereas code of ethics is not
yet put in place. Suggest a suitable model for code of ethics to maintain integrity, probity
and transparency in governance. (10 Marks)

Introduction
You can start your answer by mentioning the code of Conduct and Code of Ethics.
● The 'Code of Conduct' refers to a set of guidelines outlining the duties and responsibilities
that public officials must follow.
● A 'Code of Ethics' serves as broader principles guiding behavior, particularly regarding
integrity, transparency, and accountability.

Body
Code of Conduct
● The Code of Conduct for civil servants in India was implemented through the Central Civil
Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964.
● These rules outline the behavioral expectations and duties of public officials in various
areas, including maintaining integrity, avoiding corruption, and ensuring impartiality in public
dealings.

Need for Code of Ethics in India

● Strengthening Integrity: Despite guidelines in the Code of Conduct, cases like the Vyapam
scam (Madhya Pradesh) and the 2G spectrum case highlight the need for ethical values to
prevent moral lapses.
● Enhancing Transparency: A Code of Ethics ensures proactive transparency, beyond mere
adherence to rules.
 ○ E.g. The Right to Information (RTI) Act is an example of legal measures that
promote transparency, but ethical principles could push for deeper accountability.
● Ensuring Probity in Public Life: India’s ranking in global corruption indexes emphasises the
need for an ethical framework to combat corruption more effectively.
○ E.g. Cases like the Commonwealth Games scandal reflect the need for ethical
behavior alongside legal frameworks.

Proposed Model for Code of Ethics

● Personal and Professional Integrity: Civil servants must exhibit honesty in their actions,
avoiding actions that could result in moral lapses.
○ Ritu Maheshwari (IAS, UP Cadre): Known for her strict enforcement of law and
ethical leadership, Ritu Maheshwari has worked diligently on urban development and
governance, especially in areas like Noida. Her emphasis on sustainable practices and
anti-corruption measures are exemplary.
○ E.g. As exemplified by T.N. Seshan, former Chief Election Commissioner, displayed
impartiality by enforcing strict election rules.
● Cultural Sensitivity and Inclusiveness: Respect for India’s diversity is important. Ethical
governance must ensure inclusiveness for all communities, like the integration of tribal welfare
programs in Jharkhand.
○ E.g. Arunachalam Muruganantham, a social entrepreneur, developed
low-cost sanitary pads, ensuring better menstrual hygiene for women in rural India.
His commitment to public welfare over profit shows the importance of service.
● Whistleblower Protection: Incorporating stronger whistleblower protections under this
model would encourage public officials to expose unethical practices.
○ E.g. The Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014, could serve as a foundation but
needs to be embedded in the ethical framework.
● Ethical Leadership: Leadership training programs for civil servants should be integrated,
drawing inspiration from leaders like Kiran Bedi, who enforced law and order in ethical ways
during her tenure.
○ E.g. IAS officer Armstrong Pame, known as the “Miracle Man,” used
crowdfunding to build a road in a remote area of Manipur, ensuring full transparency
in funds allocation.

Conclusion
While a Code of Conduct outlines specific rules for acceptable behavior, it primarily focuses on
compliance and enforcement. However, governance today requires a deeper moral compass, which
only a Code of Ethics can provide. A Code of Ethics goes beyond mere rule-following, fostering a
sense of moral responsibility and guiding public servants to make decisions based on integrity,
transparency, and the public good.

Q.5 (b) The soul of the new law, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is Justice,Equality and
Impartiality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from
a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system. (10 Marks)

Introduction

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is set to replace the colonial-era Indian Penal Code
(IPC), marking a significant reform in India's criminal justice system. The BNS emphasises principles of
justice, equality, and impartiality rooted in Indian culture and ethos. It seeks to create a more
human-centric judicial system, focusing on fairness, rehabilitation, and restorative justice,
instead of merely punitive measures.

Body:

Provisions of BNS in Line with Justice, Equality, and Impartiality Based on Indian Culture
and Ethos:

● Emphasis on restorative justice: The BNS includes provisions for mediation and conciliation
in certain offenses, reflecting the Indian cultural value of dispute resolution through dialogue.
○ E.g. Offenses of a minor nature will be resolved through compensation or
reconciliation between parties.
● Equality before law: The BNS ensures that laws are applied equally to all citizens, irrespective
of caste, creed, or gender, adhering to the Indian constitutional value of equality.
○ E.g. Gender-neutral language is used in many sections, ensuring equal treatment of
all genders.
● Cultural sensitivity in legal processes: The BNS considers the socio-cultural realities of
India, providing provisions for culturally appropriate practices in law enforcement and
sentencing.
○ E.g. The Sanhita recognises indigenous practices of community dispute resolution in
tribal areas.
● Rehabilitation over retribution: Following Indian spiritual values of forgiveness and
transformation, BNS emphasizes rehabilitation, especially for young offenders.
 ○ E.g. Reformatory sentences focus on education and rehabilitation instead of just
incarceration.
● Proportionality in sentencing: Inspired by the idea of dharma, BNS ensures that
punishments are proportionate to the severity of the crime, reflecting a balance of justice
rather than harsh, uniform penalties.

How BNS Shows Shift from Doctrine of Punishment to Doctrine of Justice:

● Focus on victim rights: BNS integrates victim-centric provisions, offering compensation and
psychological support, signaling a shift from merely punishing the offender to addressing the
needs of the victim.
○ E.g. Compensation schemes for victims of violent crimes under the ‘Victim
Compensation Scheme’.
● Offer Chance to Reform: Instead of purely punitive measures, the BNS promotes
rehabilitation, offering offenders the chance for reform through educational programs or
community service.
○ E.g. Reduced sentences for first-time offenders who show signs of reform.
○ E.g. For the offence of theft, community service has been prescribed as the
punishment in case of first-time offence, where the stolen property was less than
five thousand rupees in value, and has been restored.
● Community-based sentencing: Inspired by ancient Indian practices, BNS allows for
community service as a form of punishment, emphasizing social responsibility and rehabilitation
over prison sentences.
○ E.g. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) of 2023 allows community service as a
punishment for minor crimes, instead of jail time or fines.
● Alternative dispute resolution: The BNS encourages alternative dispute mechanisms like
mediation and reconciliation, shifting away from the rigid doctrine of punishment toward
restorative justice.
○ E.g. Family and civil disputes are encouraged to be settled outside courts
through mediation.
● Proportional sentencing: The BNS reduces the scope of harsh, arbitrary punishments and
ensures that punishments fit the crime, balancing the scales of justice rather than focusing solely
on deterrence.
○ E.g. Decriminalisation of minor offenses like certain civil liabilities.
Conclusion:

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita represents a significant departure from the colonial-era doctrine of
retributive punishment, moving toward a more balanced doctrine of justice. Rooted in the Indian ethos
of fairness, compassion, and rehabilitation, the BNS seeks to restore the equilibrium between crime and
consequence. This aligns with contemporary justice theories that prioritize the dignity of both victims
and offenders, aiming for social harmony through reform, rehabilitation, and restorative practices rather
than merely punitive approaches.

Q6) (a) “In Indian culture and value system, an equal opportunity has been provided
irrespective of gender identity. The number of women in public service has been steadily
increasing over the years.” Examine the gender-specific challenges faced by female public
servants and suggest suitable measures to increase their efficiency in discharging their
duties and maintaining high standards of probity.

“Gender equality is not a woman’s issue, it’s a human issue. It affects us all.” -Ellen Sirleaf

Introduction
As per the Gender Gap Report, 2023, India ranks 127 out of 146 countries in terms of gender parity.
Gender inequality persists across all fields in India be it legislature, judiciary, labour force participation
etc.

Indian culture and value system

Provision of equal opportunity
● Revered feminine deities: Goddesses like Durga, Saraswati, and Lakshmi.
● Reform movements: Such as the Brahmo Samaj, led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, and
Arya Samaj, led by Swami Dayananda Saraswati, challenged gender discrimination.
● Women’s education: Savitribai Phule established the first school for girls in Pune in 1848,
breaking the societal norms that denied education to women.

Increase in number of women in public service over the years

● Women’s development to women led development: India has 10% more women pilots
than the global average. Globally, according to the International Society of Women
Airline Pilots, around 5% of pilots are women.
○ Eg: In India, the share of women pilots is over 15%
Gender specific challenges faced by female public servants
● Stereotyping women’s leadership: Kiran Bedi, India’s first female IPS officer, often faced
criticism and resistance from her male colleagues when she introduced reforms in policing.
● Glass ceiling: Even though women have been joining the civil services in increasing numbers,
only a small percentage hold top bureaucratic positions such as Cabinet Secretary or Chief
Secretaries in states.
● Motherhood penalty: Frequent postings and transfers lead to work and family life imbalance.
● Male dominated work culture: Women at senior positions are often underrepresented
leading to an exclusionary environment.

Measures to increase efficiency

In discharging duties
● Work life balance: Eg: Australia recently passed the Right to Disconnect Bill to ensure no
calls/mails post office hours.
● The Government shall, in consultation with the Central Authority, prepare a Public Services
Code of Ethics for guiding the Public Service employees within one year from the
commencement of this Act.

In maintaining high standards of probity

● Code of Conduct for Public Officials: Implement and enforce a comprehensive code of
conduct for public officials, outlining ethical standards, conflict of interest guidelines, and
consequences for violations.
● Promote Ethical Leadership: Lead by example and promote ethical leadership practices at
all levels of the organisation, demonstrating integrity, fairness, and accountability.

Conclusion
There is a need for a multi-pronged approach to address gender specific challenges. By prioritising the
common good and creating conditions that support the flourishing of society as a whole, public servants
can thrive and fulfil their potential in a more equitable and sustainable world.

Q6) (b) Mission Karamyogi is aiming for maintaining a very high standard of conduct and
behaviour to ensure efficiency for serving citizens and in turn developing itself. How will
this scheme empower the civil servants in enhancing productive efficiency and delivering
the services at the grassroots level?
Introduction
Mission Karmayogi is a comprehensive reform program introduced by the Indian government aimed at
transforming the capacity-building of civil servants to enhance their productivity, efficiency, and ability to
deliver services effectively, particularly at the grassroots level. It aims to create a dynamic, and
citizen-centric bureaucracy that can respond efficiently to the needs of a rapidly changing society.

Mission Karamyogi aiming at ensuring efficiency

● Competency-Based Capacity Building: Civil servants are trained according to the specific
skills and knowledge required for their roles, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.
● IGOT Karamyogi: The digital platform aims to offer on-demand learning for civil servants to
access training modules for upskilling on governance tools and latest policies.

Mission Karamyogi empowering civil servants

In enhancing productive efficiency
● Accountability of programs: The mission promotes use of technology for better monitoring
and evaluation of government programs while using digital tools to track the progress of welfare
schemes.
○ Eg: While implementing PM Awas Yojana, technology can be used to monitor
construction of houses and ensure beneficiaries receive funds on time.
● Breaking the Silo Mentality: The mission encourages collaboration across departments and
ministries to foster an integrated approach to governance to break down traditional silos that
impede service delivery.
○ Eg: Collaboration of officers from various departments like health, law enforcement
and rural development to provide holistic solutions during disasters.

In delivering services at grassroots level

● Inclusive governance: Training civil servants to understand the unique needs of marginalised
communities and women, making governance inclusive and equitable.
○ Eg: In implementing schemes like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and maternity
benefit programs.
● Emphasis on Citizen-Centric Service Delivery: The scheme promotes a citizen-centric
approach to service delivery, encouraging civil servants to prioritise the needs and grievances of
the public.
○ Eg: The introduction of the Public Service Delivery Guarantee Act (states such as
Madhya Pradesh) and the MyGov platform, facilitates direct interaction between
citizens and the government, supports Mission Karamyogi’s aim of improving service
delivery.
Conclusion
Mission Karamyogi enhances civil servants' efficiency through comprehensive training, promoting
ethical conduct, and focusing on citizen-centric service. By improving leadership, integrating
technology, and using feedback mechanisms, it empowers officials to deliver high-quality services
and uphold integrity at the grassroots level, thereby advancing effective governance.