DOLPHIN

PRENTICE • LAMBERT
THE FIRST CONSULS OF ROME, BRUTUS AND COLLATINUS, SWEAR TO THE PERMANENT
EXILE OF THE TARQUINS.
 Digitized by tine Internet Archive
in 2010

littp://[Link]/details/dolphinlatinreadOOtayl
DOLPHIN LATIN READER
". . . DELPHINUM SIMILES, QUI
PER MARIA UMIDA NANDO
CARPATHIUM LIBYCUMQUE
SECANT LUDUNTQUE PER
UNDAS."

. . . like dolphins that swim througJi

the watery Carpathian and Libyan
seas, cleaving and sporting amid the
loaves.
—Vergil/ Aeneid v. 594-5.
DOLPHIN LATIN READER
by / B. C. TAYLOR, M.A.
Professor of Methods in the College of Education, University
of Toronto

I K. E. PRENTICE, M.A.
Instructor in the University of Toronto Schools

I G. R. LAMBERT, M.A.
Professor of Classics, Althouse College of Education, Univer-
sity of Western Ontario

J. M. DENT & SONS (CANADA) LIMITED

Copyright © 1967 by

J. M. DENT & SONS (CANADA) LIMITED

This book is copyright. It may not
be reproduced whole or in part by any
method without permission in writing
from the publishers.

ISBN 0-460-91105-8

Printed and bound in Canada by

MC CORQUODALE & BLADES PRINTERS LEMITED
PREFACE

The Dolphin Latin Reader is designed to provide readings for the first two

years of a secondary school Latin course. In selecting and adapting

material for this book, the authors have tried to stress two criteria. First,
each piece put before students should be simply a good story. Secondly,
"There should be some core of intellectual challenge or literary worth in
any passage used." (Report of the Colloquium on the Classics in Education,
1965, page 6). Most of the pieces are drawn from classical Latin authors,
but some adaptations have been made from Greek writers and from
Mediaeval Latin, with one epigram from the sixteenth century. The selec-
tions, therefore, span more than two thousand years. Accounts of battle
have little place in this reader on the principle that people are less interest-

ed in the Trojan War than in Achilles' sulk.

The book has been organized into three Parts of increasing demand.
Within each Part the teacher will find two parallel Series of stories —
parallel in the sense that the degree of difficulty increases at the same rate
in each Series: for example, the grammar and vocabulary gradually
assumed as known through the ten stories included under Student Life
(Part I, Series 1) is parallel to that required for the ten stories dealing
with Family Life (Part I, Series 2). Thus, in the book as a whole, the
teacher has available two parallel sets of selections containing about 32
stories each.

In the first pair of parallel stories, students are assumed to have learned
fewer than 300 words from their grammar textbooks or other sources; the
assumed number of words gradually increases. The "visible vocabularies"
provided under the heading of Vocabulary and Notes are meant both to
increase the students' rate of reading, and to enable them to enlarge their
passive or reading vocabulary as quickly as possible. Words marked with
asterisks in the "visible vocabularies" are thought by the authors to be
sufficiently common in Latin to deserve learning by heart as a follow-up

Preface / v
assignment to the reading of a story: the testing of this assignment might
trans-
well be from Latin to English, and might consist, for example, in the
lation of a few Latin sentences composed by the teacher from the words
learned. As a rule, within any one Series words appear only once
in the

"visible vocabularies". It follows that there will be some advantage for

students if they read the way through the same Series. In adapting
all

material and in deciding which words deserve asterisks, the authors have
been considerably influenced by the basic vocabulary list recently com-
piled by the curriculum committee of the Ontario Classical Association.

The first pair of stories assume litde more grammatical knowledge than
the basic uses of the cases; first and second declension nouns
and adjec-
tives; personal pronouns; and the present, imperfect, and perfect indicative
active. As the syntax is gradually extended (see Contents), a
number of
subjunctives are introduced, especially in the final third of the book.

It should be noted that no attempt has been made to use each story as

a vehicle for giving practice in specific points of syntax or

morphology.
Rather, each story may use any points that have previously been oudined

in the Contents.
that the
In creating this reader, the authors subscribed to the view
with
primary objective in studying Latin is to learn to read the language
process
increasing facility and appreciation. The authors' belief that this
can involve pleasure for young people is reflected in the name
Dolphin
Latin Reader.

vi / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

The Dolphin Latin Reader can be used in conjunction with any textbook of
Latin grammar. However, teachers using the grammar textbook Our Latin
Legacy Book 1, by B. C. Taylor and K. E. Prentice, may be interested in the
following reading recommendations based on graimnar and vocabulary.

DOLPHIN LATIN READER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors and publishers wish to acknowledge permission from the following
for the use of illustrations on the pages listed. Every effort has been made to
trace the source of each illustration and to obtain permission for its use. We
welcome information which will enable us in later editions to make corrections
and to rectify any omissions.

Alinari-Art Reference Bureau: 13, 23, 85, 96, 127, 128, 145, 153
Anderson-Art Reference Bureau: 43, 57, 63
Archives Photographiques, Paris: 6, 89
Bodleian Library, Oxford, England: 82
British Museum, London: 4, 8
Brogi-Art Reference Bureau: 31, 92
Capitoline Museum, Rome: 97
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, The George Davis Chase Collection of
Roman Coins: 29
Istituto Geografico de Agostini, Novara, Italy: 21, 147, 148
Istituto Itahano d'Arti Grafiche, Bergamo (from Eneide, published in
1938): 50,52
Leonard von Matt, Buochs, Switzerland: 154
Marburg-Art Reference Bureau: 39
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Incorporated: 124
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Edward S. Harkness, 1917-1918: 16
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. E. P. Warren —The Francis Bartlett Donation
of 1912: 115
National Museum, Copenhagen —Department of Oriental and Classical
Antiquities: 151
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen: ii, 2
Photographic Giraudon, Paris: 18, 110
Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, Rome: 156
Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier: 140
Scott Foresman and Company, Glenview, Illinois (from Roman Life,
by Mary Johnston) 62
:

Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation with the permission of Victor

Mature: 76

Acknowledgements I ix
United Artists, A Transamerica Company
(showing Zero Mostel and Jack
Gilford in Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum,
A Funny
directed by Richard Lester) 104 :

Vatican Photographic Archives: 26

End paper map by Ross Bennington

X / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

CONTENTS

Page Part I Series 1 STUDENT LIFE

3 1 A BOY AND A DOLPHIN
(present, imperfect, and perfect indicative active; first and
second declension nouns, all types; basic uses of the cases;
temporal clauses; accusative-governing prepositions; adjectives
of the first and second declensions in -us, -a, -um; personal
pronouns; present imperative active)

5 2 THE PERSISTENCE OF PETER ABELARD

(future indicative active)

7 3 EUCLIDES AND SOCRATES

(first and second declension adjectives ending in -r; perfect
participle passive)

9 4 L'EXAMEN D'UN PRETRE

(third declension; regular masculine and feminine nouns)

11 5 MARCUS FILIUS ET QUINTUS FILIUS: A STUDY IN

THREE LETTERS
(numerals; expressions of time)

13 6 THE EDUCATION OF A PRINCE

(third declension; regular neuter nouns; superlative degree of
adjectives)

15 7 A GREEK STUDENT WRITES HOME

(special expressions of place; ablative of agent)

17 8 HORACE AND ORBILIUS

(ablative absolute)

19 9 AELFRIC'S COLLOQUY
(third declension; i-stem nouns)

Contents I xi
Page

22 10 TALL TALES FROM INDIA

(pluperfect and future perfect indicative active; temporal con-
junctions)

Part I Series 2 FAMILY LIFE

27 1 FAMILY LIFE AND WAR
(present, imperfect, and perfect indicative active; first and
second declension nouns, all types; basic uses of the cases;
temporal clauses; accusative-governing prepositions; adjectives
of the first and second declensions in -us, -a, -um; personal
pronouns; present imperative active)
30 2 A WISE MAN FOOLS A WISE MAN
(future indicative active)

32 3 MINICIA'S UNTIMELY DEATH

(first and second declension adjectives in -r; perfect participle

passive)

34 4 FAMILY DOGS AND A FAMILY SLAVE

(third declension; regular masculine and feminine nouns)
36 5 MARITAL IN-FIGHTING
(numerals; expressions of time)
38 6 NITOCRIS' LOYALTY TO HER BROTHER
of
(third declension; regular neuter nouns; superlative degree
adjectives)

40 7 THE "SISTER'S BEAM"

(special expressions of place; ablative of agent)

43 8 SOPHOCLES AND SOCRATES: DE INIMlCITIA

(ablative absolute)

45 9 ARABS MORITURUS: DE AMICITIA

(third declension; i-stem nouns)
47 10 FAMILY LOVE
(pluperfect and future perfect indicative active; temporal con-
junctions)

DOLPHIN LATIN READER

Part II Series 1 EARLY ROME AND GREECE
1 TWO ADVENTURES OF AENEAS
(adjectives of the third declension)

2 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NISUS AND EURYALUS

(adverbs, positive and superlative degrees; ablatives of manner
and respect; num, noiine, -ne)

3 THREE FAMOUS ORACLES

(interrogative pronoun quis, quae, quid; interrogative adjective
qui, quae, quod; fourth and fifth declensions)

4 THREE ANECDOTES ABOUT ALEXANDER THE

GREAT
(perfect indicative passive; hSc)

5 KING PYRRHUS AND FABRICIUS THE ROMAN

(qui, quae, quod; volo, nolo, malo, possum)

6 THE INCORRUPTIBLE FABRICIUS

(pluperfect and future perfect indicative passive; medius,
summus, imus; Idem)

7 THE ARROGANT CLAUDIAN FAMILY

(mille, mllia; accusative of extent of space; eo and its com-
pounds)

8 CATO THE CENSOR

(present indicative passive; qui as a connective)

9 CATO MEETS HIS MATCH

(imperfect and future indicative passive)

10 INGENIOUS SOLUTIONS FOR TWO TOUCHY

SITUATIONS
(comparison of adjectives and adverbs; uses of comparatives;
ablative of measure of difference)

Contents I xiii
Page

71 11 CICERO DISCREDITS CLODIA

(present infinitive passive; deponent verbs)

73 12 CRASSUS THE RICH

(ablative absolute)

Part II Series 2 SLAVES AND FREEDMEN

77 1 A SLAVE'S LIFE!
(adjectives of the third declension)

80 2 ONE SLAVE'S SUCCESS STORY

(adverbs, positive and superlative degrees; ablatives of manner
and respect; num, nonne, -ne)
84 3 TWO SCENES FROM A COMEDY BY PLAUTUS
(interrogative pronoun quis, quae, quid; interrogative adjec-
tive qui, quae, quod; fourth and fifth declensions)

87 4 LOYALTY AND DISLOYALTY IN SLAVES

(perfect indicative passive; hie)

89 5 TIRO, CICERO'S FREEDMAN, SECRETARY, AND

FRIEND
(quT, quae, quod; volo, nolo, malo, possum)

91 6 A FAIR DEAL FOR FREEDMEN

and future perfect indicative passive; medius,
(pluperfect
summus, imus; idem)
93 7 A RASCALLY SLAVE DEALER IS TRICKED
(mille, milia; accusative of extent of space; eo and its com-
pounds)

96 8 PLINY AND HIS SLAVES

(present indicative passive; qui as a connective)

98 9 A SLAVE "COVERS UP" FOR HIS SPENDTHRIFT

YOUNG MASTER
(imperfect and future indicative passive)

Xiv / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

10 THE POT OF GOLD
(comparison of adjectives and adverbs; uses of comparatives;
ablative of measure of difference)
11 A MASTER AND HIS SLAVE EXCHANGE PLACES
(present infinitive passive; deponent verbs)

12 STOIC SENECA CENSURES SNOBBISH SLAVE-OWNERS

(ablative absolute)

Part III Series 1 ROME IN LATER TIMES

1 THE STORY OF PAPIRIUS PRAETEXTATUS
(reflexive pronouns; ipse)

2 CICERO'S FINAL HOURS

(irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions)
3 THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM
(possessives)

4 CAESAR AUGUSTUS
(present participle active)

5 AVES RARAE
(future participle active)

6 AN ANCIENT DISASTER
(forms of the infinitive; indirect statement)

7 THE BURNING OF ROME (A.D. 64)

(infinitives of deponent and irregular verbs; verbs of hoping,
promising, swearing)

8 THE DEATH OF NERO

(review of participles and infinitives; fero, fio)

9 THE AFFAIR AT EPHESUS: PART 1

(fero, fio)

10 THE AFFAIR AT EPHESUS: PART 2

(semi-deponent verbs)

Contents ! xv
Page Part III Series 2 PLINY'S LETTERS
133 1 GREATER LOVE HATH NO MAN
(reflexive pronouns; ipse)

135 2 UP AT A VILLA, DOWN IN THE CITY

(irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions)
137 3 LARGIUS MACEDO IS MURDERED BY HIS OWN
SLAVES
(possessives)

139 4 PLINY PROMOTES THE FOUNDING OF A SCHOOL

(present participle active)

141 5 ON ROMAN PUBLIC GAMES

(future participle active)

143 6 THE DEATH OF PLINY'S UNCLE

(forms of the infinitive; indirect statement)

146 7 THE ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS, A.D. 79 (PART 1)

(infinitives of deponent and irregular verbs; verbs of hoping,
promising, swearing)
148
8 THE ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS, A.D. 79 (PART 2)
(review of participles and infinitives)
150
9 THE HAUNTED HOUSE
(fero, fio)

152 10 THE DAY A DOLPHIN DIED

(semi-deponent verbs)

154 11 THE EARLY CHRISTIANS IN THE DAYS OF TRAJAN

(semi-deponent verbs)

157 Vocabulary

Xvi / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

Part I Series 1

STUDENT LIFE
THE DOLPHIN WAS COMMONPLACE Frequently dolphins
escorted the vast merchant fleets which were required to bring
a steady flow of food and consumer goods to Rome.

2 / DOLPHIN LATIN READEK

1 A Boy and a Dolphin
Many thousands of people have admired the dolphins that leap
at Marineland in Florida. In ancient times, the dolphin
or
for fish
porpoise (delphlnus) was greatly loved for its beauty, intelligence,
and affection for man. The Romans often portrayed the dolphin in
their art and in their literature. The following is only one of
many
stories the Romans told to show the love of dolphins for young people.

Delphinus, animal semper bellum et clarum, a viris non fugit,

quod eos ut alienos non timet. In undls habitat et ad naves {ace.
pi.) saepe venit et circum eas laetus ludit,_quod viros
ut amicos

habere cupit. Itaque nautae semper delphlnos amant.

Enter a famous dolphin.

5 Postquam Romani sub imperium August! ceciderunt, delphinus

qui intra Lucrinum lacum habitabat, puerum amare incepit. Nam
puer, filius viri pauperis, ex Baiano oppido ckcum Lucrinum
lacum ad oppidum Puteolos cotldie vadebat in ludum. Hie legere
et scribere discebat. Prope ludum meridie puer delphinum
saepe
10 vocabat et "SImo" ("Snub-Nose") appellabat et ei_ fragmenta
panis dabat, quem ad ludum ob longam viam portabat. Itaque
delphinus puerum amavit. Saepe, ubi puer clamavit, delphinus ad
eum ex aqua alta procedebat et panem {ace. sing.) e dextra
celeriter capiebat.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

It is assumed that any word not treated under the Vocabulary and
Notes has
already been learned by the student. All words marked with an asterisk occur
frequently in Latin authors, and therefore should be carefully learned.

2. *ut, as Baianus, -a, -um, of Baiae. Baiae

*alienus, -a, -um, foreign, strange (alien) (Baiarum, /. and Puteoli (Puteolo-
pi.)

*navis, navis, /., ship (navy) rum, m. pi.) were seaport towns in the
neighbourhood of Lacus Lucrinus
3. ludo, -ere, lusl, lusum, I play
f (illu-
=^cotidie, daily (quotidian)
' .7
. ' g^
^'°"^
9. *merldies, -ei, noon, mid-day
m.,
6. Lucrinus, -a, -um, of Lucrinus. Lake (meridian): meridie is time when
abl. of
Lucrinus was a small lake connected to ^^ fragmentum, -i, n., piece, fragment
the waters of the Mediterranean Sea jj^ panis, -is, m., bread (companion)
near the city of Naples quem: 'which'; the relative pronoun
*iacus, lacus, m., lake (lacustrine) here refers to panis.
7. *pauper (gen., pauperis), poor (pauper) 12. clamo, 7. I shout (clamour)

Student Life I 3
Who needs a school bus?
15 Tandem delphinus amicus ad amicum puerum accessit, et
postquam puero dicere visus est, "Tibi licet ascendere," laetum
amicum in tergo accepit. Deinde per magnum lacum cotidie ad
ludum et rursus domum eum portabat. Quamquam delphinus
trans undas celeriter volavit, tamen puer iniuriam non timuit,
20 quod semper cum diligentia puerum parvum in tergo tollebat, in
aqua servabat, in ora deponebat.
Sed tandem puer primum fuit aeger, deinde e vita discessit.
Maestus delphinus, qui amicum petere non destitit, ad notum
oppidum semper veniebat. Itaque is quoque, ubi puerum non
25 invenit, ob desiderium exspiravit.

(Adapted from PUny the Elder, Natural History, ix, 8)

Such accounts as the above have not gained much belief in modern
[Link] in recent years there have appeared many articles in leading
magazines and several scholarly books which encourage us not to
underestimate the dolphin. One scholar tells us of a New Zealand
experience: "The fondness of dolphins, or at least of one dolphin,
girl's

for playing with children and carrying them for rides, even though
short ones, is authentically reported. At Opononi in New Zealand a
porpoise, named Opo by the people of the community, attracted great
crowds by his friendliness to swimmers, especially children. Jill Baker,
thirteen years old, was an especial favorite and enjoyed rides as well
as duet swimming. When Opo was stranded and died, the com-
. . .

munity of Opononi went into public mourning." (H. C. Montgomery,

C.J. 61.7,313)

16. vIsus est: 'was seen', 'seemed'

*ascend6, -ere, ascendi, ascensum, I
climb, mount (ascend)
17. *tergum, -i, n.,back (tergiversation)
18. * rursus,
back again
'''domum, home, homeward (domestic)
19. *vol6, /., I fly (volatile)
*iniuria, -ae, /., hurt, injury
21. *6ra, — ae, /., coast, shore
22. *aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick (aegrotat)
23. '^'ndtus, -a, -um, known, familiar
(notify)
24. "'quoque, also
25. desiderium, — i, n., longing
exspiro, 7., I breathe out (my last), die
(expire) A COIN OF THE CITY TARAS

4 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

L The Persistence of Peter Abelard

Feter Abelard (in Latin, Petrus Baalardus) was a brilliant philo-

sopher and teacher who lived about 850 years ago in France. In fact, his
and
intellectual brilliance a young lady named Heloise made
his love for
him many enemies. Not least of these enemies was the king of France

himself, according to the following story composed by James of Vitry

about 200 years after the death of Peter Abelard.
This is one of a number of tales, exempla, written by James for
preachers to use in their sermons.

Rex Franciae, ut audivi, fuit irae plenus contra clarum

magistrum Petrum Baalardum, qui Parisius legebat, et Petrum
vetuit legere in terra sua. Itaque Petrus ascendit in arborem altam
prope civitatem. Mox multi discipuli Parisienses, postquam eum
5 petiverunt, magistri lectiones sub arbore audiebant.
Sed ubi rex de palatio vidit multos discipulos qui sub arbore
sedebant, "Quid hoc est?" inquit. "Cur ibi sedent?" Servus re-
spondit: "Sunt clerici, qui magistrum Petrum audiunt." Itaque rex
erat iratus: "Due ad me Petrum magistrum."

The Spirit of the Law?

10 Deinde rex, ubi magister ad eum accessit, celeriter clamavit:
"Cur ita audax fuisti? Te in terra mea legere prohibui. Ciir de
arbore legistl?" Petrus respondit: "Domine, postquam me pro-
hibuisti, non legi in terra tua, sed legi in aere." Turn "Noli
docere," inquit rex, "in terra mea vel in aere meo."
15 Sed Petrus ascendit in navem et de navi docebat turbas
discipulorum. Deinde rex, ubi vidit multos discipulos qui in ripa

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *rex, regis, m., king (regal) 7. *sede6, -ere, sedi, sessum, I sit (ses-

Francia, -ae, /., France sion)

2. Parisius: freely, 'in Paris' 8. clericus, -i, m., student (clerical)
legebat: 'used to read aloud,' i.e., 'lectur-
9. *iratus, -a, -um, angry
ed' in a classroom. 11. "^audax {gen., audacis), bold, auda-
3. '*'suus, sua, suum, his, her {French,
cious; audax is a third decl. adj.
son)
*meus, mea, meum, my (French, mon)
*arbor, arboris, /., tree (arboretum)
13. *tuus, tua, tuum, your (French, ton)
4. *civitas, civitatis, /., state; city (city)
*discipulus, -i, m., pupil (disciple) *aer, aeris, m., air

5. lectiones: 'lectures'; ace. pi. 14. *vel, or

6. palatium, -i, n., palace 16. *rlpa, -ae, /., bank {of a stream)

Student Life I 5
HELOISE AND ABELARD These portraits were carved on
the capital of a pillar in the guard-room of the Conciergerie,
the prison in Paris where Marie Antoinette was detained
before her execution.

fluminis sedebant, "Quid hoc est?" inquit. Servus respondit:

"Magister Petrus ibi discipulos regit." Turn rex, postquam ma-
gistrum in palatium venire cum magna Ira coegit, dixit: "Quid
20 tii facis? Te prohibui legere in terra mea vel in aere. Tibi heri

non licuit, hodie non licet, eras non licebit!" Sed ubi Petrus
respondit, "Neque in terra, neque in aere leg!, sed in aqua tua,"
rex risit et humanus esse incepit: "Vicistl me," inquit; "post hoc
ubique in Francia, in terra mea vel in aere vel in aqua lege."
(Adapted from James of Vitry, Exempla)

17. ^flumen, fluminis, n., river 23. *ride6, -ere, risl, risum, I laugh (de-
18. *rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, I rule, ride)
guide, direct
22. *neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor 24. *ubique, everywhere (ubiquitous)

6 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

-5 Euclides and Socrates
Teachers through the centuries have always employed every means
to encourage their students to study. The philosopher Taurus was no
exception: in the following story he relates a tale about a pupil of the
celebrated teacher Socrates, namely Euclides, who lived in Megara near
Athens, Greece, about the year 400 B.C.

Taurus, philosophus clarus, philosophiae studere discipulos

cupiebat. Itaque fabulam de Eucllde Socratico saepe dicebat.
"Athenienses," inquit Taurus, "oppidi Megarorum clves^ n5n
amabant. Itaque eos in oppido Athenis esse decreto vetuerunt:
5 'Vobis non licet hue venire; si vos inveniemus in hoc oppido,
poena erit mors!' Euclides, incola Megarorum, ante hoc decretum
semper in oppidum Athenas vadebat et Socratem audiebat. Itaque
post decretum, 'Quid faciam?' inquit; 'non iam mihi licet Socra-
tem videre et audire.' Sed Euclides sic facere constituit: tunica
10 longa amictus ut femina, in oppidum Athenas sub noctem
et palla
e domo ad Socratem vadebat. Itaque per partem (ace.) noctis
verba Socratis cotidie audiebat; tum ante liicem ad oppidum
Megara rursus veniebat milia passuum vigintT. Sed nunc," inquit
Taurus, "philosophi celeriter currunt ad fores discipulorum qui
15 multam peciiniam habent, et ibi sedent, quod discipuli omne
vinum noctis non edormiverunt."
(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, VII, 10)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. philosophus, -I, m., philosopher, a 10. palla, -ae, /., cloak, wrap
'lover of wisdom' amictus, -a, -um, clothed, wrapped
*studeo, -ere, studui, with dat., I study about
2. Socraticus, -I, m., a Socratic, a dis- *nox, noctis, /., (noctium), night; sub
ciple of Socrates (Socratic) noctem: 'at nightfall'
3. Atheniensis, Atheniensis, m., an 11. *pars, partis, /., (partium), part
Athenian 12. *lux, IQcis, /., light, daylight
Megara, Megarorum, n. pi., Megara, a 13. milia passuum viginti: 'twenty miles';
town in Greece situated about twenty lit. 'twenty thousands of paces'.
miles from Athens. 14. *foris, -is, /., a door

*civis, -is, m., (civium), citizen (civil) 15. *omnis, omnis, omne, all (omnipo-
*Athenae, Athenarum, /. pi, Athens tent); omnis a third decl. adj.
is

4. *decretum, -I, n., decree 16. *vinum, -I, n., wine

6. *mors, mortis, /., death (mortal) edormio, -Ire, edormivl, edormltum, I
9. *tunica, -ae, /., tunic sleep off (dormitory)

Student Life / 7
 The wisdom of ignorance

The Socrates whom Euclides was so eager to hear was a most

unusual teacher. The oracle at Delphi in Greece said that there was no
one wiser than Socrates, but Socrates himself felt that his wisdom con-
sisted in knowing that he knew nothing!

Socrates, clams vir Graecus, ob prudentiam et amicitiam

multos discipulos habebat. Quamquam Socrates libros non scrip-
sit, tamen apud Platonem, clarum philosophum et
scriptorem,
20 legimus multa a Socrate {abl sing.) dicta.
"Socrates," inquit
TJNUM HOC SCIO: NIHIL SCIO!'
Plato, "saepe sic dicebat:
His verbis Socrates nobis demonstrat inopiam priidentiae mul-
torum doctorum.
This paradoxical attitude of Socrates has been famous through the
[Link] example, John Owen, a Welshman, born in 1560 A.D.,
wrote to an acquaintance the following epigram based on Socrates' idea:

Nil scis, unum hoc scis; aliquid scis, et nihil ergo.

25 Hoc ahquid nihil est: hoc nihil est aliquid.

19. Plato, Platonis, m., Plato, the cele-

brated philosopher and student of
Socrates.
scrlptor, scriptoris, m., writer (script)
20. a Socrate: 'by Socrates'; ab is used
because the action is viewed as coming
from the doer or agent.
21. *unus, -a, -um, one, alone (unity)
22. his: 'these'; abl. pi. neut. of hie, haec,
hoc
23. *doctus, -i, m., a learned man (doc-
tor)
24. *aliquis, aliquid, someone, something
*erg6, therefore

THE GREAT SOCRATES Because of

his question and answer method of
examining the conduct and morality of
men, Socrates was a controversial figure
in ancient Athens.

8 / DOLPfflN LATIN READER

A L'examen d'un pretre

part of their supervisory duties, bishops in the mediaeval period

As
examined those who had been training to be priests. Odo, Archbishop
of Rouen (1248-1269 A.D.), kept a Record of Visits (Registrum Visita-
tionum) to churches and monasteries. In the following Latin drawn from
this Record of Visits, Odo records how in the year 1260 A. D. he tested
the Latin knowledge of a French priest named Nicholaus Quesnel at

the church of the Blessed Mary of Wynemervilla.

If you were the archbishop, would you "pass" this "student"?

XVII Kal. Apriles. Hodie examinavimus Nicholaum dictum

Quesnel, clericum praesentatum nobis ad ecclesiam Beatae Mariae
de Wynemervilla. Primum eum legere iussimus. Itaque Nicholaus
"In principio," inquit, "creavit Deus caelum et terram," et verbum
pro verbo reddidit: Deus, "Dieu;" creavit, "a crie;" caelum, "le
ciel;" et terram, "et la terre." Iussimus eum decllnare hoc nomen,
"Deus," et declinavit id satis bene, sed in accusative plurali, dixit
"Deos vel Dos."
Item ubi quaesivimus ab eo quae pars "inanis," respondit
10 "nomen," et declinavit in nominativo, "ea inanis;" in genitivo,

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. XVn Kal. Apriles: This refers to the *quaer6, -ere, quaesivT, quaesitum, with
seventeenth day before the first (Kalen- ab and abl., I ask (from) a person (ques-

dae) of April, i.e., to a date in March tion)

(the 16th). quae pars 'mams': "What part of speech
examind, 1, I examine 'inanis' was." In fact, inanis is a third
declension adjective and should be de-
2. praesentd, /, I present
clined as follows:
ecclesia, -ae, /., church (ecclesiastical)
beatus, -a, -um, blessed Singular Plural
3. Here the word includes read-
legere:
ing aloud and translating, as is often Nom.
done in classrooms today.
5. *redd6, -ere, reddidi, redditum, I give
back, translate (render)
6. declind, 7., I decline (nouns, adjec-
tives); I conjugate (verbs)
7. *satis, sufficiently, enough (satisfy)

8. D5s: 'dowry'!
9. *item, likewise (item)
 "eius inanis;" in dativo, "ei inani" secundum tertiam declinatio-
nem, sed in vocativo plurali dixit "O inane." Deinde "inanis"
reddidit, "mauvaise chose." Satis bene respondit de accentu
{abl. sing.) linguae Latinae.
15 Item quaesivimus ab eo quae pars "portabat." Dixit "verbum,"
et "portabat" reddidit "porte." Deinde declinavit "porto, portas"
usque ad supinum, et tacuit, nam "Hoc verbum," inquit, "supinum
non habet." Tum verbum "facio" ita decllnabat: "facio, facis, fui,
esse, fUgi, do, factum, tu, fatum, fortasse." Tamen quaesivimus
20 ab eo sensum verborum, "et vidit liicem quod erat bona," et
dixit, "C'est bonne chose a faire."

Verbs and words

Tum
quaesivimus ab eo genus verbi "defendo." Primum dixit
"Tertiam declinationem," deinde "quartam," et "Scio eam esse
quartam," inquit, "quod ponit genitlvum in "-i" et dativum in
25 "-6."

Noluit cantare et "Nihil scio," inquit, "de cantu."

The moment of truth

quod Nicholaum satis paratum

Itaque, in examinatione non
invenimus, nobis non licet eum deferre.
(Adapted from Odo, Registrum Vlsitatidmim)

11. secundum, with ace, according to quod: 'that'; conj.

*tertius, —a, -um, third (tertiary) 22. *genus, generis, n., type, class (gen-
14. ^lingua, —ae, /., tongue, language eration)
(linguist)
23. *quartus, -a, -um, fourth (quart)
15. verbum: 'verb' rather than merely
'word'. 26. *n61o, nolle, n5Iui, I am unwilling
17. '''usque ad: 'all the way to'; as in the ''canto, 7., I chant
cantu: abl. sing, of cantus, -us, m.,
Canadian motto A MARI USQUE AD chanting
MARE
*tace6, -ere, tacui, tacitum, I am silent 27. *paratus, -a, -um, ready, prepared
(tacit) (prepare)
*nam, for 28. deferre: 'to recommend'; infinitive of
20. sensus, sensus, m., sense, meaning deferd

10 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

5 Marcus Filius et Quintus Fllius: A Study in Three Letters
Three centuries before the time of the great orator, Marcus Tullius
Cicero, the Athenian teacher and philosopher, Plato, had complained
about the famous statesmen of Athens. They were too preoccupied, he
said, with their own activities to attend to their sons' education. Whether
through Cicero's fault or not, his son Marcus disappointed his father
greatly by his failure to apply himself as a student: horses and the
delights of Athens seemed to catch his fancy more than studies.
In a letter written to his friend Atticus on May 3, 44 B.C., Cicero
explains why he must hasten to Greece to Marcus teachers, Leonidas
and Herodes.
luva me, Attice, et tibi gratias agam. Cupio currere in

Graeciam et Marcum videre dum studet. Nam propter epistulam

Leonidae (gen.), quam ad me misisti, sum maestus. Numquam
Leonidas meum mihi laudabit, si ita laudabit: "Quo
satis filium
5 modo nunc "adhuc." Herodem (ace. sing.) autem mihi
est" et
celeriter scribere iussi. Ab eo adhuc nulla epistula est; fortasse
non scripsit quod nihil habet mihi iucundum. Timeo, care Attice,
timeo. Vale.

Cicero had sent Marcus to Athens, the celebrated university centre,

to study philosophy under Cratippus, who taught in the school originally
founded by Aristotle. About the beginning of September, 44 B.C.,
Marcus wrote a letter to Tiro, Cicero's secretary and close friend. In

the letter, we young Marcus "turning over a new leaf," after

find receiv-

ing letters of encouragement from his father and from Tiro.

Laetus sum, Tiro, quod epistulam ab humano et caro patre

10 meo accepl. Gaudeo quoque quod tu, ut scio ex litteris tuis,

meam excOsationem sine dubitatione accepisti. Quamquam

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. *duin, while *autem, moreover, furthermore
3 quam: 'which'; here the antecedent
^ ,^ _^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^j^^gj^
of this relative pronoun is epistulam. ,
ii-r -,

4. *satis, sufficiently, enough (satisfac-

tory) 7. '^iucundus, -a, -um, pleasing, pleasant
Quo modo nunc est: ///. 'How it is now.' (jocund)
5. *adhac: 'up to now', 'so far'. The ^^ *gaudeo, -ere, gavlsus sum, I re-
teacher is hedging in these phrases: \q\qq^ am glad
Leonidas seems to use cautious expres-
sions to avoid teUing Cicero the un- 11. excusatio, -onis. /., excuse
pleasant truth about his son's progress dubitatio, dubitationls, /., doubt, hesita-
in school. tion

Student Life / 11
 propter me diu dolebas, noli tamen iam dolere. Nam nunc ego
discipulus a Cratippo disco, et Cratippus, ut pater, amat. me
Itaque audio eum libenter. Sum cum
eo per multas horas et per
15 magnam partem noctis; Cratippo cenam apud me do. In eis cenis
ego et is semper ridemus cum nostris amicis, et Cratippus, qui
iocose nobiscum dicit et severitatem philosophiae (gen.) deponit,
magis amicus est quam magister. Vale.

On May 44 B.C., Cicero wrote again to Atticus. This time he

4,
complained not about his own son, Marcus, but about Quintus filius,
who was the son of Cicero's brother. The Caesar mentioned here is the
famous Julius Caesar, murdered only a jew weeks before this letter was
written.

Quintus filius, Attice, ad patrem acerbas litteras misit; eas

20 pater accepit, ubi venimus in oppidum Pompeios. Pater Quinti
magnopere dolet, quod Quintus filius ei "A Caesare," inquit,
"habeo omnia, nihil a patre habeo; post hoc Antonius me
iuvabit."

(Adapted from Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 14.16, 17;

Letters to Friends, 16.21)

Perhaps Quintus filius would not have written to his father in this
way, if he had realized that by December of the next year (43 B.C.),

he himself, his father and his uncle, the famous orator, would all be
—
murdered victims of this Antony's vengeance.

12. *diu, for a long time 20. Pompeii, Pompeidrum, m. pi, Pom-
*doleo, -ere, dolul, dolitum, I suffer, peii. This famous town was not buried
grieve (dolorous) in the eruption of Vesuvius until over a
14. *Iibenter, gladly century after the time of this story.
*hora, -ae, /., hour 21. *niagnopere, greatly
16. *noster, nostra, nostrum, our (nos- 22. Antonius: This is the well-known
trum, notre)
Fr^Azc/z, Mark Antony, who, in Shakespeare's
17. iocose, jokingly play, Julius Caesar, calls for the atten-
severitas, -tatis, /., sternness (severity) tion of a Roman mob by uttering the
18. *magis . quam, more
. . . . . than words, "Friends, Romans, countrymen,
19. *acerbus, -a, —um, bitter (acerbity) lend me your ears."

12 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 THE YOUNG MARCUS AURELIUS
Both philosopher and warrior, he was
the emperor of Rome from A.D. 161-
180.

b The Education of a Prince

Not many teachers have been charged with the responsibility of

teaching a future emperor of Rome. This was the task that fell to Marcus
Cornelius Fronto in the middle of the second century A.D. We can see
from the following exchange of correspondence that the friendship be-
tween Fronto and his pupil, the future emperor Marcus Aurelius, was
very strong. In spite of this, in his later years Marcus Aurelius' first love
was Stoic philosophy, rather than the rhetoric that Fronto had taught
him.

Marcus Aurelius to Fronto

Ave, magister canssime.

Nos valemus. Ego hodie ab hora nona noctis in secundam

horam diei studui. A secunda in tertiam horam soleatus laetissi-
mus vadebam ante cubiculum meum. Deinde calceatus et sagulo
5 amictus —
nam ita me adesse pater meus iussit excess! salutatum —
Dominum meum.

Hunting — then up to books

Tum ego et pater meus ad venationem processimus, fortia

facta fecimus. Servi mei, ut audlvi, apros ceperunt, sed ego eos
non vidi. Ad cllvum tamen magnum accessimus; inde domum

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. *vale6, -ere, valui, I am well (valid) words young Marcus is referring both to
3. day
*dies, diei, m., his fatherand to his emperor.
soleatus, -a, — um, wearing slippers 7. venatio, venationis, /., hunting
4. cubiculum, -I, n., bedroom *fortia: 'brave'; fortis is a third declen-
calceatus, -a, -um, wearing boots sion adjective (fortitude)
sagulum, —I, n., small cloak
8. aper, apri, m., a wild boar
5. *adsum, adesse, adfui, I am present
*salut6, 7., I greet, salute (salutation) 9. cllvus, -I, m., a slope, ascent (de-
6. Dominum meum: 'my lord'; in these clivity)

Student Life / 13
10 pervenimus. Ego ad libros celeriter veni. Itaque, ubi calceos el
sagulum deposul, in cubiculo eram per duas hdras. Legi Catonis
orationem De aliam orationem Catonis. "lo,"
bonis Pulchrae, et

inquis puero tuo, "vade celeriter, de Apollinis bibliotheca Catonis

orationes mihi porta." Frustra puerum tuum mittis, nam eos libros
15 mecum hie habeo. Sed ego, postquam orationes legi,paulum
scripsi — sed male scripsi. Nam perfrixi, fortasse quod mane
soleatus in cubiculo vadebam.

Send me a speech topic!

Sed si me umquam et bonam mihi ma-
amavisti, hodie ama
teriam mitte. Cupio orationem quae auditores meos
scrlbere,
20 clamare et me laudare coget. Vale, optime magister. Mater mea
te salutat.

Fronto to Marcus as Caesar

Domino meo.
Ego prodormivi. Materiam misi ad te de facto miro. Nam
apud ludos consul populi RomanI, postquam togam deposuit,
25 manica amictus leonem occidit. O turpe factum! Consul populi
Roman! hoc fecit! Ex hoc fac magnam orationem. Vale, Domine
dulcissime. Matrem saliita.

(Adapted from The Correspondence of M. Cornehus Fronto)

10. calcei, -drum, m. pi., boots 15. *paulum, a little

11. Cato, Catdnis, m., Cato the 'Censor', 16. perfrigescd, -ere, perfrixi, I catch
a celebrated Roman, who during his a bad cold
long life in the third and second cen- mane, early in the morning
turies B.C. wrote many speeches. is. *umquam, ever
12. *5ratio, -onis, /., speech materia, -ae, /., material; subject for
De bonis Pulchrae: On the Property of ^ composition
Pulchra, the title of one of Cato's ^^ *quae: 'which'; the relative pronoun
many speeches is qui, quae, quod.
*alius, alia, aliud, another, other (alien- auditor, auditoris, m., a listener
^^^'
23. prodormio, -ire, -ivi, I sleep in
15: Hey there!
j^^^
13. *inquis,you_say ,,^ remarkable, strange
Apollo, Apollims, m., Apollo, god of , . , '

'
learnmg and music. The emperor Au- , ^
, . r -i
25- [Link], -ae, /., coat of mail
gustus established one of the first public
'««' •^o'"^' '"' 1'°"
libraries in Rome in a temple of Apollo , . . . •

*turpis, -is, -e, disgraceful, foul (turpi-

on the Palatine hill.
bibUotheca, -ae, /., library (bibliothe- tude); a third declension adjective
ca; French, bibliotheque) 27. *dulcis, -is, -e, sweet, pleasant
14. *frustra, in vain (frustrate) (dulcet); a third decl. adj.

14 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

7 A Greek Student Writes Home
From the dry sands of Egypt have come, like charred snapshots,
many fragments of papyrus to give us brief pictures of people who lived
long ago in the Empire. Such a person was a Greek boy named
Roman
Thonis who, in the third century A.D., evidently had gone from his own
town to learn from a teacher staying temporarily in another community.
In the following letter written home to his father Arion, Thonis un-
burdens his heart with complaints to his father. This is all we know of

Thonis and probably all we shall ever know.

Dominum meum et patrem Arionem ego, Thonis, saluto.

Pro te cotidie deos adoro, nam te et totam familiam meam

valere cupio. Ego non iam aeger sum.

Please write!

Vide, pater: haec non est prima epistula mea; iam ad te misl
5 quattuor litteras, sed tu mihi adhuc nihil scripsisti praeter iinam
epistulam. SI tii vales, hoc nescio, quod mihi non scripsisti.

Please come!

Me visum nondum venistl. Quamquam mihi multa semper

promittis, et "Veniam brevi," inquis, n5ndum tamen hue per-
venistl. Curatne me magister? Tu nescls. Quando venies?
10 Magister ipse mihi cotidie "Nondumne," ait, "pater tuus venit?"
Et ego nihil respondeo nisi "nondum."

Please bring money!

Itaque celeriter veni ad me. Post adventum tuum magister

mens me docebit, ut facere cupit. Multum tempus amisimus:
magister mens, quod ad eum pecianiam non misisti, me docere
15 adhuc dubitat mox hinc discedet
et ad
et alia oppida et alios

discipulos iter faciet. Non est tempus morae.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. adoro, 7., I worship 10. *ipse, himself
*t5tus, -a, -um, whole, entire (total) ^ ^nisi, unless, except
4. *hlc, haec, hoc, pron. and adj., this .. ^ . . , / j ^n
12. =^adventus, -us, m., arrival (advent)
8. *pr5mitt6, -ere, promlsl, promissum,
I promise 16. *mora, -ae, /., delay (moratorium)

Student Life / 15
 A GREEK BOY'S PORTRAIT
ON A MUMMY CASE IN EGYPT
2nd CENTURY A. D. The paint-
ing was made on a wooden panel
during his life, and probably dis-
played in the home. The Greek
student in this story may well
have looked much like this.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Oip o) tdwcinl

S. Harkness, 1917-1918.

Love to all!

Saluto omnes meos necessarios et omnes qui nos amant. Saluto

quoque meos magistros priores. Vale, domine et pater. Cupio te
cum fratribus mels bonam fortunam habere et nunc et per multos
20 annos. De salute fratrum meorum timeo; nam malum oculum
eis nocere nolo. Vale . . . Memento scribere et ad me venire.

Post Scriptum: Cura meas columbas.

(Adapted from Select Papyri I, Letter 133 in Loeb edition)

17. *necessarius, —i, m., relative (nee- 21. *noceo, -ere, nocuT, nocitum, with
essary) dat., I injure (innocent)
18. *prior, gen. prions, former (prior) *n6Io, nolle, nolui, I do not wish, am
19. *fortuna, -ae, fortune
/., unwilling
20. *ocuIus, -I, m., eye (oculist); malum *memento, wilh infiti., remember to!
oculum: 'evil eye'. According to a An imperative form.
superstition that is still not unknown
today, there exists an 'evil eye' capable 22. columba, -ae, /., pigeon, dove
of inflicting injury on a person. (columbine)

16 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

8 Horace and Orbilius
The Roman poet Horace, who was a contemporary of Rome's first
emperor, Caesar Augustus, was the son of a freedman, that is, of a man
who had once been a slave. Far from being ashamed of his father, as a
lesser might have been, Horace was happy to praise him in his
man
[Link] the following Latin, addressed to the emperor's patron of
promising writers, Maecenas, Horace explains his reasons for extolling
his father.

Pater meus, Maecenas, erat libertus. Etsi mihi semper, "Pater

tuus," aiunt omnes, "fuit libertus," tamen nunc ut semper patrem
laud5. Eum amabam dum vivebat.
laudare non studeo, sed si nunc carus sum amicls
Ego me
5 meis et vir bonus, causa fuit pater meus. Erat pauper coactor
et parvum agrum in Apiilia habebat. Tamen noluit in Flavii
liidum me mittere Venusiam, quamquam eo magni pueri, filil
centurionum magnorum, veniebant.

0§ to the big city

Sed me puerum Romam portavit, quia cupiebat me discere
10 artes quas Orbilius magister Romae docebat. Ad ludum Orbilii
equites et senatores filios mittebant. Tum erant multa pericula in
viisRomanis et multi paedagogi mail erant; itaque pauper pater
meus, ut custos incorruptissimus, per urbem ad ludum cotidie
me puerum ducebat, et mecum in ludo Orbilii aderat, dum poetis

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

I. *iibertus, -i, m., freedman knight. The term equites, knights, was
3. *viv6, -ere, vixi, victum, I live often used for the wealthy Roman mid-
(revive) die class (equestrian)
5. coactor, coactoris, m., tax collector ^senator, senatoris, m., senator. The
6. Apulia, -ae, /., Apulia, a region in senatores were the upper class in Rome;
south-east Italy the plebs was the lowest order.
8. Venusia, -ae, /., Venusia, a town in 12. paedagogus, -i, m., a slave in charge
Apulia, situated on the Via Appia, the of children, especially on their way to
birthplace of Horace. and from and in school, (pedagogue)
8. *centuri6, centurionis, m., centurion, 13. *custos, custddis, m., guard, attend-
a military officer ant (custodian)
10. *ars, artis, /., skill, art incorruptus, -a, -um, uncorrupted, up-
quas: 'which'; this relative pronoun has right, (incorruptible)
artes as its antecedent 14. ^adsum, adesse, adfui, I am present,
II. *eques, equitis, m., cavalryman; attend

Student Life / 17
15 Latlnls et Graecis studebam. Sic me servavit pater meus ab
omnibus factis et omnibus verbis malls. Semper ego ei gratias
agam.

Horace s teacher, Orbilius, is one of the most celebrated teachers of

antiquity: there is even a teachers' association in Great Britain named

the Orbilian Society after him. But we may suspect,from what Horace
and other Roman writers tell us, that Orbilius was even more severe than
most ancient teachers.

Orbilius, meus magister clarus, destitutus morte parentum ab

inimicis interfectorum, primum in patria diii docebat. Deinde
20 Romam venit consule Cicerone, et ibi docuit, sed semper pauper
erat. Acerba erat natura Orbilil; magna erat ira eius. Nam
discipulos ferula scuticaque cecidit. Itaque non fuit amicus, sed
plagosus.

P.T.A. reading

Librum etiam, "Perialge" (The Sorrowful Man) vocatum

25 scrlpsit. HIc liber continet multas querelas de iniurils quas
magistrl neglegentia et ambitione parentum accipiunt. Nunc
statua eius BeneventI est.
At ego amavl patrem meum, non magistrum meum doctissi-
mum inhumanissimumque.
(Adapted from Horace, Satires, 1.6, Epistles, 2.1. 70;
Suetonius, On Grammarians, 9)

18. destitutus, -a, -um, orphaned 23. plagosus, —a, -um, fond of flogging
^parens, parentis, m. or /., parent 24. '^etiam, even
19. *inimlcus, — i, m., enemy (inimical) 25. *contine6, -ere, continui, conten-
in patria: i.e.,Beneventum
at tum, hold, contain
I

20. consule Cicerone: 'When Cicero was ^querela, -ae, /., complaint (querulous)
consul', 'Cicero (being) consul'. This
///. ^iniuria, -ae, /., injury, insult
is usually called an 'ablative absolute' 27. Beneventum, -I, n., Beneventum, a
construction. Cicero was consul in 63 town between Rome and Venusia on the
B.C. Via Appia. It was the birthplace of
22. ferula scuticaque: 'with rod and lash' Orbilius.

SCENES IN THE LIFE OF A ROMAN BOY

y Aelfric's Colloquy
A thousand years ago in England the language of the people was
Anglo-Saxon, but boys who attended the monastic schools had to learn
to read, write, and speak Latin. In one such monastic house in England,
Aelfric, the bishop of Eynsham, used to converse about everyday things
with his pupils in Latin —a method that finds its counterpart in many
a French or Spanish classroom today. In writing down some of these
conversations in his Colloquium ("Conversation"), Aelfric produced a
book intended to help his young students, but he has also given us a
vivid peek into a Latin classroom about the year 1005 A.D.
What do you think was the relationship between this teacher and
his pupils?

Puer: Nos pueri cupimus te, magister, nos docere Latine dicere
sumus et corrupte dicimus.
recte, quia idiotae
Magister: Quid cupitis dicere?
Puer: Non ciiramus quid dicamus, sed recta et Otilia, non turpia
5 dicere studemus.
Magister: Cupitis flagellar! dum discitis?
Puer: Carius est nobis flagellar! pro scientia quam nescire. Sed
to, ut sclmus, quod es hiimanus, nos plagas accipere non
cupis, nisi te cogimus.

At this point the students pretend to have various occupations, and

the teacher questions each in turn about his "work" so that each student
may have practice in speaking Latin. Here he turns to a boy who plays
the part of the king's huntsman (venator).
IC Magister: Interrogo te. Quid habes operis?
Puer: Venator sum.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. *recte, correctly (rectitude) clension adjective
idiota, idiotae, m., an uneducated person 6. flagellari: 'to be beaten'
(idiot) 7. carius est: "it is 'more dear' ", i.e.,

comipte, corruptly, incorrectly 'better'; acomparative degree

4. quid dicamus: this indirect question *quam, than
requires the present subjunctive form. 8. plaga, -ae. /., blow
*rectus, -a, -um, correct 9. *nisi, unless
*utilis, -is, -e, useful (utility); a third de- 10. *inteiTogo, 7., I question, ask

Student Life / 19
 Magister: Cuius?
Puer: Regis venator sum.
Magister: Quomodo venas?
15 Puer: Facio mihi retia et pono ea in arboribus. Turn canes mei
feras in retia agunt et ego iugul5 eas in retibus.
Magister: Nescis venare nisi cum retibus?
Puer: Sine retibus quoque venare scio.
Magister: Quomodo?
20 Puer: Cum mds canibus feras celeriter insequor.
Magister: Quales feras capis?
Puer: Capio cervos et apros et multas alias feras.
Magister: Fuistine hodie in venatione?
Puer: Non fui, quod dominicus dies est, sed heri ful in venatione.
25 Magister: Quid cepisti?
Puer: Duos cervos et unum aprum.
Magister: Quomodo cepisti eos?
Puer: Cervos cepi in retibus et aprum iugulavl.
Magister: Magnam audaciam habebas. Quomodo iugulavisti
30 aprum?
Puer: Canes duxerunt eum ad me, et ego contra eum stabam:
deinde celeriter iugulavi eum.
Magister: Te laudo: audax vero fuisti tum. Cui das feras quas
cepisti?
35 Puer: Ego d5 regl quidquid capio, quod sum venator eius.

12. cuius: 'whose?'. This is the genitive vero, to be sure, in truth, certainly

singular of the interrogative pronoun. (verity)

14. vend, 7., I hunt Cui: 'to whom ?' Dative singular of
. . .

15. retium, -i, n., and rete, -is, n., net interrogative pronoun quis.
*canis, canis, m., /., dog (canine) 35. quidquid: whatever
16. fera, -ae, a wild beast (ferocious)
/.,
37. *surg6, -ere, surrexl, surrectum, I
iugulo, 7., I cut the throat of (jugular) rise, get up, stand up (insurrection)
20. Insequor, I chase after lectulus, —I, m., bed
21. *qualis, qualis, quale, what kind
38. *noctumam: 'a nocturnal service',
of ... ? (quality) —um, of the night
from noctumus, -a,
22. cervus, -I, m., deer
39. *ed6, -ere, edi, esum, I eat (edible)
24. dominicus, -a, -um, of a lord; there-
*bib5, -ere, bibi, I drink (imbibe)
fore, dominicus dies: the Lord's day, i.e.,
Sunday (dominical) 44. *aude5, audere, ausus sum, I dare
33. ^''audax, audax, audax, gen., audacis, (audacious)
bold (audacious) secretum, -i, «., secret

20 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

A STAG ATTACKED BY HOUNDS

Finally, the teacher asks one boy about his life in the monastic
house.

Magister: Tu, puer, quid fecisti hodie?

Puer: Multa feci. Ea nocte, ubi signum audivi, surrexl de lectulo
et process!ad ecclesiam et cantavT nocturnam cum fratribus.
Post hoc edimus et bibimus et dormivimus, et nunc sumus hie
40 tecum, parati audire verba tua.
Magister: Fuisti hodie punitus?
Puer: Non fui, quod cavi.
Magister: Et quomodo tui amid?
Puer: Cur me interrogas de els? Non audeo demonstrare secreta
45 nostra!

At last the teacher dismisses them.

Magister: O boni pueri et laetl discipull, ego magister vos disce-

dere iubeo et petere gymnasium.
(Adapted from Aelfric, Colloquy)

Student Life / 21
10 Tall Tales from India
names of great leaders, such as John
Stories tend to gather about the
F. Kennedy, So it was with Alexander the Great, who
after their deaths.
in the fourth century B.C. led his Macedonians as far as India to conquer
most of the eastern half of the known world. The fanciful embellishment
of his actual exploits has come to be known as the "Alexander
Romance."
The following letter, ostensibly written by Alexander to his equally
famous teacher, the Greek philosopher Aristotle, is part of these romantic
tales and is found in a manuscript dated to the eleventh century.

Carissime magister: te amo ut amo matrem et sorores meas,

et te habul in memoria etiam inter pericula quae in proeliis
semper
accepi. Itaque quod tu es philosophus et quod mirabilia discere
semper cupis, tibi scribere constitui de terra India et de generibus
5 serpentium et hominum et ferarum.

Among many stories in this letter, 'Alexander' describes some

rather unusual experiences of his soldiers.

Tum cum mllites mei fuerunt miserrimi ob inopiam aquae,

ad ripam fliaminis pervenimus, sed aqua erat acerba. Deinde
octava hora venimus ad castellum in fliimine in insula positum.
Vidimus ibi paucos homines nudos ex Indls, qui statim, ut nos
10 viderunt, se abdiderunt in castellum. Ego vero eos iubere stude-
bam mihi aquam demonstrare. Sed ubi nuUus ex els apparuit,
milites meos paucas sagittas in castellum iacere iussi. Sed Indi
plus timuerunt, plus se abdiderunt.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. *memoria, -ae, /., memory *statim, at once
3. *mlrabilis, -is, -e, marvellous iq^ ^^. 'themselves'; accusative plural of
5. serpens, serpentis, m., snake, serpent j^g reflexive pronoun (suicide)
6. tum, cum: 'at a time when ';
. . .
*abd6, -ere, abdidi, abditum, I hide,
'
///. 'then, when . . .
conceal
7. acerba:
,.,,,,
'bitter', and therefore, 'un- ,, * -„
11. *nullus, -a,
^ none
-um, „ ^ /^„.,ii;f,A
(nulhry)
drmkable apparitum,
„ r _* ._ *appareo,
vf -ere, apparul, I

,,,,
8. castellum, -i,
diminutive
hold;
\-
of
«.,
r
a castle,
^
castra
fort, strong-
come mto
•>
.

sight,
&
»

.
Jf*;
appear
fi-
(^^ri^r-it\,^,^\
(apparition)

9. *nudus, -a, -um, nude, naked 12. sagitta, -ae, /., arrow
Indi, Indorum, in. pi., Indians 13. *plus, more, the more

22 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

Hippopotami, elephants, and ants

Tandem ego misi in flumen ducentos milites ex Macedonibus.

15 lam quartam partem fluminis nataverant, et subito novum peri-
culum nobis apparuit. Venerunt ex aqua hippopotami fortiores
quam elephanti. Deinde hippopotami, dum nos videmus et
clamamus, celeriter ederunt meos Macedones qui in flumine
natabant. Ego ducibus qui nos in haec pericula
vero Tratus
20 magna eis centum in flumen mittere.
duxerant, mihtes iussi ex
Tum incipiebant procedere ex aqua hippopotami ut formicae et
eos ederunt.

At the beginning of this letter, 'Alexander' made the following state-

ment to his former teacher. Why do you suppose he did so?

Sed ego, optime magister, dicam de mirabihbus quae vidi

oculis meis, quod apparere non cupio mendax.
(Adapted from an anonymous Letter of Alexander to Aristotle)

14. *ducentl, -ae, -a, 200 *dux, ducis, m., leader, guide (duke)
Macedo, -onis, m., Macedonian
20. *centum, 100 (centenary)
15. nato, 7., I swim (natation)
*subito, suddenly 21. formica, -ae, ant (formic)
/.,
16. fortiores quam: 'stronger than'
19. ^^Iratus, -a, -uni, with dat., angry 24. mendax, mendax, mendax, gen.,
at (irate) mendacis, fond of lying (mendacious)

ALEXANDER THE GREAT This

isa detail from a Pompeian mosaic
depicting the bottle between Alex-
ander and Darius, king of the
Persians. (See mosaic, page 57.)

Student Life / 23
Part I Series 2

FAMILY LIFE
ROMAN FAMILY LIFE In this famous sculpture of a
married couple can be seen a symbol of Rome's strength which
was based on the solidarity of the family unit. Observe how
each clasps the other's hand where the pulse beats.

26 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

1 Family Life and War
Part Among the many evils of war is the disruption of family life.
I.

The early Greek poet Homer, in his epic poem called the Iliad, tells us
of the final parting of Hector and his wife Andromache during the
Trojan
war which occurred about 1200 B.C. Hector had rushed from the battle-
field outside Troy into the town to get help and to visit his wife
in their

home, but a maid-servant told him "Andromache heard that the Trojans
were being hard pressed; so she hurried off to the walls, like a mad
woman, and a nurse accompanies her carrying your child."

ubi audivit, Hector celeriter servam reliquit et per vias

Hoc
oppidi iam ad Scaeas Portas accedebat. Ei obviam cucurrit
Andromache cum serva. Serva portabat puerum, adhuc infantem
(ace. similem stellae bellae. Hector filium vocabat
sing.),
5 Scamandrium, sed Troiani Astyanactem, quod Hector oppidum
Troiam defendebat.
Hector filium vidit et risit. Andromache, postquam ad Hec-
torem accessit, manum in manu (abl.) Hectoris posuit. "Miser
Hector," inquit, "noli puerum orbum et uxorem viduam facere.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

It is assumed that any word not treated under the Vocabulary and Notes
has
already been learned by the student. All words marked with an asterisk occur
frequently in Latin authors, and therefore should be carefully learned.

1. Hector, Hectoris, m., Hector, son of Troianus, -I, m., a Trojan; Troia, -ae,
King Priam and bravest of the Trojans /., Troy
serva, -ae, /., maid-servant Astyanax, Astyanactis, m., Astyanax, the
Scaeae Portae, /. pi., the Scaean Gates, son of Hector and Andromache. This is
the western gate of Troy a Greek name meaning 'lord of the

2. *obviam, adv. with dat. towards, to town _ ,

,

7. *ride6, -ere, risi, rlsum, I laugh

meet, in the way (obviate)

3 lafans, gen. infantis, unable to speak,

^^'"^^lus, -us, /., hand (manual)
miant miseruni, wretched, un-
*iniser, niisera,
4. *similis, -is, -e, M-ith gen. or dat.
happy (misery)
like, smiilar 9, *inquit, he says, she says; he said,
*stella, —ae, /., star (constellation) g^e said
5. Scamandrius, -i, m., Scamandrius. orbus, —i, m., orphan
Hector names his son after the Seaman- *uxor, uxoris, /., wife (uxorious)
der river at Troy. vidua, -ae, /., widow

Family Life / 27
 10 Achilles Graecus familiam meam iam delevit. Nunc tu es mihi
pater quoque et mater et frater. Itaque noli rursus ex oppido
procedere. Sta super murum mecum et iube Troianos Troiam
defendere sub muro."
Magnus Hector respondit: "Ego hoc euro, uxor. Sed nolo
15 Troianos et Troianas me ignavum vocare. Ego tamen miser sum
quod Graeci, ut scio, Troiam delebunt et a marlto mortuo te
servam in Graeciam ducent."
Hoc ubi dixit, Hector fllium a serva accipere cupiebat. Sed
puer, galea patris territus, clamavit et magnum patrem fugit.
20 Riserunt pater et mater. Itaque Hector, ubi in terra galeam
deposuit, sustulit puerum a serva et filio oscula dabat. Andro-
mache per lacrimas risit et puerum a marito accepit.
Tandem Hector ex oppido discessit et Andromache domum
cum
pervenit multis lacrimis.

(Adapted from Homer, Iliad VI, 381-485)

Part II. Germanicus, the adopted son of the Roman emperor

Tiberius, took his family with him when he was campaigning in Germany
in an ultimately futile attempt to conquer that part of Europe for the
Romans. During these campaigns, a mutiny broke out among the Roman
legions in 14 A.D. Germanicus decided to send away his wife Agrippina
and their little son, Gaius, whom the soldiers called "Caligula", because
he used to wear caligulae or "little boots' to please them. Agrippina
objected to leaving; Germanicus insisted. . . .

25 Agrippina, "Noll," inquit, "me hinc dimittere. Non timeo

iram et audaciam copiarum. Mens avus fuit divus Augustus." Sed
tandem Germanicus, qui tumultum copiarum timebat, oscula

11. *pafer, patris, m., father (paternal) 19. galea, -ae, /., helmet
*quoque, also *teiTitus, -a, -um, frightened; a perfect
*mater, matris, /., mother (maternal) participle
*frater, fratris, m., brother (fraternal) *clam6, 1, I shout, cry out (exclaim)
*rursus, again 21. *6sculuin, -I, n., kiss (osculate)
14. *n6l6, nolle, nolui, I am unwilling, 22. *lacrima, -ae, /., tear (lachrymose)
I do not want 25. *dimltto, -ere, -mIsT, —missum, I
15. Ignavus, -I, m., coward send away, let go (dismiss)
16. *ut, as 26. avus, -I, m., grandfather
delebunt: 'will destroy'; future tense divus Augustus: 'the deified Augustus'.
*maritus, -i, m., husband (marital) The souls of the emperors were said to
*mortuus, -a, -um, dead (mortuary) go to heaven upon death.
17. ducent: 'will take'; future tense 27. tumultus, -us, m., tumult, revolt

28 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 AGRIPPTNA MARCI FILIA GERMANIC! CAESARIS
THE ELDER AGRIPPINA, GRAND-DAUGHTER OF AUGUSTUS
This type of bronze sestertius, minted in Rome A.D. 41-54, is on
example of how the study of coins con enrich the knowledge of the
historian. We know from other sources that Agrippina was exiled
by Tiberius, and later starved to death.

filio uxor! (dat. sing.) multis cum lacrimls dedit, et eos

parvo et
discedere coegit. Procedebat per castra Agrippina, ducis uxor,
30 et parvulum filium portabat. Cum els veniebant maestae et
miserae uxores amicorum.
Milites Rom am, ubi turbam feminarum miserarum viderunt,
ad Germanicum accesserunt: "Cur uxorem et filium dimittis? Uxor
tua est tuta inter nos Romanes. Nos Romani amamus filium tuum
35 Caligulam, qui natus est in castris Romanis. Noli eos in periculum
dimittere. Puni milites noxios; due reliquos in hostes."
Sic Germanicus auxilio familiae tumultum finivit.

(Adapted from Tacitus, Annals I, 40-44)

29. *dux, ducis, m., leader (duke) * tutus, -a, -um, safe (tutor)
30. parvulus, -a, -um, very small, tiny.
35. natus est: was born
This is a diminutive of parvus

32. *miles, mllitis, m., soldier (mili- -um, harmful, guilty

36. noxius, -a,
tary) (noxious)
34. *tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (French
ton) 37. *flni6, -ire, -ivi,-itum, I end. finish

Family Life I 29
2 A Wise Man Fools a Wise Man
T^vo of the seven "wise men" of ancient Greece were Thales and
Solon. Solon was an Athenian statesman and poet living about 600 B.C.
On one occasion he visited Thales at the city of Miletus in Asia Minor.
In an age when the scientific spirit was
the Greeks,
just beginning among
Thales was able to predict an eclipse of the sun in 585 B.C.
Plutarch, a Greek writer who resided for a long time in Rome about
100 A.D., tells us that during Solon's visit to Thales, the Milesian under-
took to teach the Athenian a lesson.

The question

Solon erat sapiens Athenarum. Olim Solon, ubi ad oppidum

Miletum pervenit, Thalem {ace. sing.) petivit et cum eo diu
dicebat. Tandem, "Cur tu," inquit Solon, "uxorem non habes?
Mirum est quod tu uxorem ducere et liberos habere non cupis."
5 Sed Thales ei nihil respondit.

The plot

Post paucos dies {ace. pi.) tamen Thales sic consihum cepit.
Erat tum in oppido Mileto vir qui ignotus fuit Soloni {dat. sing.).
Thales eum ad Solonem accedere et verba dare iussit. Itaque
ignotus mox Soloni, "Ave, Solon," inquit. "Quid agis? Ego ab
10 oppido Athenis heri hue perveni." Solon respondit: "Bene est

mihi. Quid novi fuit in oppido Athenis?" Ignotus, ut Thales eum

facere iusserat, "Nihil," ait,"praeter funus iuvenis. Totum oppidum

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Solon, -onis. m., Solon 7. *Ign5tus, -a, -um, unknown; as a
*sapiens, sapientis, m., wise man noun, stranger
Athenae, Athenarum, /. pi., Athens 9. *quid agis?: 'How do you do' or
*oIim, once, on one occasion 'How goes it with you?' ///. "What are
2. Thales, Thalis, m., Thales \^ • . . m/u
^j.- r ..
, quid novi *fuit
II. «..:^°„-,,t • : What^ was
'^diu, for a long
^ time „„„, t ///.
;•. i«7u
new . ? . . What. oft new was
there ?'
4. *mlrus, -a, -um, strange, remarkable; . . .

minim est quod . it is strange that ...

. . ,
^^' »usserat: 'had ordered'; pluperfect
ux5rem duco, take a wife tense
I
'^funus, funeris, n., burial, funeral
6. *dies, diel, m., day *iuvenis, iuvenis, m., young man (juve-
"^consilium, -I, /;., plan; consilium capio, nile)
I adopt a plan -'totus, -a, -um, whole, entire (total)

30 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 maestum, quod iuvenis erat filius patris clari et bom, qui in
fuit
oppido turn non aderat. Nam extra Graeciam iter faciebat."
15 Solon Ignoto dixit: "O miser pater! Quod nomen est patri?"
Tgnotus respondit: "Nomen patris, quamquam tum audivi, nunc
tamen non memini. Sed multi laudabant sapientiam iustitiamque
patris." lam verba ignoti Solonem terrebant. Tandem, "Solon-
emne," inquit "patrem iuvenis vocaverunt?" Respondit: "Solonem
20 vocaverunt."

The answer
Tum pater miser, prope insanus, dextra sinistraque caput
tundebat et maestitiam demonstrabat verbis factisque. Tandem
Thales risit et "Propter hoc, Solon," ait, "uxorem ducere et
llberos habere non cupio. Sed noli timere: verba ignoti sunt
25 falsa."

(Adapted from Plutarch, Lije of Solon, 6)

14. *adsum, adesse, adfui,I am present

*iter facio, I make
a journey, travel
15. *noinen, ndminis, n., name (nominal)
Quod ndmen . . . : 'What name . . .
?'

Quod is here an interrogative adjective.

17. *memini, I remember; a perfect
form with a present meaning
*iustitia, -ae, /., justice
sapientiam iustitiamque: 'wisdom and
justice'. Latin sometimes joins two units
by suffixing -que to the second of them:
A Bque =A et B.
21. *prope, adv., nearly
*caput, capitis, n., head (capital)
22. tundo, -ere, tutudi, tunsum, I beat,
strike
maestitia, -ae, /., sorrow (cf. maestus)
25. falsus, -a, -um, untrue, false
insanus, -a, -um, mad, insane

SOLON THE LAWMAKER His name

and title appear in Greek on this bust.

Family Life / 31
J Minicia's Untimely Death

C. Plinius (Gaius Pliny) was a kindly, generous, but somewhat con-

ceited Roman nobleman living in the latter part of the first century after
the birth of Christ. Pliny is known especially for his many letters ad-
dressed to his acquaintances. In one of these letters he informs Marcel-
linus of a disaster that has befallen their mutual friend Fundanus:
Fundanus' daughter, Minicia Marcella, has died.

C. Plinius Marcellino s(alutem dicit).

Miser sum, cum tibi hoc scribo, quod filia nostri amici Fundani
e vita discessit. Quam laeta puella fuit! Quam digna fuit longa
vita. Nullam puellam plus amavi. Nondum annos quattuordecim
5 vixerat, et iam prudentiam matronae, suavitatem puellae habebat.
Quo modo oscula patri {dat. sing.) Quo modo nos amicos
dabat!
patris modeste amabat! Quo modo quo modo paedag5gos,
niitrices,
quo modo magistros laudabat! Quam studiose, quam intellegenter
legebat!
10 Medicis parebat, et quamquam erat aegra,tamen saepe sorori
et patri, "Nolite timere," inquit. "Ego sum Cur vos estis
laeta.
maesti?" Sed Minicius, pater eius, maestus esse non destitit; nam
"Amittam," ait, "meam filiam caram."
O malum acerbum funus! O puella indigna morte! {abl.
et
15 sing.). Iam sponsa erat bono iuveni, iam lectus erat dies nuptia-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *salutein dico: 'I send greetings', lit. nutrix, nutricis, /., nurse
'I say health'; a regular formula for the *paedagogus, -I, a slave in charge
m.,
salutation in a Roman letter of children, especially on their way to
2. *cum, conj. when, as and from and in school, (pedagogue)
*noster, nostra, nostrum, our (nostrum; 8. studiose, eagerly (studious)
French, notre) intellegenter, intelligently
3. *dignus, -a, -um, with abl., worthy 10. medicus, -I, m., doctor (medical)
of . . . (dignity) *pare6, -ere, parui, parituni, with dot.
4. *nunus, -a, -um, no (nullify) I obey
*annus, —I, m., year (annual) *soror, sororis, /., sister (sorority)
quattuordecim, fourteen {French, qua- 14. *acerbus, -a, -um, bitter (acerbity)
torze) =^indignus, -a, -um, with abl, unworthy
5. *vixerat: 'had lived'; a pluperfect of, undeserving of (indignant)
tense from vlv5, -ere, vixi, victum, I *mors, mortis, /., death (mortal)
live (revive) 15. sponsus, -a, -um, promised, be-
matrona, -ae, /., married woman trothed
suavitas, suavitatis, /., sweetness (suavity) nuptiae, nuptianim, /. pL, wedding
7. modeste, modestly (nuptial)

32 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 rum, iam n5s vocati eramus. Propter nuptias Miniciae^ pater
Minicius multam pecuniam in vestes, margarlta, gemmas erogare
parabat, sed propter funus Miniciae banc pecuniam erogavit in
tus etunguenta et odores.
20 Quam mutatus pater Minicius est! Nam semper prudentiam et
pbilosopbiam amabat: sed nunc, quidquid de prudentia dixit, iam
n5n dicit; et quidquid de philosophia laudavit, iam non laudat.
Nihil laudat praeter filiam amissam. AmTsit et filiam et philo-
sophiam.
25 Itaque, Marcelline, iuva nostrum amicum. Si tu ad Minicium
litteras mittes, memento dare solacium,non inimicum, sed
humanum. Vale.
(Adapted from Pliny, Epistles, 5.16)

Near end of the last century, the family tomb of the Minicii was
the
discovered on Monte Mario, just north of Rome. In this tomb there was
an urn for ashes with an inscription referring to Minicia Marcella. The
inscription reads as follows:

D.M. MINICIAE MARCELLAE FUNDANI F.

V.A. XII. M. XI. D. VII

When the abbreviations are expanded, we have:

DIS MANIBUS, MINICIAE MARCELLAE, FUNDANI FILIAE

VIXIT ANNOS XII, MENSES XI, DIES VII
{C.I.L. VI, 16631)

The first line tells us the funerary urn isdedicated to the gods of the
lower world (dis manibus) and that it belongs to Minicia Marcella, the
daughter of Fundanus.
What does the second line above say?
What detail in this inscription conflicts with Pliny's letter above?

17. pecuniam erogo, 7., in with ace, I of incense and perfumes were used at

spend money on . . .
Roman funerals.
vestes, margarlta, gemmas: 'clothes, 20. *mut6, I change (commute)
7.,

pearls, jewels' 21. *quidquid, whatever

18. *hanc: 'this', from hic, haec, hoc, 26. memento, remember. This is a rare
this imperative form, from the verb meminl.
19. tus et unguenta et odores: incense, solacium, -I, n., comfort, solace
ointments and perfumes'. Various forms 31. *mensis, mensis, m., month

Family Life / 33
T" Family Dogs and a Family Slave
still with us: from time immemorial man has befriended
Pet dogs are
his canine companions and taken them into his home. And it is little
more than one hundred years since slavery was legally abolished in the
western world, as men's social and moral conscience improved and as
labour-saving devices were invented.
The following is an account concerning two dogs and a slave, named
Maimundus, all of whom belonged to one master. This tale comes from
a collection of oriental stories, translated into Latin about 1100 A.D. by
a Christian Spaniard, and named Disciplina Clericalis; as with much of
Latin writing from the mediaeval period, these tales are aimed at moral
betterment through exempla, or "examples" of conduct.
The main characteristic of Maimundus was that he was piger, slow-
moving and lazy, as can be seen in the following incident.

Olim dixit dominus servo noctu, "Maimunde, surge et vide

num pluat." Itaque Maimundus vocavit canem qui iacebat extra
portam, et postquam venit canis, tetigit pedes eius. Deinde ubi
eos siccos invenit, domino dixit: "Domine, non pluit."

But as well as being piger, Maimundus was garrulus, talkative and

longwinded. To what extent does Maimundus show these traits in the
following incident?

5 Dominus Maimundi,
ubi multam pecuniam in foro accepit,
domum veniebat laetus. Et domo excessit servus Maimundus ad
dominum. Mos servo erat obviam procedere domino et riimores
de familia domino dicere.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. noctu, in the night *iaceo, -ere, iacul, I He, lie prostrate
*surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum, I get 3. .^ango, -ere, tetigl, tactum, I touch
up (insurrection)
(tangible)
2. num pluat: whether it is raining;
^pg^, pedis, m., foot (pedal)
pluat IS in the subjunctive mood in an
indirect question. 4- *siccus, -a, -um, dry (desiccate)
*pluit, pluere, pluit, it is raining {French, 7. *mos, nioris, m., custom, habit
il pleut, la pluie) (mores)
*canis, canis, m., /., dog (canine) *rumor, rOmoris, m., talk, gossip

34 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Itaque dixit dominus: "Noli dicere mihi rumores malos."
10 Servus respondit: "Non dicam rumores malos, sed canis nostra
parvula Bispella mortua est."
Ei dominus dixit: "Quomodo mortua est?"
Servus: "Mulus noster territus rOpit frena et dum fugit sub
pedibus canem suffocavit."
15 Dominus: "Quid accidit miilo?"
Servus: "In puteum cecidit et mortuus est."
Dominus: "Quomodo territus fuit mulus?"
Servus: "Fllius tuus de solario cecidit et mortuus est et propter
hoc territus fuit mulus."
20 Dominus: "Quid agit mater eius?"
Servus: "Ob dolorem filii mortua est."
Dominus: "Quis ciirat domum?"
Servus: "Nemo, quod in cinerem versum est quidquid in ea erat."
Dominus: "Quomodo combusta est?"
25 Servus: "Serva, quae vigilabat pro domina, oblita erat candelae
in cubiculo et ita combusta est domus tota."
Dominus: "Serva ubi est?"
Servus: "Ea cupiebat exstinguere Ignem et cecidit trabs super
caput eius et mortua est."
30 Dominus: "Tu quomodo effugisti, etsi tu ita piger es?"
Servus: "Ubi vidi servam mortuam, effugere non dubitavi. Cele-
riter cucurri."
Tum dominus, "Tibi," inquit, "gratias ago, quod tu mihi non
dixisti riimores malos."
(Adapted from Petrus Alfonsi, DiscipUna Clericalis, exemplum 27)

13. mulus, -I, m., mule 24. combustus, -a, -urn, burned (com-
*rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, I break bustion)
(disrupt) 25. *quae: 'who'; qui, quae, quod, is

frena, frenorum, n. pi., reins the relative pronoun.

14. suffoco, l.,l choke vigilo, 1., I am watchful, I keep vigil

15. *accid5, accidere, accidi, with dat. (vigilant)

I fall; (something) happens to ... , *oblitus, -a, -urn, with gen., forgetful
befalls (accident) (oblivion)
16. puteus, -I, m., well 26. cubiculum, -I, n., bedroom
18. solarium, -I. /;., sun-balcony 28. *exstingu5, -ere, exstinxi, exstinc-
21. *dolor, doloris, /;;., grief (dolorous) Uim, I blot out, extinguish
23. *nem6, nulllus, m., no one -ignis, -is, m., fire (ignite)
*cinis, cineris, m., ashes (incinerate) trabs, trabis, /., beam
*versus, -a, -um, turned 29. *caput, capitis, n., head (capital)

Family Life / 35
^ Marital In-Fighting
The Marcus Tullius Cicero, wrote many letters to his friend
orator,
Atticus. Through some of these letters we gain a brief picture of the
squabbling that went on between Pomponia, the sister of Atticus, and
her husband Quintus, the brother of Cicero.
In a letter written to Atticus soon after November 27, 68 B.C.,
Cicero explains how he has played the part of a marriage counsellor.

Cicero Attico sal(utem) dicit.

. . .Ad me scribis de sorore tua. lam Quinto dixi; nam

fratrem meum uxori aequum et bonum esse cupio. Ubi Quintum
iratum mihi vidi, litteras ad eum misi. In els Quintum ut fratrem
5 placabam et ut minorem monebam. Itaque ex epistulls quas
Quintus ad me scripsit, scio ita esse omnia, ut cupimus. . .

The same note of optimism is found in a letter to Atticus written

before the following July.

. . . De fratre scio ita esse, ut semper cupivi. Multa signa sunt

eius rei, non minimum, quod soror praegnans est. . .

sixteen years later Quintus and Pomponia were still having quar-
But
seems that Atticus had visited Cicero in Cicero's Tusculan villa
rels. It

(Tusculanum), and had asked Cicero to appeal to Quintus to treat

Pomponia better. Atticus had followed up this appeal by a letter to
Cicero. The following letter, written on May 5 or 6, 51 B.C., is Cicero's
reply to Atticus' letter.

Cicero Attico sal(utem dicit).

10 ... Nunc venio ad tua verba, quibus me mones de sorore.

Res se sic habet. Ut veni in oppidum Arplnum et ad me frater

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

3. *meus, -a, —um, my, mine {French, ^minimum, least, (minimum)
*quod: 'that ..." or 'the fact that
'
mon) . . .

4. *iratus, with dat. angry at (irate) praegnans, -antis, with child

5. placo, /., I make quiet, calm (placate) 10. quibus: 'in which'; ablative plural of
*niinor, minoris, less (in age): junior the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod
(minor) 11. Res se sic habet: 'the facts are as
*mone5, —ere, monui, monitum, I advise follows', lit. 'the thing has itself thus'.
8. *res, rei, /., thing, fact, situation Arpinum, -i, n., Arpinum, a town in
(republic) Latium, birthplace of Cicero

36 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 venit, multa dicebamus. Deinde ego veni ad eas
prlmum de te
res, quas ego nos de sorore in Tusculano dixeramus.
et tu inter
Nihil audivi magis humanum quam verba mel fratris erant in
15 sororem tuam.
Postridie ex oppido Arpino excessimus et prandimus in
Arcano. Scis villam Quinti. E6 ut venimus humanissime Quintus
"Pomponia," inquit, "tu invita feminas, ego vocabo viros." Haec
verba Quinti non erant acerba, sed humana. Tamen Pomponia
20 "Ego sum," inquit, "hie hospita." Irata erat, ut credo, quod
Quintus Statium prandium nobis paratum ad villam miserat. Tum
Quintus, "En," inquit mihi, "hoc ego accipio cotidie." Itaque ego
non eram laetus, sed dissimulavi. Deinde discubuimus omnes
praeter eam. Ei tamen Quintus aUquid de mensa misit. Pomponia
25 inon accepit. Tibi plus non dicam: mens f rater erat lenis, soror tua
erat acerba. Propter verba factaque Pomponiae eram irae plenus.
Haec omnia ad te scripsi, quod tibi quoque necesse est, ut
credo, monere sororem tuam.
(Adapted from Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 1.5, 1.10, 5.1)

How has Cicero's attitude to Quintus and Pomponia changed in the

sixteen-year interval between the above letters?

13. dixeramus: 'we had said'; pluperfect 21. Statins: Statius was a slave.
tense prandium, -i, «., lunch
14. *magis . . . quam: 'more . . . than' paratum: 'to prepare'; accusative supine,
expressing purpose
16. *postrIdie, on the next day
22. en, see!
prandeo, -ere, prandl, I have lunch
*cotIdie, daily
(prandial)
23. dissimulo, 1., I disguise (my feel-
17. Arcanum, Arcanum. This was
-i, n..
dissemble (dissimulation)
ings),
the name of an estate owned by Quintus
discumbo, -ere, discubui, discubitum, I
and located south of the town of Ar- take my place at the dining table
pinum. 24. "^aliquis, aliquid, someone, some-
""humanissime: 'in a very kindly way';
thing
superlative adverb
*mensa, -ae, /., dining table
18. invito, 7., I invite 25. lenis, lenls, lene, gentle, mild Geni-
20. hospita, —ae, /., stranger, guest (hos- ent)
pitable) 27. '''mihi necesse est facere aliquid, 'it

*credo, -ere, credidi, creditum, I beUeve is necessary for me to do something' =:

(credit) 'I must do something'

Family Life I 37
 Nitocris' Loyalty to Her Brother
Herodotus, the "father of history", lived in the fifth century B.C. in
Greece. He is celebrated for embellishing his historical narrative with
good stories, some of them, such as the following, concerned with Egypt.
In this story, Nitocris shows about as much loyalty to her brother as any
brother could reasonably expect.

Post primum regem Aegyptiorum fuerunt CCCXXX reges.

Eorum nomina sacerdotes Aegyptiorum ex volumine papyri
legebant mihi, ubi ad templa venl. Ex his omnibus generibus erat
una re^a Aegyptiorum, Nitocris vocata. Eius frater regnaverat
5 ante Nitocrem, sed Aegyptil, ut fratrem interfecerunt, regnum
Nit5cri dederant.
Nitocris, irae plena propter fratrem occisum, nihil de ira dixit.
Regina maesta maestitiam non demonstravit. Sed, quod de inter-
fectoribus fratris poenam petere cupiebat, multos ex Aegyptiis
10 interficere constituit. Itaque hoc consihum cepit.
Re^a magnam cellam bellam, clarum opus, sub terra prope
flumen paravit et clam canalem fieri iussit, qui ab hoc flumine ad
cellam ducebat. Deinde postquam Aegyptiis, "Studeo," inquit,
"novam cellam sacram cum amicis inaugurare," interfectores
15 fratris ad magnam cenam, cum diligentia in cella paratam, vocavit.
HI viri laeti, "Tandem," inquiunt, "regina nobis ignoscere non
iam dubitat." Et celeriter ad cenam pervenerunt sine timore.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Aegyptius, -I, m., an Egyptian 8. interfector, -toris, m., slayer, mur-
CCCXXX: when read aloud, the nu- derer
meral must be pronounced in full, i.e., 9. poenam petere de, with abl., I de-
trecentl et triginta. mand satisfaction from (a person), pun-

2. *sacerdos, sacerdotis, m., priest (sa- i^h (a person)

cerdotal) H* cella, -ae, /., chamber

volumen, -minis, n., roll, book (vol- l^* '^clam, secretly
ume) canalis, -is, m., channel

papyrus, -I, m., /., papyrus be made'; fio, fieri, factus

*fieri, 'to

, „ .. ,
3. generibus: here,
I ,.
generations
, sum used as the passive of facio.
is
^^ * r ^^
14. *novus, -a, -um, new (novel)
4. =^regno, 1 ., I rule, have royal power inaugurd, i., I inaugurate
(reign); regnaverat, 'had ruled'; pluper- ^^ *ign6sc6, -ere, ignovi, ignotum, with
feet tense
^^t., I forgive
5. *regnum, -i, n., kingdom (reign) 17. *tiraor, oris, /??., fear (timorous)

38 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Nitocris, ubi viros in cellam accepit, "Salvete, amici," inquit.
"Videte cenam bellam vobis paratam pro nostra amicitia. Ut vos
20 mihi amicitiam praestitistis, sic ego vobis praestabo amicitiam.
Habeo vobis munus." Turn, postquam interfectores laeti edere et
bibere inceperunt, regina e cella per portam excessit et signum
dedit. Subit5 decurrit aqua fluminis per canalem in cellam. Viri
petiverunt portam. Porta clausa erat. . .

25 Sacerdotes Aegyptiorum mihi hoc quoque narraverunt: Nito-

cris, postquam interfectores fratris interfecit, timebat et poenam
effugere studebat. Itaque se iecit in cellam plenam cineris calidi.

(Adapted from Herodotus, History II, 100)

20. *praest5, praestare, praestiti, praes- 24. ^clausus, -a, -um, closed and locked
titum, show
I 25. *naiT5, 7., I tell, narrate
,,,...- J -J- - T * / j-ui \ 27. *se: 'herself; accusative of the re-
21. "edo, edere, edi, esum, I eat (edible) ^
nexive pronoun
22. "bibo, -ere, bibi, I drink (imbibe) 'calidus, -a, -um, hot (calorie)

ENTRANCE TO THE FUNERAL CHAMBER OF RAMESSES VI

The Egyptians used underground chambers for sacred purposes
connected with both life and death.
7 The "Sister's Beam'
The traditional date for the founding of Rome was 753 B.C. About
a hundred years later, the small state of Rome under its king Tullus
Hostilius was locked in a power struggle with the neighbouring city of
Alba. The Romans and Albans, facing one another on a field of battle,
agreed to save bloodshed by having their champions fight instead of their
whole armies. Rome's fate hung in the balance. The Roman champions
were three triplet brothers, each called Horatius; these Horatii met three
Alban brothers called Curiatii. Only one man survived the combat, the
Roman Publius Horatius.
The Roman historian Livy tells us that when this Horatius, the
saviour of his country, returned to Rome, he was greeted jubilantly by
his fellow citizens, but not by his own sister Horatia.

Copiae Romanae, postquam Horatius tres Curiatios cecidit,

iter domum faciebant. Primus Horatius per turbam Romanorum
laetorum procedebat et spolia trium fratrum in umeris gerebat.
Horatia, Horatii soror, quae iini ex Curiatiis sponsa erat, ante
5 portam Capenam el obviam venit. Turn Horatia super umeros
fratris cogn5vit sponsi paludamentum, a se cum diligentia factum.
Celeriter solvit crines et multis cum lacrimis nomine sponsum
mortuum appellavit. luvenis, ob sororis lacrimas irae plenus,
gladio sororem occldit et magna voce "Discede hinc cum malo
10 amore ad sponsum," inquit, "nam tn es obllta fratrum mortuorum,
obllta patriae. Si qua femina Romana dolebit hostem, sic pereat."

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

3. spolia, spoliorum, n. pi., spoils 7. *solv6, -ere, solvi, solutum, I loosen
umerus, -i, m., shoulder (solution)
5. porta Capena: The 'porta Capena' was crines, crinium, m. pi, hair (crinoline)
a gate in the Roman wall built by king 8. *appeUo, 7., I call upon (appellation)
Servius; from it started the famous 9. *gladius, -I, m., sword (gladiator)
Roman highway called Via Appia. *vox, v5cis, /., voice (vocal)
6. *cogn6sc6, -ere, cognovi, cognitum, 11. si qua: 'if any'
I learn, recognize *hostis, hostis, m., enemy
paludamentum, -i, n., military cloak sic pereat: 'so may she perish'. The verb
a se: 'by herself; se is ablative of the pere5, I perish, is here in the subjunc-
reflexive pronoun. tive mood to express a wish.

40 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

HORATIUS KILLS HIS OWN SISTER A Roman's sense of
patriotism knew no bounds.

A narrow escape

Hoc factum Horatii non erat gratum senatoribus populoque.

Itaque Horatius, in ius ad regem Tullum adductus, et ab iudicibus
condemnatus, magno in periculo erat. Unus ex iudicibus "P.

13. *ius, iuris, n., justice; court of law 14. condemno, /., I condemn, find guilty

(jury) *iudex, iudicis, m., judge, juror

Family Life / 41
15 Horati, te proditorem iudico," inquit; "vade, lictor, colliga manus"
{ace. pL). Accessit Ector iniciebatque laqueum. Nam mos erat
condemnatum arbori suspendere. Turn Horatius "Provoco," inquit,
et in ius ad populum Romanum venit. In hoc iudicio Horatius
pater lacrimis verbisque homines movit. Nam clamavit: "FTlia
20 mea iure caesa est. Sed nolite me facere orbum. lam tres Ilberos
ex mea famiha bella amisi. Relinquite mihi fihum iinum." Deinde
Horatius pater, dum spolia Curiatiorum demonstrabat, "Vade,
ITctor," ait, "colliga manus quae populum Romanum servaverunt!"
Non tulit populus patris lacrimas libera vitque filium.

In order to satisfy the technical requirement of the law, Horatius the

father sends his son under a makeshift yoke. Conquered enemies of
Rome were sometimes humbled by being made to stoop and walk under
a yoke made from three spears: it was like walking under a high-jump
pole set at about four feet from the ground. In this case, Horatius' father
makes a yoke by stretching a wooden beam across a street from building
to building.

25 Sed Horatius pater, filium expiare iussus pecunia publica,

viam fecit, et velut sub iugum misit iuvenem. Hoc
tigillum trans
hodie quoque pecunia publica semper refectum stat: "Sororis
Tigillum" vocant.
(Adapted from Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 1.26)

15. proditor, -toris, m., traitor. Hora- provoco, 7., I appeal (to a higher legal
tius was a traitor because he took the authority) (provoke)
law into his own hands by slaying his 18. =''iudicium, -i, n., trial, court (judi-
sister. cial)
*iudic6, 7., I judge (judicial) 20. *iure, justly, justifiably
lictor, -5ris, m., lictor, an attendant on
orbus, -a, -um, childless
a Roman magistrate
24. *fero, ferre, tuli, latum, I bear,
colligo, 1., I bind, tie (ligature)
*manus, manus, endure (suffer)
/., hand (manual)
25. expio, atone for
i., I
16. *micio, -ere, inieci, iniectus, I throw
on, put on (inject)
^''publicus, —a, -um, public, oflficial

laqueus, -i, m., noose 26. tigillum, -i, n., beam of wood
17. *arbor, arboris, /., tree (arboretum) *velut, as if

suspendd, suspendere, suspend!, suspen- 27. *refectus, -a, -um, repaired, re-
sum, I hang; a transitive verb, (suspend) stored (refectory)

42 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Sophocles and Socrates: De Inimicitia

In antiquity, the father of a family normally enjoyed great respect

because of his accumulated experience and wisdom. In the following
story, drawn from a work called De Senectute, On Old Age, the famous
orator Cicero describes how one father met the challenge of his sons who
wished to seize "power of attorney." The father was Sophocles, a cele-
brated tragedian of fifth-century Athens.

Sophocles, poeta clarus, ad summam senectutem tragoedias

[Link] hoc studium tamen filil SophocUs, "Pater noster,
iam senex," inquiunt, "rem familiarem neglegit. Pecuniam et bona
iam non curat. Itaque eum in iudicium vocare debemus. Nam
5 eum quasi insanum a re familiari removebunt iudices."
Itaque Sophocles pater, a fllils vocatus, in iudicium venit.
Senex fabulam, proxime scriptam et Oedipiim Coldneum vocatam,
in manibus habebat. Deinde, postquam hoc opus recitavit iudi-
cibus, senex "Insanme," ait, "est hoc carmen?" Hoc carmine
10 recitato, iiidices poetam llberaverunt.

(Adapted from Cicero, De Senectute, 7.22)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Sophocles, Sophocles
-is, m.,
*summus, -a, -urn, extreme
highest;
*senectus, senectutis, /., old age
2. *studiuni, —I, n., application; enthu-
siasm; study
3. *senex, senis, m., old man (senile)
*faniiliaris, -is, -e, belonging to the
family, personal; res familiaris, personal
affairs
*neglego, -ere, neglexi, neglectum, I

neglect
*bona, bononim, n. pi, goods, property
4. *debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum (M), I ought,
should
5. *quasi, as, as if
*remove5, -ere, removi, reniotum, I

remove
7. *fabula, -ae, /., fable, play (fabulous)
^proxime, very recently
Oedipus Coloneus: Oedipus at Colonus,
the name of a celebrated play by So-
phocles.
8. recitd, 7., I recite, read aloud
9. *carmen, carminis, n., song, poem SOPHOCLES, WRITER OF TRAGEDY

Family Life I 43
 Xanthippe, the wife of the Athenian philosopher Socrates, was
known in ancient times as a first-rate shrew —
a reputation that she may
well not have deserved. In any case, the stories that gathered about her
name suggest her inability to break Socrates' philosophic calm.
Xanthippe, Socratis philosophi uxor, morosa erat et iurgiosa.
Nam
Socrates ob iram eius multas iniurias per diem perque
noctem accipiebat. Quondam in urbe Athenis Xanthippe pallium
a tergo Socrati deripuit. Deinde Socratis amici, "Te defende,
15 Sdcrates," inquiunt, "manibus." Sed Socrates respondit, "Sic me
iubetis, quod n5bis, dum pugnamus, clamare studetis, "Bene,
Socrates! bene, Xanthippe!"
Propter tales iniurias, Alcibiades, amicus Socratis, "Cur,
Socrates," ait, acerbam domo non agis?" "Quon-
"mulierem ita
20 iam," inquit Socrates, "dum uxorem domi talem fero, ceterorum
quoque foris petulantiam et iniuriam ferre disco."
Item quondam Socrates, verbis acerbis uxoris pulsus, nihil
respondit. Tandem Xanthippe, irae plena, in caput Socratis effudit
foedam aquam. Tum Socrates magno risu dixit, "Tandem pluit
25 post tanta tonitrua!"
(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, I, 17;
Diogenes Laertius, Socrates, 2.36, 37)

11. Socrates, -is, m., Socrates, the philo- 21. foris, out of doors, outside the
sopher, husband of Xanthippe house
tn5rosus, -a, -um, moody, peevish petulantia, -ae, /., sauciness, petulance
iurgiosus, -a, -um, quarrelsome *fer6, ferre, tuli, latum, I bear, suffer
12. *imuria, -ae, /., insult, outrage,
22. *item, likewise
wrong-doing
13. *nox, noctis, /., night (nocturnal) 23. effundo, -ere, effudi, effusum, I pour
^quondam, once, on one occasion out (effusive)
*Athenae, Athenanitn, /. pi., Athens
—T, 24. *foedus, -a, -um, foul
pallium, n., a cloak
rlsus, —us, m., laugh (risible)
14. deripio, —ere, deripul, dereptum, I

tear off 25. *tantus, -a, — um, so great, such

18. *talis, talis, tale, such {French, tel) great {French, tant)
19. *mulier, mulieris, /., woman (mu- tonitruum, -i, n., clap of thunder
liebrity) {French, tonnerre)

44 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

9 Arabs Moritiirus: De Amicitia
Petms Alfonsi, us the story of the slave Maimundus {page
who gave
{Arabs)
34), told the following tale about a worldly-wise old Arabian
who wanted to teach his son a practical lesson. What is the moral of

his tale?

The problem
Arabs moriturus, vocato fllio, "Die, fill," inquit. "Quot tibi

acqmslvistl amicos?" Respondit fllius, "Centum, ut credo, mihi

acquisivi amicos." Dixit pater, "Philosophus diciti'Noli laudare
amicum nisi probatum.' Ego multos annos vixi, sed unum amicum
5 vix mihi acquisivi. Tu, ergo, quo modo centum tibi acquisivisti?

Vade igitur et proba omnes: fortasse invenies unum omnium qui

tibi erit perfectus amicus."

The method
Dicit filius, iubes?" Respondjt pater^
"Quo modo me probare
"Interfice vitulum et caesum in sacco pone. Deinde, sacco infecto
10 sanguine, ad amicum veni et die ei, 'Hominem forte interfeci,
care mi; eum secreto sepeli. Nemo enim te suspectum habebit
"
sicque me servabis.'

The attempt
Fecit filius, sicut pater iussit. Primus amicus ad quem venit
"Porta tecum mortuum super tuum collum. Sicut fecisti
dixit ei,
15 malum, da poenam. In domum meam non venies." Ubi autem
per singulos amicos ita fecit, idem omnes ei responderunt. Ad

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *moriturus, -a, -um: 'about to die'; *forte, by chance, by accident
future participle 11. ml, voc. masc. sing, of meus
2. acquiro, -ere, acquisivi, acqulsltum, secreto, secretly
I procure, acquire sepelio, -Ire, sepellvl, sepultum, I bury
*centuin, one hundred (centennial, cent) (sepulchre)
3. philosophus, -I, m., philosopher, a *emm, for
'lover of wisdom' suspectus, -a, -um, suspected, under
4. *iiisi, if not, unless suspicion
*prob6, 7., I approve, test (approbation) 13. *slcut, just as
5. *vix, scarcely, hardly 14. *raortuus, -I, m., a dead man (mor-
*ergo, therefore tuary)
6. *igitur, therefore collum, -i, n., neck (collar)
9. vitulus, -I, m., calf 15. *autem, furthermore
saccus, -i, m., a sack, bag 16. *singulus, -a, -um, one by one
Inficid, -ere, Infeci, infectum, I stain (single)
10. *sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood *idem, eadem, idem, the same (identical)

Family Life / 45
 patrem ergo venit et nuntiavit omnia quae fecerat. Dixit pater,
"Cum sapientia dixit philosophus: 'Multi sunt dum numeramus
amlci, sed in necessitate paucL' Vade ad meum amicum unum,
20 et audi eum."
Filius venit et, sicut alils dixerat, amico patris ait. Is respondit,
^Veni in domum meam. Noli aperire hoc secretum vicinis."
Emissa ergo ux5re cum omni familia, sepultiiram paravit. Filius
autem, ubi omnia parata vidit, rem sicut erat demonstravit et
25 gratias egit.

The conclusion

Deinde patri nuntiavit omnia quae fecerat. Tandem pater ait,

"Pro tali amico dicit philosophus: 'Is est vere amicus qui te iuvat
"
cum omnes tibi deficiunt.'

(Adapted from Petrus Alfonsi, Exempla, 1

What weakness, if any, do you see in the example that the father
used to teach his lesson?

17. *nuiitio, 1., I report (renunciation) 23. emitto, -ere, emlsT, emissum, I send
18. numero, 7., I number, count out, I dismiss
21. *aliiis, alia, aliud, another; pi. others *sepultura, -ae, /., burial, sepulture
(alias) 27. *vere, truly (verity)
22. *aperi6, -Ire, aperul, apertum, I 28. *cum, conj. when
open, reveal (aperture) *deficio, -ere, defecl, defectum, with
vlclnus, -I, m., neighbour (vicinity) dot., I fail (defect)

46 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

lU Family Love
For the Romans, Cornelia was the model for a mother's devotion to
her children. In the second century B.C., she and her husband Tiberius
Sempronius Gracchus had twelve children, of whom only three survived:
Tiberius, Gaius, and Sempronia. Cornelia supervised closely the educa-
tion of her sons, Tiberius and Gaius, who became revolutionaries and
died violently before their mother. The following story contains an inci-
dent which demonstrates the qualities in Cornelia that made her famous.

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, ubi e vita discessit, duodecim

llberos uxori Corneliae reliquit. Cornelia, mater bona, llberos et
domum cum diligentia curare non destitit. Praeterea, ubi Ptole-
maeus, rex Aegyptl, el partem regnl dare et eam in matrimonium
5 ducere cupiebat, Cornelia negavit. Itaque omnes Rornani eam
laudabant. Sed Cornelia, etsi familiam magno_amore bene
curabat, tamen omnes llberos amisit praeter tres: Tiberium,
Gaium, Semproniam.
Quondam Campana matrona, apud Corneliam hospita, orna-
10 menta sua pulcherrima, quae erant margarlta et gemmae, de^
monstrabat. Cornelia traxit eam sermone, nam natos e ludo
domum venire cupiebat ante discessum Campanae matronae.
Tandem, postquam Tiberius et Gaius domum intraverunt et
matrem salutaverunt, Cornelia, "Haec," inquit "ornamenta mea
15 sunt."
Postea propter claros filios Roman! signum Corneliae sta-
tuerunt et haec verba Tnscrlpserunt: Cornelia, Mater Gracchorum.
(Adapted from Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus, 1.3,
Life of Gaius Gracchus, 4.3; Valerius Maximus,
Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium Libr'i, IX 4.4)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *duodeciin, twelve (duodecimal) 9. *ornamentum, -I, n., adornment, or-
Ptolemy. Proba- nament, jewel _
3. Ptolemaeus, -i, m.,
H- ^
. ^
^
^^faho, -ere, traxi, tractum,_ I drag,
,

bly the reference is to Ptolemy VI, king

(traction); traxit eam sermone: de-
from 181 to 146 BC P'^'^
. . ^ - i TT
layed her by talking'
4. Aegyptus, -i, /., Egypt<
*serm5, -onis, m., speech, talk (sermon)
*pars, partis, /., p_art
,^^ _- ^„^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^-^^^
matrimdmum, -i, n., marriage (matri-
^^ *discessus, -us, m., departure
"^^^y) 13. nntro, 1., I enter
5. *nego, ;., I deny, say 'no' (negative) 14 *salut6, 1., I greet (salutation)

[Link], -a, -um, Campanian, 16. *postea, later

from Campania, a region on the west 17. Inscrlbd, -ere, InscrlpsI, Inscrlptum,
£oast of Italy, south of Rome I write on, inscribe

Family Life I 47
 In addition to such public monuments, the Romans commonly
erected private gravestones with appropriate inscriptions. The following
inscription,probably dating from the time of the Gracchi brothers, was
found in Rome. It honours a Roman lady named Claudia, who, like
Cornelia, was evidently an admirable wife and mother.
Following a Greek custom, this inscription speaks to a stranger
(hospes) who has stopped by the stone: the hospes is asked to "stand near
and read through" (ad-sta ac per-lege).

'Hospes, quod dico paulum est, adsta ac perlege.

Hic sepulcrum haud pulchrum pulchrae feminae.
est
20 Nomen parentes nominarunt Claudiam.
Suum maritum corde dllexit suo;
Natos duos creavit; horum alterum
In terra linquit, alium sub terra locat.
Sermone lepido, turn autem incessu commodo
25 Domum servavit, lanam fecit. DIxi. AbL'
(C./.L. VI, 15346)

18. *hospes, -itis, m., /., stranger; guest; 23. linquit =

relinquit
host (hospitable) locat =
ponit
"'paulus, -a, -um, small, slight
19. sepulcrum, -I, n., grave, tomb (sep- 24. sermone lepido, turn autem incessu
ulchre) commodo: 'with charming speech, and
*haud, by no means then with graceful step'; a pleasant de-
20. "parens, -entis, m., /., parent scription of Claudia giving kindly words
nominarunt = nominaverunt as she moved gracefully about her
^nomino, 1., \ name, I give (the name) house.
(nominate)
21. *suus, sua, suum, his, her, its 25. lana, -ae, /., wool (lanate; French,
(French, son) laine) One of the duties of the lady in
*cor, cordis, n., the heart (cordial) charge of her own household was to
*dnig6, -ere, dllexl, dilectum, I love oversee the making of woollen cloth;
22. horum alterum: 'the one of these' the matrona often took great pride in
{sons) this.
*alter, altera, alterum, the one (o/ two) abl: 'depart!'; imperative singular of the
(alternative) irregular verb abeo

48 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

Part II Series 1

EARLY ROME AND GREECE

SCYLLA, THE SIX-HEADED MONSTER Six of Ulysses'
comrades fell prey to her hungry jaws.

50 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

1 Two Adventures of Aeneas
The Aeneid the adventures of the Trojan hero, Aeneas,
of Vergil tells

who Troy and then wandered over the Mediter-

fled after the capture of
ranean for seven years before he fulfilled his destiny. This destiny was to
bring the Trojan refugees to Italy, where his descendants would found a
second Troy, namely, Rome. In his wanderings, Aeneas sometimes came
to spots already visited by the Greek Odysseus (Ulysses), as told in
Homer's Greek epic poem, the Odyssey.

Scylla and Charybdis

Septem annos Aeneas et reliqui TroianI patriam novam,

priusquam Carthaginem pervenerunt, multa per pericula petebant.
Carthagine Aeneas, ad cenam vocatus, Dldoni, pulcherrimae
reginae Carthaginiensium, omnia pericula a principio dixit. Ex els
5 duo hodie legemus.
Primum, TroianI, dum navibus celeribus patriam novam
petunt, ad aquas inter Italiam Siciliamque accesserunt, ubi sunt
Scylla et Charybdis. Charybdis, gurges horrendus, ter mare sorbet,
riirsusque undas tollit. At Scylla, quae sex capita habet, ex ingenti
10 antro sex oribus naves in saxa trahit, lam Scylla, dum Ulixes
Graecus prope eam navigat, sex Graecos, caros socios Ulixis,
deleverat. Nunc eam Aeneas cavebat. At Charybdis Troianos
omnes paene delevit. Nam ter gurges naves Troianas in caelum
sustulit; ter eas paene sorbuit.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

It is assumed that any word not treated under the Vocabulary and Notes has
already been learned by the student. All words marked with an asterisk occur
frequently in Latin authors, and therefore should be carefully learned.

[Link]: when shipwrecked, horrendus, -a, -um, hair-raising, dreadful

Aeneas was befriended by Dido, the (horrendous)
queen of Carthage, and told her the ter, thrice, three times
story of his seven years of adventures. sorheo, -ere, -ul, I suck in (absorb)
7. Silicia, -ae, /., Sicily 9, *rursas, again, back again
.•''•'
8. Scylla, Scyllae, a six-headed man-
/., ^a -
\'\ .
10. antrum, -i, n.,
/ ^
cave (antrum) ^

eating creature; she lay

,-,-,',
.^
m .,
wait ffor sail- ^
^saxum,
_' '
, .j, ,
.'

c .,
of Messina.
u fc *u c*
ors on the Italian shore oft the Straits *. .-
*traho,
-1,
-ere,
\_-\_i.Tjdrag
n., rock (saxifrage)
traxi, tractum, I
rt t
Charybdis, Charybdis, /., a monstrous .,,._.
Ulixes, -IS,
"t

.,,
m., Ulysses, Odysseus
„ .

u * 4U
whirlpool off ^u e- -I-
, .
re
, 1 j
the Sicilian shore of the » . >
j' >

Straits of Messina. H- *navig6, 1., I sail (navigate)

gurges, -itis, m., whirlpool (regurgitate) 13. *paene, almost, nearly (peninsula)

Early Rome and Greece / 51

 '^M^i^

POLYPHEMUS AND THE SHIPS OF AENEAS

Polyphemus (''Big Voice"), the Cyclops

15 Deinde Aeneas cum ceteris Troianis, quod viam nesciebat,

ad Siciliam, ad oras Cyclopum accessit. Ibi Aetna mons tonabat,
et in caelum iaciebat magnas flammas. Postero die homo miser
qui arma Graeca adhuc gerebat ad naves Troianorum cucurrit.
"Tollite me," inquit, "etsi hostis sum. SI pereo, manibus hominum
20 perire malo." "Quis es, hospes?" inquiunt Troianl.
"Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes infellcis Uhxis;
nomen Achemenides."
Deinde Graecus maestus, multls cum lacrimls, "Hic me", inquit,
ceterl comites immemojes socii (gen.) vasto in antro Cyclopis
25 rellquerunt. Sed fugite, O miserl, fugite."
Nam
Polyphemus Cyclops, monstrum horrendum, ingens, ad
naves vadebat. Caecus in manibus pinum caesam portabat. Itaque
inde Troiani cum misero Graeco navibus celeribus fUgerunt ad
salOtem.
(Adapted from Vergil, Aeneid, III)

16. *ora, -ae, /., shore 21. Ithaca, -ae, /., Ithaca, the island
Cyclops, Cyclopis, m., a Cyclops, a one- kingdom of Odysseus
* comes, -itis, m., companion (concomi-
eyed giant, one of the Cyclopes.
Aetna, -ae, /., Etna, a volcanic mountain tant)
in Sicily *Iiifelix, -Icis, unlucky (infelicitous)

17. tono, -are, -ui, I thunder (detonate)

23. *Iacrima, -ae, /., tear (lachrymose)
^flamma, -ae, /., flame (flammable)
*dies, diei, m., (abl. sing, die) day (diary) 24. immemor, -oris, forgetful
19. *pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, I perish vastus, -a,-um, vast, huge
*manus, -us, /. hand (manual) mon-
26. monstrum, -I, n., monster,
20. *mal5, maile, malui, I prefer
strosity
*quis, interrog. pron. who?
*hospes, liospitis, m., stranger, host, 27. *caecus, -a, -um, blind
guest (hospital) pinus, -i, /., pine, pine tree

52 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

L The Friendship of Nisus and Euryalus

Friends in a footrace

Inter Aeneae erant duo amici, Nisus nomine et

socios
Euryalus. Deapud Vergilium poetam bis legimus: in libro
eis
quinto Aeneidis de celeritate eorum, in libro nono de morte
eorum, in libris ambobus de amicitia eorum.
5 Didone regina relicta, Aeneas, vi maris ad Siciliam actus, ubi
superiore anno pater Anchises perierat, ibi pro patre certamina
ponere statuit. In uno certamine, NTsus et Euryalus cum ceteris
cursii contendere paraverunt. "Tres praemia primi accipient,"
inquit Aeneas, "primus equum pulchrum, secundus Amazoniam
10 pharetram plenam sagittis, tertius Argolicam galeam."
Locum capiunt, signoque audito, limen relinquunt.

Primus abit longeque ante omnia corpora Nisus

emicat.

Secundus est Salius, tertius Euryalus. Tum Nisus infellx, cursu

15 paene confecto, ad terram cecidit. Non tamen Euryali oblitus,
Salium, qui celeriter praeter Nisum currebat, pede impedlvit.
Itaque cecidit Salius quoque. Emicat Euryalus, et munere victor
amlci primum praemium accipit.
Num
hoc a Niso factum probas? Tamen "Nonne," inquiunt
tu
20 Troiani, "amicum iuvare est bene facere?"

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2, *bis, twice (bicycle) 10. pharetra, -ae, /., quiver
3. Aeneis, -idis, Aeneid
/., the sagitta, -ae, /., arrow (sagittate)
5. Dido, -onis, /., Dido, queen of Car- Argolicus, -a, -um, Greek
thage. Aeneas had been shipwrecked on galea, -ae, /., helmet
the coast of Africa near Carthage. 11. *Iocus, -i, m., place, position (local)
6. *superior, -oris, higher, of place; *llmen, -inis, n., threshold; freely, start-
earlier, before, of time (superior) ing-point (preliminary)
7. ponere: freely, 'to hold'; the contests 12. *abit: freely, 'gets away'; from abeo,
were in commemoration of Anchises. abire, abii, abitum, I go away, leave
8. *cursus, -us, m., running, footrace; 13. emic5, -are, -ul, -atum, I flash
course forth, dart out
*contendo, -ere, -tendl, -tentum, I 15. *c6iifici6, -ere, -feci, —fectum, I

compete (contention) finish, complete (confection)

praemia: appropriately framed by (but *oblItus, -a, -um, forgetful (oblivion)
not modified by) tres and primi 17. *victor, -5ris, victorious
9. Amazonius, -a, -um, Amazonian; the 19. *prob6, 7., I approve, justify (appro-
Amazons were famous warrior women. bation)

Early Rome and Greece / 53

Friends in death

Postea in Nisus ct Euryalus, ab hostibus caesi, simul

Italia
ceciderunt. Nam Turnus, rex Rutulorum, a dea lunone motus,
castra Aeneae, qui auxilium et socios petltum discesserat, acriter
oppugnavit.
25 Nisus erat portae custos, acerrimus armis,
et iuxta comes Euryalus.
NTsus "Ego," inquit, "Euryale, nocte per castra hostium vadere
ac vocare hue Aeneam constitui." Ei Euryalus "Non sine me,"
ait, "tii vades." Et e castris excedere els licuit, postquam
30 ... primus lulus
accepit trepidos ac NTsum dicere iussit.
Itaque amici duo nocte ex castris Troianorum per castra
Rutulorum quam dlligentissime cucurrerunt. Deinde, ab agmine
equitum visi, in silvam fugerunt. NTsus effiigit; Euryalum equites
35 ceperunt. Mox Nisus, quoniam Euryalum servare cupiebat, rediit
et clamavit magna voce:
"Me, me, adsum, qui feci, in me convertite ferrum
O Rutull."
Tamen, hoste qui Euryalum interfecerat
Friistra. interfecto, ipse
40 quoque caesus super corpus amIcI cecidit.
(Adapted from Vergil, Aeneid, V, 308ff; IX, 176ff.)

21. *simul, at the same time, together *silva, -ac, /., forest, woods (sylvan)
(simultaneous) 35. *redeo, redlre, redil, reditum, I go
22. Turnus: Turnus, king of the Rutuli, back, return
an Italian tribe
36. *clam5, L, I shout (exclamatory)
luno, lundnis, /., Juno, queen of the
*vox, vocis, /., voice (vocal)
gods, and wife of Jupiter
25. *cust6s, -odis, m., guard, guardian 37. *adsuin, adesse, adfui, I am present,

(custodian) am here
26. iuxta, nearby (juxtaposition) *converto, —ere, -tl, -sum, I turn

28. *ac (also atque), and (convert)

30. lulus: lulus, Aeneas' young son, now *ferrum, — i, n., iron; sword, blade
in charge during his father's absence
(ferrous)

31. trepidos: 'the eager pair' 39. *frustra, in vain (frustration)

34. *eques, equitis, m., horseman, *ipse, ipsa, ipsum, emphatic pron. -self;
cavalryman (equestrian) i.e., (him)self, etc.

54 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

J Three Famous Oracles
All through the ages, men have searched for ways of seeing into the
future. In recent centuries crystal-ball gazing and tea-cup reading have
met with dubious success. In ancient times, the Greeks and the Romans
showed a little more finesse: they consulted the gods in certain sacred
centres. The most famous of these centres was Delphi, where the pro-
phetic god Apollo answered men's questions about the future through
the mouth of his priestess, the Pythia. These prophetic answers or oracles
were sometimes ambiguous, as can be seen from the following three tales.

Brutus is not so stupid after all

Olim Tarquinius Superbus, septimus rex Romanus, re mirabili

visa, Delphos ad notissimum in terris oraculum mittere statuit.

Itaque duos filios per ignotas eo tempore terras, ignotiora maria
in Graeciam misit. Titus et Arruns iter fecerunt. Comes eis
5 additus est L. lunius Brutus, filius Tarquiniae, sororis regis. Is ab
Tarquinils ductus est Delphos ludibrium plus quam comes.
pervenerunt, iuvenes, perfectis patris mandatis,
Quo postquam
hoc quoque quaesiverunt: "Ad quern nostrum veniet regnum Ro-
manum?" Pythia respondit:_"Is imperium summum Romae
10 habebit qui vestrum primus, O iuvenes, osculum matri dederit."

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. Delphi, -onim, m. pi, Delphi, Greek her father according to regular custom,
town, site of the famous Delphic oracle just as, years later, Tullia was named
oraculum, -I, n., oracle; a word used after Marcus Tullius Cicero.
for both the shrine and the response 6. ludibrium, -I, n., laughing-stock, butt
3. Ignotiora: 'more unknown'; compara- for jokes
tive degree of Ignotus; neuter accusative *plus, more (plus)
plural *quam, than
4. Titus, Arruns: sons of King Tarquin young man (ju-
7. *iuvenis, -is, m.,
5. *addo, -ere, addidi, additum, I add
venile)
additus est: 'was added'; perfect indica- *perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, I ac-
tive passive; so too ductus est (1. 6) execute (perfect)
complish, finish,
L. lunius Brutus: Lucius Junius Brutus, mandatum, -i, n., instruction, order
really a very bright young man, deliber-
(mandate)
ately feigned stupidity so as to seem
8. *quaero, -ere, quaeslvl, quaesltum, I
harmless because he had reason to
ask (query)
believe the king might otherwise kill
him. The nickname Brutus means 9. =^summus, -a, -um, supreme, highest
'Stupid'. (summit)
Tarquiniae: Tarquinia was named after 10. osculum, -I, «., kiss (osculation)

Early Rome and Greece / 55

 Deinde Tarquinii, "Ubi Romam pervenerimus," inquiunt, "unus
nostrum duorum, sorte delectus, matri osculum dabit." At Brutus
sine mora, dum adhuc ibi stant, cecidit et terram osculo contigit,
quod ea communis mater omnium hominum est. Itaque mox L.
15 Junius Briitus, Tarquiniis ex urbe pulsis, non rex, sed consul
factus, imperium summum Romae habuit.

(Adapted from Livy, Annals, I, 56)

Croesus destroys a mighty kingdom

Olim Croesus, magnus rex Lydiae, priusquam exercitum contra

Cyrum, regem Persarum, duxit, nuntios misit Delphos oraculum
consultum. Eis Pythia respondit: "Croesus, si exercitum contra
20 Persas duxerit, magnum regnum delebit." Itaque rex laetus,
impetO contra Persas facto, magnum regnum delevit —non CyrI,
sed Croesl.
(Adapted from the Greek of Herodotus)

Themistocles explains the "wooden walls"

Olim Athenienses, re desperata, quod maxime contra eos

Xerxes rex Persarum et exercitum et naves paraverat propter
25 pugnam Marathoniam, nuntios miserunt Delphos oraculum con-
sultum. Eis Pythia respondit: "Moenibus ligneis vos munite."
Quid dixerat Apollo? Nemo sciebat. Tamen Themistocles, vir
magnae sapientiae, Atheniensibus, "Hoc est," inquit, "consilium
Apollinis: deus nos munlre nos iubet navibus. Nam naves sunt
30 mijrus ligneus a deo dictus." Sic Themistocles non modo Atheni-
enses sed etiam reliquos Graecos servavit.
(Adapted from Nepos, Life of Themistocles, II)

12. *sors, sortis, /., (-ium) lot (sort) 20. "^regnum, -I, /;., kingdom; monarchy,
13. *mora, -ae, /., delay reign (interregnum)
*contingo, -ere, contigi, contactum, I 23. Atheniensis, -is, m., an Athenian
touch (contact) =*=desper6, 1., I despair, despair of (des-
14. ^communis, —is, — e, common (com- perate)
munity) 26. ligneus, -a, -um, wooden
17. Croesus, -I, m., Croesus, King of 27. Apollo, Apollinis, m., Apollo, god
Lydia Asia Minor
in of sunlight, of learning, of archery and
18. Cyrus, -I, m., Cyrus the Great, who prophecy
united the Medes and the Persians "-'nemd, nullius, m., no one
Persa, -ae, m., Persian 28. ^consilium, -I, n., advice; plan
*nuntius, -T, m., messenger (announce) (counsel)
19. *c6nsulo, -ere, -sului, -suJtum, I 30. *n6n modo, not only
consult, ask the advice of 31. *sed etiam, but also, but even

56 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

THE BATTLE BETWEEN ALEXANDER AND DARIUS, KING
OF THE PERSIANS (See detail of Alexander, page 23.)

4 Three Anecdotes About Alexander the Great

Alexander is tutored by Aristotle

Philippus, terrae rex, de filio Alexandre has

Macedoniae
litteras, Graece ad Aristotelem philosophum mlsit: "Filius
scriptas,
mihi natus est. Propter hoc dels gratias ago non modo quia natus
est sed etiam quia natus est tempore vltae tuae. Nam, doctus a
5 te, erit, ut spero, dignus et nobis et regno nostro." Itaque
Alexander, doctus ab Aristotele philosopho, multa opera poetarum
Graecorum et maxime Homeri discebat et amabat. Semper librum
Homeri, ut dictum est, sub capite habebat dum dormiebat.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Philippus:Philip, father of Alexan- 3. *natus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass.,
der,and conqueror of Greece born (natal)
Macedonia, — ae, /., Macedonia, Macedon 5. *ut, as, exactly as
Alexander, — dri, m., Alexander *dlgnus, —a, —um, worthy {with abl. =
2. Graece, in Greek of) (dignity)
Aristoteles, -is, m., Aristotle. As Plato's *noster, -tra, -tnim, our, ours (nostrum;
prize pupil, he won the nick-names of French, notre)
•the reader' and 'the brain'. He is still 7. Homerus, -I, m., Homer, author of
regarded as the first systematizer not the Greek epic poems 'Iliad' and
only of philosophy but also of the 'Odyssey'
sciences. 8. *dormio, -Ire, -IvI, -Ttum, I sleep
philosophus, -1, w., philosopher (dormant)

Early Rome and Greece I 57

Alexander complains to his old tutor

Praeterea Alexander Magnus, dum bellum contra Darium

10 regem Persarum gerit, de doctissimis libris ab Aristotele editis
audivit. Sine mora banc epistulam, Graece scriptam, ad Aristote-
lem misit: "Alexander Aristoteli salutem dicit. Non recte fecisti,
his libris editis. Nam qua alia re ceteris praestabo, si haec verba,
quae ex te accepi, omnibus erunt communia? Ego scientia prae-
15 stare malo quam copils." Rescripsit el Aristoteles haec: "Aristo-
teles Alexandre regl salutem dicit. Hi hbri neque editi sunt neque
non editI, quoniam his soils cognobiles erunt qui nos audlverunt."

Alexander's mother, Olympias, is not impressed by his new title

In Aegypto Alexander Magnus "lovis Hammonis fllius" appel-

latus est. Itaque ad matrem ita scrlpsit: "Rex Alexander, lovis
20 Hammonis fllius, Olympiadl matri salutem dicit." Olympias el
rescripsit haec: Amabo, mi fill, noli lunonl hoc dicere; hoc non
erit iiicundum el." Hoc modo Alexander nomen vanum deponere
a matre, femina prudentissima, iussus est.
(Adapted from Aulus GeUius, Attic Nights, IX, 3; XX, 5; XIII, 4)

9. Darius, -I, m., Darius nos: the 'editorial we'

10. *doctus, -a, -um, learned; really the 18. Aegyptus, -i, /., Egypt
perfect participle passive of doceo luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, King of the
(doctor) gods, later identified by the Egyptians
edo, -ere, edidi editum, I publish (editor) with their god Hammon.
12. "^salutem dicit; a frequent greeting *appeI16, 7., I name, call (appellation)
in letters, in which salus retains its basic 20. Olympias, Olympias,
-adis, /.,

meaning, 'health' Alexander's mother.

^rectus, -a, -um, right, correct (correct) 21. amabo: te is understood. How did
13. *alius, -a, -ud, other, different the meaning 'please' develop from
(alien) amabo te, and the meaning 'thanks'
*praest5, -are, —stiti, -stitum, with dat., from amo te?
I surpass, excel lunoni: Juno was the wife of Jupiter
15. rescribo, -ere, rescripsi, rescriptum, 22. vanus, -a, -um, empty, vain, point-
I write back less (vanity)
17. "soJus, -a, -um, only, alone (sole) 23. *prudens, prudentis, sensible (pru-
cognobilis, -is, -e, intelligible dent)

58 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

5 King Pyrrhus and Fabricius the Roman
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus in north-western Greece, seems to have
had ambitions to establish in the West such an empire as his relative,
Alexander the Great, had established in the East. Pyrrhus was the first
professional soldier with whom the Roman citizen army fought. Rome,
completing her unification of Italy, had come into collision with the
Greek cities along the south coast, and the Tarentines called in Pyrrhus
to defend their city, Tarentum.

A Pyrrhic victory

Tarentinl Pyrrhum, Epiri regem, contra Romanos auxilium

poposcerunt, qui ex genere Achillis originem habebat. Is mox ad
Ttaliam venit, tumque primum Romam cum
transmarino hoste
pugnaverunt. Pyrrhus elephantorum auxilio quos incognitos vicit,

5 RomanI magnopere timuerunt. Tamen rex, admiratione Romano-

rum motus, "Si iterum," inquit, "sTc Romanos vicerimus, omnes
peribimus." Et, sublatis ad caelum manibus, "Cum talibus militi-
bus," inquit, "omnis orbis terrarum dominus esse potui."

The invincible Roman spirit

Pyrrhus Romanis captis summum honorem dedit, occisosque

10 sepellvit. Legati, ad Pyrrhum de captivis missi, ab eo summo

honore accept! sunt; captivos sine pretio Romam misit. Unum

ex legatis Romanorum, Fabricium, quem cognoverat esse pau-
perem, ad se transire, quarta parte regni promissa, voluit: con-

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. *posco, -ere, poposci, I ask someone *captlvus, -I, m., prisoner, captive
(occ.) for something (ace.) , , . .. - •
^ i i

l^' ^^[Link], -., n., price, value; freely,

Achilles, -is, m., Achilles, the greatest
of the Greek warriors Troy. at
ransom (precious)

orlgo, originis, /., beginning

origin, 12. *cognosc5, -ere, cognovl, cognitum,
3. transmarlnus, -a, -um, overseas
j fl^d out, learn; recognize
4. elephantus, -1, m., elephant man
*pauper, -eris, m., a poor (pauper)
5. admlratio, -onis, /., admiration
6. *iteruni, a second time, again (iterate) 13. *se: 'him', 'himself; reflexive pro-
7. peribimus: fiit. of pereo, I die, perish noun, third person, accusative, referring
*ta]is, -is, -e, such here to the subject of the verb voluit.
8. *orbis, -is, /. (-ium) circle; the world *transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itura, I go across;
(orb) freely, desert, defect (transition)
9. *honor, -oris, m., honour; political 'promitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, I

office promise
10. sepelio, -ire, -ivi, sepultum, I bury *conteinno, -ere, -tempsi, temptum, I

(sepulchre) scorn, spurn (contemptible)

Early Rome and Greece I 59

 temptus est a Fabricio, qui erat neque pecuniae cupidus neque
15 oblitus patriae.
Itaque Pyrrhus, ingenti Romanorum admiratione motus,
legatum misit, pacem acquis condicionibus petitum, egregium
virum Cineam nomine. Primo patres, ubi verba CIneae audiverunt,
crant pacis cupidi; deinde Appius Claudius, senex caccus, in
20 curiam ductus, eis "Nollte," inquit, "patres, cum hoste armato de
condicionibus pacis agere." Itaque Cineas Pyrrhio "Cum R6-
manls," ait, "nisi ex Italia excesseris, pacem non habebis; regum
patriam vidi."
(Adapted from Eutropius, II, 6, 12, 13)

17. *condicio, -onis, /., term, condition Appia, the first Roman aqueduct. We
*egregius, -a, -um, outstanding (egregi- shall be meeting later, less worthy mem-
ous) bers of the great Claudian family (stories
18. Cineas, -ae, m., Cineas, Pyrrhus' 7, 11 of this Series)
trusted friendand adviser. *senex, senis, m., old man (senile)
19. Appius Claudius: earlier, Appius caecus, -a, -um, blind
Claudius had been responsible for the 20. *curia, -ae, /., senate-house
building of the Via Appia, Rome's high- *armo, l.,\ arm, equip
way to the south, and of the Aqua 22. *nisi, unless, if not . . .

KING PYRRHUS AND FABRICIUS Patriotism yields to

neither bribes nor elephants.
6 The Incorruptible Fabricius

The incident of the physician

Postero anno contra Pyrrhum Fabricius est missus qui antea

non motus erat, quarta parte regni promissa. Turn,
inter legates
dum finitima castra Fabricius ipse et rex habent, medicus Pyrrhi
ad eum nocte venit. Hie, praemii cupidus, "Ego veneno," inquit,
5 "Pyrrhum occidam, si mihi quid promiseris." Eum Fabricius
reduci iussit ad dominum, Pyrrhoque dici omnia. Tunc rex,
admiratione Fabricii motus, haec dixit: "Ille est Fabricius, qui
difficilius ab honestate quam sol a cursu avert! potest."

(Adapted from Eutropius, II, 45)

The incident of the Samnite envoys

Legati a Samnitibus ad C. Fabricium, imperatorem populi

10 Romani, venerunt, et, memoratis multis magnlsque rebus quas
bene ac amice post pacem factam Samnitibus fecerat, "Hanc
pecuniam," inquiunt, "accipite. Hoc facimus quod multa tibi ad
splendorem domus atque victus desunt." Tum Fabricius manus
ab auribus ad oculos et ad nasum et ad os et ad gulam atque
15 inde usque ad ventrem imum movit et legatis ita respondit: "Dum
his omnibus membris, quae tetigi, imperare potero, nihil mihi
deerit. Itaque hanc eandem pecuniam, quae mihi est inutilis, a
vobis, quibus scio eam esse utilem, non accipio."

(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, I, 14)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

3. ^finitimus, -a, -um, neighbouring, 10. *inemoro, 7., I recount; freely, enum-
medicus, -I, m., physician (medicine) erate
4. venenum, -i, n., poison (venomous) 12. ad: 'for*, expressing purpose, as often
5. *quid, neut. pron., something 13_ splendor, -oris, m., splendour
6. reduci: 'to be led back'; present m-
victus, -us, m., manner of life, standard
finitive passive; so too dici, and avert!
^f living (victual)
^1°^ ^desum, deesse, defui, I am lacking
7. *aie, ilia, illud, that ^ . * . / • ^ n • ^
o j-«c •• ^- J ^ ; 14. *auns, -is, (-lum) ear /(aural)
/.,
8. difnalius, comparative adv., freely, ^ , : \- » % i
. .,. .
u
,•«- ' *oculus, -I, m., eye (moculate)
with greater difficulty _ _ ,
'
,x
.
f- .-^ r u * nasus, —I, m., nose (nasal)
nonestas, -tatis, /., honesty , '
, \, ^ \ ,, .x
* -1 -!• \
/•
1
gula,
& -ae,' /.,> throat (gullet)
\f
*sol, soils, m., sun (solar) » '

*averto, -ere, -averti, aversum, I tum 15. *usque, all the way, even, nght
aside (avert) venter, ventris, m., stomach
9. Samnites, -ium, m. pi., the Samnites, 16. *membrum, -I, n., member, part
an Italian tribe subdued by the Romans, *tang6, -ere, tactum, I touch (tact)
tetigi,

C, Gaius *imper5, 7., I govern, control {with dat.)

Early Rome and Greece / 61

 7 The Arrogant Claudian Family

Claudius Pulcher and the sacred chickens

Appius Claudius Caecus, P. Claudius Pulcher, P. Clodius

Pulcher, Clodia fuerunt gentis Claudiae, quae nobihs erat, sed
superbissima ferocissimaque.
Nam P. Claudius Pulcher, hello Punico primo consul factus,
5 magna cum classe ab Italia abiit. Apud Siciham, quod proehum
navale inire volebat, auspicia more maiorum petivit. At malum
omen qui pullos sacros curabat: "Pulli," inquit, "neque
nuntiavit is

exeunt e cavea neque edunt." Claudius tamen iaci eos in mare

iussit. ait, "quia esse nolunt." Deinde proelium
"Fortasse bibent,"
10 navale Itaque Claudius quod contra auspicia pugnaverat a
iniit.

Carthaginiensibus victus est. Praeterea, octo milia hominum

occlsa sunt, viginti milia capta, Hac de re multi scripserunt; apud
unum ex his Claudius n5n modo classem amisit sed etiam ipse
periit.

(Adapted from Suetonius, Lije of Tiberius, II, 2;

Valerius Maximus, I, iv, 2)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. P.: Publius

APPLVSCLAYDIVS 2. Clodius, Clodia:

of this series
appear in story 1

OFCAECVS :,
*gens, gentis,
(gentile)
/.,

Claudius, -a, -um, Claudian

( -ium), family; race

QLN50R!C0S'B]S'D}CTlKiTER.R£> T!! 3. *superbus, -a, -urn, proud, haughty

>f<qi'AEl>CVR-ll- [Link] L'lThCOM (superb)
4. Punicus, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian
rLVl^A^ppiDA-DISA>ANlT15V?.CFriT
5. *classis, -is, -ium), fleet (class)
SA Bl NCKyM'ET'TVSCORVM'EXEKCI /., (

6. uavalis, -is, — e, naval

T VM-fVDlXACEM^FlTR
I^0MmRHQ
\
l\£GEfKOH I SV{HNCENSVR.^V1
APriAM'ilRAvMrAaVAM-
m
IN
auspicium, -I, n., auspices, divination by
the use of birds
*in6s, moris, m., custom (moral)
7. omen, 5minis, n., omen
VR Bt/<AA DDW IT-A f D^MBE I LQfs|^E' *nuntio, 7., I announce

puHus, -i, m., chicken (pullet)

8. cavea, -ae, /., cage, coop
*edo, edere or esse, edi, esum, I eat
(edible)
INSCRIPTION HONOURING APPIUS iaci: 'to be thrown'; present infinitive pas-

CLAUDIUS What acts are men- sive of iacio:

tioned in it? 9. *bibo, -ere, bibi, I drink (imbibe)

62 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

THE 'AQUA CLAUDIA' This famous aqueduct was built by
Appius Claudius in 312 B.C. It was eleven miles long and ran
underground except for a few hundred feet.

His sister's shocking remark

15 Postea Claudia, quae filia Appii Caeci erat et soror P. Claudii

Pulchii, dum a ludis quos spectaverat abit, turba popull iactata
est. Atque postquam inde exiit, "P. Claudius," inquit, "frater meus,
navali proelio classem navium cum ingenti civium numero perdidit.
Fortasse reviviscet frater aliamque classem in Siciliam diicet atque
20 banc multitudinem perditum ibit, quae me nunc male miseram
iactavit. Sic Romae erit minor turba."
Ob haec mulieris verba ita mala C. Fundanius et Tiberius
Sempronius, aediles plebis, multam ei dixerunt aeris viginti

quinque milia.
(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, X, 6)

16. *spect5, 1., I look at (spectator) 22. *mulier, -eris, /., woman (muliebrity)
*iacto, 7., I buffet, toss about
18. *nunienis, — i, m., number (numer- 23. aedllis, -is, m., aedile, superintend-
ous) ent of public works
*perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum, I des- *plebs, plebis, /., common people, ple-

troy; lose (perdition) beians

19. revlvisco, —ere, revixl, revictum, I multa, -ae, /., fine, penalty; multam: 'as
come alive again (revive) a fine'
*alius, -a, -ud, another (alienate) aes, aeris, n., bronze
21. *ininor, comparative adj., smaller
(minor) 24. milia: understand 'pounds'

Early Rome and Greece ' 63

8 Cato the Censor
In the second century before the birth of Christ, Rome completed
her political domination of Greece, but the Greeks, who were more
highly civilized than the Romans, soon "captured" Rome culturally. As
the Roman poet Horace put it, "Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit:
captured Greece captured her savage conqueror." Many Romans, how-
ever, resisted the new Greek ways. The most celebrated of these was
Cato, an old-fashioned patriot, who lived to the middle of the second
century B.C.

Cato: shrewd "old-timer"

Marcus Porcius Cato, quamquam "Cato" nunc appellatur,

primo "Priscus" vocabatur, quod priscus erat modo vitae. Nam
semper erat agricola, et in agro cum servis laborabat; cum eis
sedens eundem cibum edebat, idem vinum bibebat. Hic, etsi neque
5 Graecos neque res Graecas amabat, tamen linguam Graecam
didicit senex. Praeterea, orationibus clarus factus, "Demosthenes
Romanus" appellabatur.
Qui postea propter verba cata "Cato" vocabatur. Quibus ex
verbis catis multa apud Plutarchum non Latlne sed Graece me-
10 morantur, "Sapientes," inquit Cato, "magis a stultis iuvantur
quam stultl a sapientibus. Nam sapientes erroribus stultorum
docentur; tamen exemplls bonis sapientium non docentur."
stultl

Olim "Miles bonus," inquit, "movet neque manias dum iter facit
neque pedes dum pugnat."
15 Idem "Ter," inquit, "magnopere erravl. Primum, feminae
secretum credidi; deinde, marl iter feci, quamquam terra potui;

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

E
2. priscus, -a, -um, old-fashioned, old- of the danger from King Philip of
time Macedon.
vocabatur: imperfect indicative passive 8. catus, -a, -um, shrewd
4. *sedens: present participle active of 9. Latlne, in Latin
sede5, -ere, sedl, sessum, I sit (sedentary)
*clbus, -1, m., food
^ grror,' -oris, m., error, mistake
12. "^exemplum, -i, «., example (exemp
*vinum, -I, n., wine
lary)
5. *lingua, -ae, /., tongue; language
(bilingual) 15. ter, three times, thrice
6. *6ratio, —onis,
speech, oration
/., 16. secretum, -1, n., secret
Demosthenes: Demosthenes, the famous *cred5, —ere, credidi, creditum, I believe;
Athenian orator who warned the Greeks entrust (credit)

64 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 postremo, unum diem intestatus olim quidam
mansi." Cui
"Multi," ait, "statuas habent, etsi ei sunt ignoti^ cur tu statuam
non habes?" Huic Cato "Malo," inquit, "homines quaerere 'Cur
"
20 non est statua Catonis?' quam 'Cur est?'

Cato in action

Cato, quod non erat ex genere nobill, "novushomo" appella-

batur. Tamen praetor, deinde consul, postremo censor factus est.
Apud Cornelium Nepotem haec verba leguntur:_"Circiter_annos
octoginta rei publicae causa suscipere inimicitias non destitit."

25 Olim Cato inimico qui tum ei male dicebat semper turpiter et

vivebat, "Non par," inquit, "est certamen tecum mihi. Nam tu

leviter audis ea quae tibi male dicuntur et audacter aliis male

dicis; mihi tamen molestum est aliis male dicere, et novum est

audire ea quae mihi male dicuntur."

30 Qui, itinere Carthaginem, dum iam senex est, facto, vidit hanc
urbem adhuc esse potentem. Itaque in curia omni oration! haec
verba addebat: mihi videtur, delenda est Carthago."
"Et, ut
Contra hoc Sclpi5 Nasica haec verba respondebat: "Ut mihi
videtur, relinquenda est Carthago". At Carthago paulo post
35 mortem Catonis deleta est.

(Adapted from the Greek of Plutarch, Cato the Elder,

Nepos, Life of Cato)

17. intestatus, -a, -um, without a will, inimicitia, -ae, /., rivalry, hostility

intestate
26. *vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, I am alive,
*maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, I remain
live (revive)
(mansion)
*quldain, indef. pron., a certain (man) 28. *molestus, -a, -um, annoying, bur-
18. *statua, -ae, /., statue densome (molest)
22. *praetor, -oris, m., praetor, in 32. *ut, as
charge of law courts * videtur, it seems; the passive of video
censor, -oris, m., censor, in charge of often has this meaning
assessments and public morals delendus, -a, -um, to be destroyed; with
23. Cornelius Nepos: Roman historian,
'

sum, freely, 'must be ...

friend of Cicero and Atticus
33. Sclpio Nasica: an expert in legal
*circiter, approximately, about
matters
24. octoginta, indecl. adj., eighty
*causa, following a gen., for the sake of 34. relinquendus, -a, -um, to be left

*suscipio, -ere, — cepi, — ceptum, I under- alone; freely, 'must be ...

take (susceptible) *paul6: 'a little'

Early Rome and Greece I 65

9 Cato Meets His Match
In his consulship Cato opposed unsuccessfully the repeal of the
Oppian Law (Lex Oppia). This "austerity" bill, passed some twenty
years earlier during thewar with Hannibal, had decreed that no woman
should have more than half an ounce of gold jewellery, or wear a multi-
coloured garment, or ride in the city in a horse-drawn vehicle. The repeal
of this outdated legislation was supported by mass demonstrations of
Roman women and developed into a hotly debated political issue in
which doughty old Cato found himself outvoted.

The problem
Hasc verba Catonis apud Plutarchum Graece memorantur:
"ReliquI homines mulieribus imperant; nos reliquTs hominibus
imperamus; mulieres nobis imperant." Neque sine causa hoc dixit;
nam olim Catoni ipsi, postquam consul factus est, erat difficil-
5 Hmum muHeres continere.
M. Fundanius et L. Valerius, tribOni plebis, ad plebem
tulerunt de Oppia lege abroganda. M. et P. Iiinii Bruti, tribuni
plebis, "Lex Oppia," inquiunt, "non abrogabitur, si nos prohibere
poterimus." Capitolium turba hominum qui contra legem proque
10 lege dicebant complebatur. Matr5nae nee auctoritate nee pudore
nee imperio virorum domi continebantur: omnes vias urbis adi-
tusque in forum obsidebant. Augebatur haec turba muHerum in
dies; nam etiam ex oppidis finitimis conveniebant. lam et consules
praetoresque et alios magistratus adire audebant.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

5. *contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, I 10. matrdna, -ae, /., lady, married wo-
restrain, hold in check (contain) man (matron)
=^^auct6ritas, -tatis, /., authority
6. M., Marcus
''pudor, -oris, m., sense of modesty,
I Lucius
"^^°! ^^^^"^^ (impudent)
-^'ribunus, -I, m., tribune f
11. virorum: of their husbands
7. tulerunt; 'brought a motion'; fero is
^^aditus, -us, m., entrance, approach
used of 'bringing in' legislation 12. obsideo, -ere, obsedi, obsessum,
I
nex, legis, /., law (legal) block, blockade, besiege
abrogo, 7., I repeal, abrogate -augeo, -ere, auxl, auctum, I increase,
abrogandus, -a, -um, to be repealed; ^nake greater; pass., increase, be made
de . abroganda: freely 'about repeal-
. .
greater (auction)
'"§•••' in dies, day by day, daily
M. et P. lunll BrutI: Marcus and Publms 14^ *magistratus, -us, m., official, mag-
Junius Brutus magistracy
istrate,
9. Capitolium, -i, n., the Capitoline Hill *aude6, -ere, ausus sum, I dare, venture

66 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

A DEBATE IN THE ROMAN SENATE

The debate
15 Cato pro lege quae abrogabatur ita dixit: "Non sine rubore per
medium agmen mulierum in forum perveni. Tamen culpa,
Quirites, est nostra, quod nos auctoritatem viri domi non retinuimus;
nunc, domi victa, llbertas nostra a mulieribus hic quoque in foro
deletur, et quia singulas eas non continuimus, universas timemus.
20 Maiores nostrl feminas sine auctore voluerunt; illae in
nihil agere
manu erant parentium, fratrum, virorum. Nunc omnium rerum
llbertatem, immo licentiam, si vere dicere vokmius, cupiunt.
Statim, simul atque pares esse coeperint, superiores erunt.

15. rubor, -oris, m., blushing, shame 20. *auctor, -oris, /?;., sponsor, backer,
16. *culpa, -ae, /., blame; guilt (culp- instigator, author
able) 21. *parens, -ntis, in. /., parent, father,
17. Quirites, -iuni, m. pi., citizens mother
*retine6, -ere, -tinul, -tentum, I retain, 22. *imm6, on the contrary
hold back Ikentia, -ae, /., license, licentiousness
18. *llbertas, -tatis, /., freedom, liberty "verus, -a, -urn, true (veritable)
19. *singuJI, -ae, -a, one at a time, 23. *coepi: (pliip. coeperam, fiit. perf.
single coepero) I began
*umversi, -ae, -a, all together (uni- *superior, -ior, -ius, higher, upper;
versal) former, previous

Early Rome and Greece I 67

 Praeterea, simul atque lex modum sumptibus uxoris tuae
25 facere destiterit, tu numquam Nam
omnes mulieres, inter
facies.
se certantes, purpuram atque aurum semper gerere cupient.
Vultisne uxores vestras hoc certamen incipere, Quirites? Saepe
dixi de avaritia quae omnia magna imperia deleverunt.
et luxuria,
Ego censeo modo
abrogandam legem Oppiam."
nullo esse
30 Post haec L. Valerius ita dixit: "Scimus omnes M. Catonem
esse oratorem non solum gravem, sed saepe etiam ferocem. Tamen
ea quae in pace lata sunt plerumque bellum abrogat; quae in
bello, pax. Cur haec lex lata est? Hannibal in Italia erat, victor ad
Cannas; nunc, post vlginti annos, valet res publica. Mulieribus
35 nee magistrates nee triumph! nee ornamenta dantur; purpura et
—
aurum haec feminarum ornamenta sunt."
Lex Oppia abrogata est.
(Adapted from Livy, Annals, XXXIV, 1-8)

24. modum: 'limit', 'due measure' 29. *censeo, -ere, censui, censum, I
sumptus, -us, m., expenditure, extrava- propose, move; think (censure)
gance (sumptuous) 31. *5rator, -oris, m., orator, public
25. tu: addressed to each individual speaker
citizen *non solum, not only
26. *certo, 7., I vie 32. lata sunt: fero has the same mean-
certantes: among themselves'
'vying ing here as in 1. 7
(inter present participle active
se); *plerumque, for the most part, usually
purpura, -ae, /., purple, purple cloth 34. Cannae, -arum, /. pi, Cannae
*aurum, — i, n., gold 35. '^triumphus, -I, m., 'triumph', victory
28. avaritia, -ae, /., greed, avarice parade
luxuria, -ae, /., extravagance, riotous *ornamentum, — i, /;., ornament, adorn-
living (luxury) ment

68 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

10 Ingenious Solutions for Two Touchy Situations

A Roman governor encounters a difficult case

Ad Cn. Dolabellam, qui proconsulari imperio provinciam
Asiam mulier quaedam ducta est. Eadem mulier
obtinebat,
virum et filium eodem tempore venenis clam datis interfecerat.
Quae "H5c," inquit, "feci; causam tamen habuT, quoniam maritus
5 et fllius alterum filium, ex viro priore genitum, adulesceritem
optimum et innocentissimum, insidiTs ceciderant." Idque ita erat

factum; de hac re contr5versia non erat.

Quam rem Dolabella Athenas ad Areopagltas, ut ad iudices
graviores exercitatioresque, rettulit, quia ipse neque liberare
10 mulierem duabus mortibus contaminatam neque punire earn msto
dolore volebat. Areopagltae, cognita causa, accusatorem
motam
mulieris ipsametquae accusabatur post centum_ annos adesse
iusserunt. Sic neque mulier liberata est, quod per leges non licuit,
neque damnata est quae digna venia fuit.
(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, XII, 7;
Valerius Maximus, VIII)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Cn., Gnaeus 8. Areopagltae, -arum, m. pi, the Areo-
Gnaeus Dolabella: his province of Asia pagites, members of the Court of
consisted of the western part of what Areopagus.
we now call Asia Minor. *iudex, -dicis, m., judge (judicial)
proconsularis, -is, -e, proconsular
9. exercitatus, -a, -um, trained, ex-
2. obtineo, -ere, obtinul, obtentum, I perienced
hold (obtain) *refer6, referre, rettull, relatum, I bring
back; here, refer
3. *clani, secretly
10. contaminatus, -a, -um, polluted,
4. * maritus, -I, m., husband (marital) tainted, contaminated
*iustus, -a, -um, just; regular
5. *alter, -era, -erum, the other {of
two) (alter) 11. *dolor, -oris,m., grief; pain
*prior, prior, prius, earlier, former *cognita causa: a legal term for 'trying
(prior) the case'
genitus, -a, -um, born accusator, -oris, m., accuser

6. innocens, -ens, -ens (-entis), inno- 12. *accus6, 7., I accuse

cent, blameless
14. ^''damnd, 1., I condemn (damn)
7. controversia, -ae, /., dispute, con- venia, -ae, /., forgiveness, indulgence
troversy (venial)

Early Rome and Greece I 69

Cicero gives Pompey a way out

Sometimes English we feel the need to reach for a dictionary to

in
distinguish the meaning of very similar words, e.g., "continuous" and
"continual". In the time of Cicero, scholars could not agree on the differ-
ence in meaning between such expressions as praetor quarto and praetor
quartum: which expression would carry the idea that a given Roman was
praetor for the fourth time, and which would mean that he was the fourth
in a series of men to hold the praetorship? Marcus Terentius Varro,
Rome's greatest scholar and an acquaintance of Cicero, gave the follow-
ing opinion on the matter:

15 "Praetor quarto" locum adsignificat ac tres antea factos prae-

tores; "praetor quartum" tempus adsignificat ac eundem hominem
ter antea factum praetorem.

But when Pompey built Rome's first stone theatre in 55 B.C. in

combination with a temple to Victory, a dispute arose about the right
word to use in the new inscription: in that year Pompey was actually
"consul for the third time".

Pompeius templum Victoriae dedicare in animo habuit, cuius

gradus vicem theatrl gradiis erant, nomenque eius et honores
20 scribebantur. Inter hos honores dum "consul tertio" scribitur,
aliquis "Nonne 'consul tertium'," inquit, "multo melius quam
'consul tertio' est?" Quam rem Pompeius dlligentissime rettuUt ad
doctissimos civitatis, quorum alii 'tertio', alii 'tertium' dicebant.
Itaque Ciceroni Pompeius "Tu", inquit, "id quod tibi melius
25 videtur, scnbi iube." Turn Cicero, quia iudicare de virls doctis
noluit, Pompeio "Neque 'tertium'," inquit "neque 'tertio' scribe,
sed ad secundum usque 't' fac litteras. Sic, verbo non confecto,
res quidem demonstrabitur, non tamen dictio."

(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, X, 1

15. quarto, fourth in line theatrum, -i, n., theatre

adsignifico, 1., I mean, signify 20. tertio, third in line
16. quartum, for the fourth time ^, ^ ,. . ,. _.
^^' ^'"»"^' ^^^nms, m., someone, any-
18. dedico, 1., I dedicate
19. *gradus, -us, m., step (gradual) °"f. .
tertium, for .u
the *u- j .-
xiXnc.^
vicem, .r,
in ,..-„
turn, L / 11
mutually. T
In r.
Rome, up
third time
to this time,only temporary 'bleachers' -^•. scribi: 'to be written'; present in-
were permitted for the viewing of dra- finitive passive

matic productions. Pompey was now ''iudico, 7., I judge

circumventing the difficulty by building 28. dictio, onis, /., speaking; choice of
a temple into a permanent theatre. word, expression

70 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

1 1 Cicero Discredits Clodia
Marcus Caelius Rujus, whom Cicero is defending here in his speech
Pro Caelio, was a friend of the poet Catullus, but later became his rival
for the love of Clodia. Caelius,however, did something to which Clodia
was not accustomed: he Enraged, she arranged to have him
jilted her!

brought to trial on a number of charges; these included failure to repay

a loan from her, and an attempt to poison her. Cicero successfully

defended him out of friendship, and no doubt also out of hatred for both
Clodia and her brother Clodius, who had recently cost Cicero a year of
exile. In defending Caelius, Cicero took full advantage of the bad reputa-
tion of Clodia and of her brother.

It is really Clodia who has brought this man to trial.

Sunt duo crimina, aurl et venenl; in quibus una atque eadem

persona versatur. Aurum sumptum est a Clodia; venenum quaesi-
tum est quod Clodiae daretur, ut dicitur. Horum duorum crimi-
num video auctorem, video fontem, video certum nomen et caput.
5 Res est omnis in hac causa nobis, iudices, cum Clodia, muliere
non solum nobili, sed etiam nota; cum hac Ona res est nobis.

The charges against him do her great discredit.

"Auro opus fuit; sumpsit a Clodia, sOmpsit sine teste^ habuit

quamdiO voluit." Maximum video signum cuiusdam egr^egiae
amicitiae. "Occidere eandem voluit; quaesivit venenum; horam^
10 locum constituit." Magnum rursus odium video cum crudehssimo
discidio.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *crinien, -minis, n., accusation, rather than those who have appeared in
charge; crime court to charge Caelius.
'notorious'
2. /., person
persona, -ae, $•
^ f^^ plus abl. there is need
^opusest: of
versor, 1 ., busy myself, play a part
I
m., witness (testify)
^testis, -is
*sunio, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, I take
8. =^quamdm, as long as
3. daretur: 'was to be given'; imperfect gignum: freely, 'evidence'
subjunctive passive, expressing purpose cuiusdam: freely, 'quite'
4. *f6ns, fontis, m., spring, source (font) 10. * rursus, again
*certus, -a, -um, definite, fixed, certain *odium, -I, n., hatred, hate (odious)
caput: 'individual'; Cicero is making it *crudelis, -is, -e, cruel
clear that Clodia is the real accuser 11. discidium, -i, n., parting, jilting

Early Rome and Greece I 71

 Nunc agam modice nee longius progrediar quam me mea
causa ipsa coget. Neque enim mulieris umquam inimicitias
fides et
gerere volo, praesertim cum ea quam omnes semper amicam
15 omnium potius quam cuiusquam inimicam putaverunt.
Sed tamen ex ipsa hoc quaeram: visne me tecum severe et
graviter et prisce agere? SI ita vis, fortasse excitarl debet ex hac
ipsa familia aliquis, acmaxime Appius Claudius Caecus; minimum
enim dolorem eam non videbit. Qui certe, si excitatus
capiet, qui
20 erit, sic aget ac sic dicet: "Mulier, quid tibi est cum Caelio? Cur

aut tam amica huic fuisti ut aurum commodares, aut tam inimica
ut venenum timeres? Non pater tuus, non patruus, non avus, non
proavus, non abavus, non atavus consules fuerunt? Non denique
fuisti uxor Q. Metelll, clarissiml ac fortissiml virl?"
(Adapted from Cicero, Pro Caelio, 13, 14)

12. modicus, -a, -um, moderate 17. prisce: 'in the old-fashioned way'
""progredior, prdgredi, progressus sum, *excit6, 7., I arouse, awaken, summon
I proceed, advance (progress) up (excite)
13. *fides -ei, /., faith, word of honour; 21. *tam, so
freely, sense of duty *ut, that, with subjunctive
*eniin, conj. postpositive, for commodo, i., I lend; commodares is im-

inimicitiae, -arum, /. pi., hostility, perfect subjunctive active, expressing

enmity result
14. gerere: freely, 'incur' 22. timeres: imperfect subjunctive active
*praesertim, especially non: = nomie
amicam: 'friend', but Cicero knows that patruus, -i, m., paternal uncle
it will be taken as 'girl-friend'. avus, -i, m., grandfather
15. *potius, rather 23. proavus, abavus, atavus: each goes
'''quisquam, cuiusquam, m., anyone, back one more generation
someone *denique, finally; in short
*putd, 1., I think, suppose, imagine 24. Quintus Metellus: his death three
(computer) years earlier was rumoured to have been
16. severus, -a, -um, stern, harsh the result of poison administered by
(severe) Clodia.

72 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

12 Crassus the Rich

His wealth

Non sine causa M. Licinius Crassus "Dives" vocabatur,_qui

omnium Romanorum multo divitissimus factus est. Qui olim

"Nemo," inquit, "est dives qui exercitum pecunia sua alere non
potest." Idem, consul factus, per tres menses, decern milibus
5 mensarum usus, plebi Huius tamen pecuniae maxi-
cenam dedit.
mam partem ex incendio belloque, ad commodum suum incom-
modis piiblicis usus, conseciitus est.
faciebat multls modls. Namque domos civium a Sulla ad
Hoc
caedem notatorum neque emere neque capere dubitavit. Prae-
10 terea, quoniam in urbe Roma erant crebra incendia, non solum
ea aedificia quae incendebantur, sed etiam ea quae prope haec
stabant, minimo pretio ob terrorem dominorum, emebat. Deinde,
quingentis servis iisus, incendia exstinguebat, aedificia reficiebat
vendebatque pretio magno. Neque mirari debemus quod sTc
15 maximam partem urbis Romae nactus est.
Romae prope omnes Crasso pecuniam debebant. Namque
unde fuerunt sestertii quibus Cicero domum pulcherrimam in
Palatio et villas perltaliam emere potuit? A Crasso. Unde sestertii

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Crassus: he joined Caesar and Pom- 8. Sulla: his 'proscription' of political
pey in the 'First Triumvirate', 60 B.C. enemies left their property available to
*dives, divitis, rich, wealthy (Dives) opportunists like Crassus.
2. factus est: 'became', a common mean- 9. noto, 1., I mark, mark down, des-
ing ignate (note)
3. *nera5: no one, nobody *em6, emere, emi, emptum, I buy (pre-
*suus, -a, -um, his own, her own, their emption)
own {French, son) 10. *creber, -bra, —brum, frequent, nu-
*aIo, —ere, alui, altum, I feed, support, merous
keep (alimentary) 12. *terror, -oris, m., panic, fear, terror
4. *mensis, -is, m., month
13. quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred
5. *mensa, -ae, /., table
'''exstinguo, —ere, exstinxi, exstinctum, I
6. incendium, -i, n., fire, conflagration
quench, extinguish
(incendiary)
*reficio, -ere, refeci, refectum, I rebuild,
*ad: often expresses a purpose; 'with
repair; refresh (refectory)
a view to', 'for'
15. *nancIscor, nanclsci, nactus sum, I
commodum, -i, «., advantage, good for-
tune, gain (commodity) obtain, get

incommodum, -I, n., disadvantage, mis- 17. sestertius, —I, m., sesterce, a small
fortune, loss silver coin

7. ^publicus, -a, -um, official, public 18. Palatium, -I, n.. Palatine (Hill)

Early Rome and Greece I 73

 quibus C. Caesar ludos mirabiles pleblque iucundissimos facere
20 potuit? Ab eodem Crasso. Quantas divitias habebat Crassus! Qui
tamen invidia Caesaris et Pompeii, ut dicitur, saepe adducebatur.
Itaque Caesar, a piratis captus, "Gaudebis, Crasse," inquit, "hac
re cognita."

His end

Crassus, Spartaco gladiatore superato, iam cupidus maioris

25 gloriae belli factus, contra Parthos missus [Link] exercitum
Brundisii imponit, quidam cauneas vendebat,
in portii, qui
"Cauneas" clamabat. Fortasse omen fuit: "Cave; ne eas." Fortasse
monitus est ab eo Crassus. Qui tamen omini n5n paruit, periit.
Rex Parthorum, capite Crassi ad eum lato, aurum in os fudit.
30 "Nunc primum," inquit, "habe tibi satis eius metalli cuius, dum
vivebas, eras cupidior."

(Adapted from the Greek of Plutarch, Life of Crassus;

Cicero, De Diviriatione, II, 40)

20. *dlvltiae, -arum, /. pi., riches, 26. Brundisium, -I, n., Brundisium, sea-
wealth port in southern Italy
21. ^invidia, -ae, /., envy, jealousy (in- *imp6n6, -ere, -posul, —positum, I place
vidious) on board, embark (impose)
caunea, -ae, /., fig from Caunus, a town
22. pirata, -ae, m., pirate
in the Roman province of Asia
"^gaudeo, —ere, gavlsus sum, I rejoice
27. ''clamo, 7., I shout (exclamatory)
(gaudy)
omen, ominis, «., omen, portent
24. Spartacus, -i, m., Spartacus; a fam- ne eas: = noli ire; eas is present sub-
ous gladiator who led a revolt of junctive active of eo
runaway slaves and was finally defeated 28. *moneo, —ere, -ui, -itum, I warn,
by Crassus. advise (monitor)
gladiator, —oris, m., swordsman, gladia- *pare5, -ere, -ui, -itum, plus. dat. I
tor obey
25. Parthus, -I, m., Parthian; the Parth- 29. *fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, I pour;
ians were formidable enemies on the scatter (fuse)
eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire. 30. metallum, -i, n., metal

74 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

Part II Series 2

SLAVES AND FREEDMEN

A SLAVE MARKET IN ROME Slaves were frequently sold
at public auction. If a slave's character could not be guar-
anteed by the dealer, a cap was put on his head, and his
purchaser had to assume all risks.

76 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

1 A Slave's Life!

// homework assignments ever make you feel that you are a slave,
ponder John's experience. He paused for a moment one evening to com-
plain, "Here I am again, working like a slave!" Then he fell asleep, and
found himself in the slave-market of the ancient Roman forum, with a
burly slave-dealer shouting at him menacingly.

" 'Velut servus'?

"Quid modo dixisti?", inquit homo potens.
Tu es servus. Mihi die: quid tu faeere seis?"
"Non sum servus," inquit lohannes, "sed discipulus liber.

Itaque nihil faeere scio."

5 "Nugas dicis. Servus es. Praeterea, omnes aliquid faeere sciunt.
Hodie te, emptore satis stulto invento, sub corona vendam."
"Cur 'sub corona'?"
"Quod, O stultissime, corona est signum captivorum venalium;
et tu, proelio captus, es captivus venalis."
10 "Nunc to nugas dicis."
"Tace; non auditl sed visi servi sunt gratissimi dominis omni-
bus. Scisne opera poetarum, et Graecorum et Romanorum? Sic
eris magister ludi, et docebis liberos domini tui."
"Non bene scio opera poetarum Graecorum, Romanorum, —
15 Anghcorum."

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

It is assumed that any word not treated under the Vocabulary and
Notes has
already been learned by the student. All words marked with an asterisk occur
frequently in Latin authors, and therefore should be carefully learned.

1. *modo, just now; recently (modem) corona, -ae, /., wreath; crown (coro-
*velut, just as; freely, just like nation)

»• *captlvi,s, -I, m., prisoner (captive)

3. lohannes, John
'^enalis, -is, -e, for sale (venal)
discipulus, -i, m., pupil, student (dis-

cipline) 11_ *tace6, -ere, tacui, taciturn, I am

^ _ _ , , .
•fl^„ silent (tacit)
5. nugae, —arum, /. pi., nonsense, tniles
'^aliquid, neitt. pron. something 13. *tuus, -a, -um, your, referring to
one person {French, ton)
6. emptor, -oris, m., buyer
*satis, sufficiently, enough (satisfactory) 15. Anglicus, -a, -um, English (Angli-
*stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid (stultify) can)

Slaves and Freedmen I 11

 " 'Anglicorum'? Iterum nugas dicis. Fortasse tamen, si Latine
legere et scribere scis, eris librarius domini tuT. Atticus fortasse
te emet."
"Anglice legere et scribere scio."
20 " 'Anglice'? Rursus nugas dicis. Sed fortasse medicus es, et
scies omnem familiam domini tui bene cUrare."
"Non sum medicus. Non sum servus. Non sum venalis."
"Non medicus, sed servus es et venalis. Tamen, esne artifex?
Sic, Verres te emet. Nam is multos artifices in Sicilia in officina
25 habere semper cupit,"
"Artifex non sum."
"Hoc timebam. Sed fortasse Marcus Crassus te emet. Scisne
ignes exstinguere et aedificia reficere?"
"Nescio. Ego tamen, quoniam me cogis esse servum, cupio
30 esse servus qui in triumpho post victorem imperatorem stat eique
'Respice post te', ait, 'memento te esse hominem.' Mihine licet?"
"Tibi non licet, O stultissime. Sed fortasse eris gladiator
audacissimus. lam Spartacus ceterique gladiatores in proelio
ceciderunt."
35 "Ego non sum Spartacus. Non sum fortis, potens, ingens."
"O pessime! Omnibus ceteris generibus servorum vetitis, unum
genus est reliquum tibi: non coronam, sed pilleum in capite tibi
ponam."

16. *iterum, again, a second time 28. *ignis, -is, m., (-ium) fire (ignite)
Latine, in Latin *exstingu6, -ere, exstinxi, exstinctum, I
17. librarius, — i, m., secretary, copyist extinguish, quench
(librarian) *reficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, I repair,
Atticus: Titus Pomponius Atticus, Ci- rebuild; refresh (refectory)
cero's friend Athens, who employed
in 30. triumphus, -1, m., victory parade,
many slaves in copying manuscripts. 'triumph'
18. *eni6, -ere, -emi, emptum, I buy * victor, -5ris, victorious
(pre-emption) 3j^ *respici6, -ere, -spexl, -spectum, I
19. Anglice, in English back (respect)
loo],
^'rursus, agam, back agam *memento, imperative, remember
medicus, -1, m., physician (medical)
'
-. , .._, _ . t j- .
-, ,.£ . .
*^
r. , _•/ ,^ . 32. gladiator, -oris, m., &
gladiator
23. artifex, -icis, m., craftsman (artificial) " ' > >

24. Verres: Verres, who as governor of 33. Spartacus: Spartacus, who led an
Sicily employed many slaves in dispos- army of gladiators and other slaves to
ing of valuables stolen from the pro- temporary freedom but was finally de-
vincials. feated by Crassus.
officina, -ae, /.,workshop 37. pilleus, -i, m., a felt cap. At a sale
27. Crassus: Crassus, nicknamed 'The of slaves, it signified a slave to be sold
Rich', who
used a veritable army of without guarantee of any kind. How-
slaves salvaging burning buildings
in ever, it was also worn by recently freed
which he had bought for a mere song. slaves.

78 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 "Cur pilleum?"
40 "Pilleus hoc demonstrat: 'Caveat emptor.' Nam miserrimus erit

dominus tuus."
(lohannes, e somnis excitatus, fuit puer laetissimus.)
(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, VI, 4)

40. Caveat emptor, 'Let the buyer be- 42. *somnus, -i, m., sleep, slumber,
*excito, /., I awaken, arouse, call up
ware', a legal maxim. Caveat is a pres-
ent subjunctive (excite)

CAESAR'S ASSASSINS DISPLAY THE 'PILLEUS' While the

others wield their bloody daggers, the conspirator on the left

carries aloft the cap which symbolizes freedom.

L One Slave's Success Story

Terence, the best-known writer of Latin Comedy after Plautus, was

a Carthaginian by birth whose master gave him a liberal education and
brought him to Rome as a slave in the second century B.C. When manu-
mitted (i.e., freed), he assumed the name Terentius from his master
Terentius Lucanus, in accordance with the same custom by which, many
years later, Cicero's secretary Tiro assumed the name Tullius. Terence,
like Plautus, wrote Latin adaptations of the comedies of Greek writers.
The settings, the garb, and the characters, including the slaves, are Greek,
notRoman.

From slave to playwright

Apud Suetonium hoc legimus: P. Terentius Afer, Carthagine

natus, servlvit Romae Terentio Lucano senator!, Ab eo ob
ingenium et formam mature manumissus est. Romae cum multis
nobilibus familiariter vixit, sed maxime cum ScTpione Africano
5 et C. Laelio.
Scripsit Estne iutus Terentius in comoediis a
comoedias sex.
Laelio et Sclpione? Est fama, eamque Terentius auxit. Numquam
nisi ieviter se defendit, ut in prologo Adelphorum, quia sciebat
banc famam esse gratam Laelio et Sclpioni.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Suetonius: Suetonius, a Roman bio- *viv6, —ere, vixl, victum, I live (revive;
grapher ScTpidne Africano, C. Laelio: Scipio
P. Terentius Afer: Publius Terentius Africanus and Gains Laelius were close
Afer ('from Africa') friends. They were the centre of a literary
2. *natus, —a, -um, perf. part, pass., circle that appreciated Greek learning
born (natal) and literature.
*servi5, —ire, —Ivi, -Itum, with dot., 6. comoedia, -ae, /., comedy
I am
a slave (service)
*senator, -oris, m., senator
7. *fama, -ae, /., rumour, story (fame)
*auge6, -ere, auxi, auctum, I increase,
3. ingenium, -I, n., ability, talent (in-
cause to grow (auction)
genious)
forma, -ae, /., appearance (form) 8. *nisi, unless; except
* mature, early (mature) *levis, —is, -e, light (levity)
manumitto, -ere, -misl, —missum, I *se: 'himself; third person reflexive
manumit, set free pronoun
4. '''nobilis, high-born, noble
—is, -e, prologus, -T, m., prologue
*familiaris, belonging to the
-is, -e, Adelphi, -drum, tn. pi., the Greek equi-
family, personal, intimate (familiar) valent of Fratres

80 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

10 De morte Terentii hoc legimus:
Sed ut Afer populo sex dedit comoedias,
iter hinc in Asiam fecit. Ut navem semel
conscendit, visus numquam est: sic vita vacat.

(Adapted from Suetonius, Life of Terence)

A slave to the rescue!

In Terence's comedy AdelphI {Greek for Fratres), there are two pairs
of brothers, an old pair and a young pair. One of the older brothers,
Demea, a widower with two sons. His brother, Micio, is a bachelor,
is

but has adopted one of the sons, Aeschinus, and has been very lenient
with him. Demea, on the other hand, has been very strict with Ctesipho,
the other son, and has constantly criticized Micio for spoiling Aeschinus.
Ctesipho has, however, fallen madly in love with a beautiful young slave
girl. Their meeting, made possible by his brother Aeschinus and by the

slave Syrus, is endangered by the approach of Demea, whom Syrus has

earlier sent on a wild-goose chase into the country in search of Ctesipho.
Syrus now succeeds in sending him off on another false scent.

Syrus: Cave!
15 Ctesipho: Quid est?
Syrus: Lupus in fabula.
Ctesipho: Pater est?
Syrus: Is est.

Ctesipho: Syre, quid agimus?

20 Syrus: Fuge intro. (I nit Demea)
Demea (to himself): Ctesipho non erat in villa. Fortasse hic eum
inveniam.
Ctesipho (from within): Syre!
Syrus: Quid est?
25 Ctesipho: Mene petit?
Syrus: Ita.
Ctesipho: Noli eum intro venire.
Syrus: Nonne tacebis? Ego cavebo.
Demea: Sed ecce — pessimum Syrum video.

12. semel, once, once for all *fabula, -ae, /., story, fable
13. c5nscend5, -ere, -scendi, -scensum, 19. agimus: 'are we to do', rather than
I climb; go aboard 'are we doing'
sic vita vacat: =
sic e vita discessit 20. intro, inside, within (introspection)
16. lupus, -i, m., wolf (lupine) 29. ecce, behold! look!

Slaves and Freedmen I 81

 ^tmc din mc 1II10 iwn wkbtr 'ram \r^ac itainfr- Cir fctd •

K.<><Qbfr< mo ubifoonw quan • cgo^iotte rwo luw xuiii di£>

<^xnii 4jcam%-R^- Hid>il«e minmn: eft'"' Haiftn quia|rn xWnc^^

'
CUenC imaiT- hdHfd- nttno eft: iKb'<rc *5ujit t^id p>fka
WiY opctu iti' (tea fir .
i\t^ mm Ana fir ncn •poirril flm- VcftA
'
\rstrdm (bifiHc^anwft!? tvutfcquuldiannSyrv
u Vah q[aafn ncllon cnatu noftn tinned o^KKim tncf cflcr dan
(^tnnxu tKwfurcff'cop ittnaf fenfum imCc^t^ cjiko •

C vxn fenieo m^i«metatnplatTdum qitatn curnn ttddo- (|tMnwdo i*

Lxudatno* w .mdiC' tuboirrr. -fefio tc a^d tUum dojm

*snrn«Tf tvuTo • ^ 4*«af* Ytaf- Vtomim ihco laminy tadtmc
^Hwf<ii^it<i (^uaft yittto cpicUc •
annlM aiittm ^ ^mdna eft' lu|>«f inftrf»«{a'.
iKt^ro^adift'- -;-,/^pfcf?- SytrqindjmTnufr' fiiqr m<Jdc "r,-

hnro ^ tisdcro

Sicfmdtogrf>Tt.'iiuf<3[uamTO'weaudi(hnf ?mnc OTdditwfc'

A MANUSCRIPT ILLUSTRATION OF THE ADELPHI The

mediaeval artist has depicted Demea and Syrus in heated
conversation.

30 Syrus: Quot domini sunt mihi?

Demea: Quid ais, bone vir?
Syrus: Quid malum 'bone vir' mihi dicis? Ego occisus sum.
Demea. Quo modo?
Syrus: Ctesipho me miserum pugnis paene occldit.
35 Demea: Hem, quid dicis?
Syrus: Vide labrum meum.
Demea: Cur hoc fecit?
Syrus: Aeschino a me iuto, Ctesipho me punlvit.
Demea: Fortiter.

34. pugnus, -i, m., fist (pugilist) 38. Aeschino: Syrus knows that he and
35. hem, indeed! well! Aeschinus are constantly suspected of
36. labrum, -i, n., lip
*meus, mea, meum, my, mine (French, misconduct by Demea, and intends to
mon) make a hero of Ctesipho!

82 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

40 Syms: Hui, fortissime, quia me servolum, qui referire non aude-
bam, vicit!
Demea: Laudo eum, nam vidit te esse caput malorum multorum.
Sed estne filius intro?
Syrus: Non est.
45 Demea: Ubi est? Die.
Syrus: Hodie numquam demonstrabo.
Demea: Hem, quid ais? Habebis caput fractum.
Syrus: Demonstrabo; locum scio.
Demea: Die ergo locum.
50 Syrus: Scisne porticum apud macellum?
Demea: Ita.
Syrus: Vade praeter porticum. Ubi eo veneris, collis est. Postea,
est templum parvum. Ibi via parva est.
Demea: Scio.
55 Syrus: Vade per viam parvam.
Demea: Haec via parva non est pervia.
Syrus: Verum est; erravi. In porticum rursus redl. ScTsne domum
Cratini divitis?
Demea: Scio.
60 Syrus: Ubi praeter eam veneris, vade ad sinistram. Ubi ad
templum Dianae veneris, vade ad dextram. Priusquam ad
portam veneris, est fabrica; ibi est.
Demea: Quid ibi facit?
Syrus: Aliquid emit.
65 Demea: Ad eum celeriter vadam.
(Adapted from Terence, Adelphi, 517-586)

40. hui, ha! 56. pervius, —a, -um, passable (imper-

servolus: 'poor little slave'; diminutive vious)
of servus 57. *verus, -a, -um, true (verify)
referio, -Ire, I strike back *erro, i., I err, go the wrong way, make
*aude6, -ere, ausus sum, I dare a mistake
42. caput: 'source', 'cause' *rede6, redlre, redii, reditum, I go back,
47. *frang6, -ere, fregi, fractum, I break return
(fracture) 58. *dives, divitis, rich; rich man; Cra-
48. *locus, -1, m., place (local) tinus seems to have been a local cele-
49. *erg6, therefore brity
50. porticus, —us, /., portico, colonnade, 61. Diana, — ae, /., Diana, goddess of
covered walk the moon, of maidens, and of hunting
macellum, -I, n., food-market 62. fabrica, -ae, /., workshop

Slaves and Freedmen I 83

^ Two Scenes from a Comedy by Plautus
The reunion of long-separated kin is a favourite theme in Roman
Comedy. In the first of these adaptations from Plautus' Rudens (The
Rope), the young woman, Palaestra, is proved to be the daughter of
Daemones through her knowledge of names inscribed on little gifts that
she had received as a child. These tokens (crepundia) are contained in a
strongbox (vidulus) belonging to the slave-dealer into whose hands she
and another girl, Ampelisca, have fallen. This strongbox has been fished
out of the sea, following a shipwreck, by Daemones' slave Gripus, who
thinks it contains gold, and who has hoped to keep it for himself. His
hopes have been dashed by the quick eye of another slave, Trachalio,
whose young master, Plesidippus, is in love with Palaestra. Gripus, forced
to bring the strongbox to Daemones by Trachalio, who tugs him along
by a rope (rudens) which trails from the strongbox, now gloomily sees
the true contents of the strongbox revealed.
In the excerpt, Palaestra, the real owner of the strongbox from
first

childhood, having to identify the box's contents (crepundia) to prove

is

her right to recover the box. As she does so, Daemones suddenly realizes
that the crepundia are those that his own daughter possessed when she
disappeared as a child.

A long-lost daughter is found

Daemones: Gripe, accede hUc. Aperi vidulum. Tu, puella, inde

procul h5c die: quid est in vidulo?
Sunt crepundia.
Palaestra:
Daemones: Ecce ea video. —
5 Gripus: Peril in primo proeho.
Daemones: Quae crepundia sunt?
Palaestra: Est ensiculus aureus.
Daemones: Die: quae litterae sunt in ensiculo?
Palaestra: Mel nomen patris. Deinde est securicula aurea; ibi
10 matris nomen in securicula est.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. vidulus, -i, m., strongbox 5. *pereo, perire, peril, peritum, I perish,
die
2. *procuI, from a distance, at a distance 7. ensiculus, -i, m., little sword
*aureus, -a, -um, golden, of gold (oriole)
3. crepundia, -oruni, n. pi., trinkets, 9. mel: from mens; it modifies patris
tokens securicula, -ae, /., little axe

84 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

A WRITER OF COMEDY EXAMINING ACTORS' MASKS
Each mask represented a certain type of character whose voice
was heard through the open mouth.

Daemories: Die: in ensiculo, quid est nomen patris?

Palaestra: Daemones.
Daemones (joyfully): Di immortales, ubi sunt spes meae?
Gripus (gloomily): Immo —
ubi meae?
15 Trachalio: Pergite, oro, statim,
Gripus: Immo — tarde pergite.
Daemones: Die matris nomen.
Palaestra: Daedalis.
Daemones: DI me servatum cupiunt.
20 Gripus: At me deletum.
Palaestra: Et bulla aurea est quam pater dedit mihi natall die.
Daemones: Ea est! Filiam inveni. Filia mea, salve. Ego is sum
qui te produxi pater; ego sum Daemones et mater tua domi
est Daedalis.
25 Palaestra:Salve, mi pater insperate.
Daemones: Ego sum laetissimus pater omnium.
Gripus: At ego miserrimus servus omnium.

13. di: a common spelling of dei 20. *at, but, yet

*immortaiis, -is, -e, immortal, everlast-
21. bulla, -ae, /., locket
ing
quam: 'which', a relative pronoun (from
14. immo, on the contrary
ante-
qui, quae, quod), referring to its
15. pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum, I
cedent bulla
proceed, continue
natalis, -is, -e, natal, of birth
*5ro, 7., I beg, pray (adore)
*statim, at once, immediately 25. insperatus, -a, -um, unhoped for,
16. ^tardus, —a, -um, slow (tardy) unexpected

Slaves and Freedmen / 85

 In this second excerpt, the slave Trachalio finds his jaunty sauciness
answered inkind by Daemones.

Trachalio: Mecum ad te ducam statim Plesidippum.

Daemones: EI die de filia mea; eum iube relinquere ceteras res
30 et hue venire.
Trachalio: Lieet.
Daemones: Ego ei filiam uxorem dabo; hoe ei die.

Trachalio: Lieet.
Daemones: Et patrem eius seio: hoe quoque ei die.
35 Trachalio: Lieet.
Daemones: Sed propera.
Trachalio: Lieet.
Daemones: Statim eum hue ad cenam voea.
Trachalio: Lieet.
40 Daemones: Omniane "Heet"?
Trachalio: Lieet. Sed audi me. Nam hodie, ut promlsisti, liber
esse eupio.
Daemones: Lieet.
Trachalio: lube Plesidippum me manii mittere.
45 Daemones: Lieet.
Trachalio: Et iube filiam tuam eum orare; Plesidippus el numquam
negabit.
Daemones: Lieet.
Trachalio: Deinde, ubi ero liber, iube Ampeliseam esse uxorem
50 meam.
Daemones: Licet.
Trachalio: Omniane "lieet"?
Daemones: Sed propera.
Lieet.
Trachalio: Lieet. Sed tu interea eetera para.
55 Daemones {to Trachalio): Licet (To the audience) Certe Hereules
eum delebit cum "licentia".

(Adapted from Plautus, Rudens, 11 48-78, 1210-25)

28. Plesidippus: Trachalio's young mas- 47. *neg5, 7., I say 'no', deny (negative)
ter, who is with Palaestra
in love 55. *certus, -a, -um, sure, certain, defi-
31. licet: in conversation, this word often nite

extends its regular meaning ('permission Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, the farnous
is granted') to something like our 'of 'trouble-shooter', will deflate Trachalio!
course' 56. licentia, -ae, /., licence, licentious-
36. *proper6, 7., I hurry, hasten ness. Here, it is used with a punning
41. *pr6mitt6, -ere, -misi, -missum, I reference to the overuse of the word
promise Wcet, perhaps 'his of-courseness' will do.

86 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

4 Loyalty and Disloyalty in Slaves
In the days of the Roman Republic, violence and the hiring of
last

"bodyguards" or gangs became common. The rivalry between Milo and

Clodius is a flagrant example. Clodius had been responsible for Cicero's
exile, which Milo had helped to end. Consequently, when Milo's slaves
slew Clodius in a street brawl on January 28, 52 B.C., Cicero was pre-
pared to defend Milo in court. But Pompey guarded the court so heavily
that Cicero, not daring to deliver his defence, merely published the Pro
Milone, and Milo was forced into exile.

Clodius is slain by Milo's slaves when he tries to ambush their master

In oratione Ciceronis, Pro Milone nomine, haec legimus:

Interim Clodius Miloni insidias paraverat. Hora undecima per-
venit Milo, in raeda, cum uxore, cum servls. Statim multi in hunc
faciunt impetum; raedarium occidunt. Milo, ubi de raeda desiluit,
5 se acriter defendit. Eorum qui erant cum Clodio, alii, gladiis
eductis, recurrere ad raedam et Milonem oppugnare incipiunt;
alii, quasi hoc iam interfecto, caedere incipiunt eius servos, qui
post raedam erant. Ex his, qui fideles domino fuerunt, alii occisi
sunt; alii, quod ipsum Clodium audiebant clamantem, "Milo est

10 occisus", id fecerunt quod suos quisque servos in tall re facere

voluisset
dominus.
—
quamquam neque iubebat neque sciebat neque aderat

(Adapted from Cicero, Pro Milone, X, 27-29)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *oratio, -onis, /., speech, oration 8. *fidelis, -is, -e, loyal, faithful
2. '^'undecimus, —a, -m, eleventh (fidelity)
3. raeda, -ae, /., carriage 9. *ipse, ipsa, ipsum, emphatic pron.
4. raedarius, -i, m., driver (of a himself, herself, itself
carriage) 10. id: the antecedent of the relative
desilio, -Ire, -ui, -sultum, I leap down pronoun quod; 'that which'
(desultory) 10. *suus, -a, -um, his own, her own,
5. *qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who their own; reflexive possessive adjective
*alil . . . alii, some . . . others *quisque, cuiusque, m., each, everyone
^gladius, —I, m., sword (gladiator) *talis, -is, —e,
such
6. =^educo, -ere, eduxi, eductum, I lead 11. voluisset: 'would have wanted'; plu-
out; draw (a weapon) perfect subjunctive active of volo
7. *quasi, as if, just as if ''"adsum, adesse, adfui, I am present

Slaves and Freedmen / 87

 .- ...A

.: M 66 BX!". with mm^^u^, kb si€p§aiker.

H^wv aitocue aqpwl CkeioDem kginnis: Ememt Sassiai servum.
•loe. mii etat medicu^. HTc Stmlo btevi domi
15

coQSJervotj. V -.lU. sX"'. -:-w^ Kat. Ipse

[Link]:ui:^.: ^ . -:iLLit: unus cw

2^' [Link]? potjctero ciie cogtut». oamis suspicw m eos servos qm

Ds5tt aaierittt o?:-
.' '- • '
^ - ^ - - ^ irmam visus est^ hoaimes
"•Qusi? iiKxk\" ir>; . ;
"* Unus ex amlc^ Sasstae
**'Mvxk>'* tttquit. "*itt -: : : : •
.:< semilam^ ex omm parte

\: :<t: haec semila ad Strat-

:aC. Aperte « S •
--:e,puer ille c^ascius
iKmines in "
.

taberniaits '.

ofis) inventa samtL S : I exsecta.

CSi.

(( Ada^plHl fiHMBi Cieewx P>^ Cktm::>:\ 179)

IS. tMHHk ^ t>» iltftd;. toi^i^ry itrtxrQvif'i 13. aucdu. -4&i^ K auctxQOk. f«M&c sate
Mils MMtt: ktBOtfiacng: wlkai: is ix? l»i-
ex: on'
faovadbl wAii

It». ''ap«t». openly

nununu^ -( rt., vOts
'*illB>. ilia. iUmi. uttrmfnst.

"SiMrvuu. -ire. -^«i^ ^8Mai. I steep 2^. liuaatttcb -ae. '.. tnisCDiss

IS. [Link], -i. t.. dtain

rjoema, -^t«;. '
. siiop
; *. :-jiiuus« —
:
•'
it.'^uai|uain. in nc w^. noC at alt
-4 Tf., Acvvrnplice (,o:n- .;^^ua» -d*:. *.. Qi^o^ue: langqgge (Mtn-

3<K. cxux^ cnadsy t, stress: srnic&nan was

i vcmmca guntsitxiMttC fiar
i aaiipfeits. iinftt,. A, sos^vaca slaves

^ IX»i:.P«nS: LAlBJt K5 VJTEK

5 lin>, Ciccnrs Irtitliiiaii, Stirilary, :iiul I licml

I iro's own n-piitiillon lor .silioldi Inifw

AptuI Aiiliiiii (irlliiiiii [Link] K-iMiiiir,. I iilliir. 'Iii't M.

Ciceroiiis .ilunmiis rl lil>t-ilii\ .uliiil* >M|iir in lillnis ,! imIk u iiiii liiil.

aliiiic [Link]- [Link] .iliii.u- v\ (K-

Is lilMDs C(>iii|iliiii-s cli- iisii I

v;»riis c|u;K'sli()iiilnis siiipsil. S;iiu- c|iii(k-iii liiil mi liiiiii;iiiir.,

^ iUH|[Link] ifiiiiii lillt-i ,11 uiiu|iu- \rU-iiiiii iiulinlir,,

l\:u\ quDinic apiul .Aiiliiiii ( irlliiiiii Ir-iiiiir.; In lil>i<) M.

liilln, qui (.-si sixuiulus l)( dloiiti, [Link]',IU'. ciioi cl nmi

\ ()( .\m:\ Ain AND NOII s

1. :i|Mi(l Aiiliiin Civlliiiiii: Atiliis (irllms'

AllK- Ni^:lil.\ IS a iisrdil ami mici (••.Iiiik

sloicliousc ol aiiciilnlcs iiiil 'A lull. II Iv

IlKlCS.
M : [Link] (,t.'c/i.)

2. iiliiiiiiiiis, -i, in., iMipil, luiisliiiK

(aluintuis)
lil)crliis, -I, m., frccilinaii
uditilor, -oris, //I., hclpci. [Link] (ailjii

laiil)

'^sliuliiiiii, -I, '( . i-iilliiisiasiii, sillily, re-

Ncaicll
3. *coiiipliirt's, -cs, -a, scvcia!
usiis, -its,m., use, usage
*ii((|iie, aiui, and also
*ralir>, -onis, /., rcasoniiiK, llieory (ra-
luinal)
4. -n, -iim, vaiimis, ililfeieiil
variiis,
qiiai-stiti, /., question, problem
-oiiis,
*saiie, cerlauiiy, truly, to he sure
^quidcm, imleetl, in fact, certainly;
nurcly rin[iliii\i:inf,' the pic( <-(lin}i word
5. *vc'liis, vcleris, oKI, ainRiiI (veteran)
iiidocliis, -a, -uiii, iiiilaii).',lil, unleanu-il,
jtillowf,! hy f'liiitivi'

7. inaiiifeshis, -a, -iim, obvious, iiiaiii

fest
error, -oris, //; . ciidi, mislake

SCRIBE WRITING ON A TABLET

Slaves (ttul I iccdiiirii I XV

 magnae rei, quern errorem poterit cognoscere is qui legit 'On-qpov
TO H'. Hoc postea (mirabile dictu) est animadversum neque ab
10 ipso Cicerone neque a TIrdne, libertd eius, dUigentissimo homine
et librorum patron! studiosissimo.
(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, VI, 3; XV, 6)

Tiro's chronic poor health

Haec epistula a Cicerone ad Tirdnem scripta est:

Tullius Tironi salutem dicit.

Aegypta ad me venit pridie Idus AprHes. Is, etsi mihi nuntia-

15 vit te satis valere,tamen "Tiro non potuit," inquit, "ad te scri-
bere." Praeterea Hermia, quem tum exspectabam, a te non venerat.
Magnopere tuae valetudini timeo. Plura non scribam, quod non
puto libenter te legere posse. Ingenium tuum, quod ego maximi
facio, mihi tibique serva; cura te dlligenter. Vale.
20 Scripta iam Hermia venit. Accepi tuam epistulam
epistula,
vacillantibus litterulis. Ego ad te Aegyptam misi, quod eum tecum
esse volo, et cum eo coquum. Vale.

(Adapted from Cicero, ad Fam., xvi, 15

8. '0/X17P0U TO H': this is Greek for May, July, October, when the Ides were
Homeri septimum libruin. Homer was on the fifteenth day
author of the Greek poems Iliad and Aprllis, -is, -e, ot April
Odyssey. Here Gelhus uses a capital Eta *nuntio, /., I announce
(H'), seventh letter in the Greek alphabet, 16. *exspecto, /., I wait, wait for, expect
and so shows that he isreferring to the 17. valetudo, -dinis, /., health, state of
Iliad rather than to the Odyssey. The health
error referred to was that Cicero attri- *plures, -es, -a, more (plural)
buted words to Ajax that were really 18. *put5, I., I think, imagine, suppose
spoken by Hector. (computer)
9. *animadverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, *libenter, gladly, with pleasure
I notice (animadversion) "^ingenium, -i, n., natural talent; natural
11. '^patronus, -i, m., patron disposition (ingenious)
studiosus, -a, -um, enthusiastic; devoted, maximi facio: 'I value very greatly'; ///.,
careful, followed by genitive (studious) 'I make of very great value'

13. salutem dicit: 'I send greetings', ///., 20. scripta iam epistula: Cicero is indi-
'I say health'; a regular formula for cating that this is being added as a post-
the salutation in a Roman letter. script.
14. Aegypta: he and Hermia (line 16), 21. vacillans, -antis, faltering; Tiro's
were freedmen of Cicero's weak condition betrayed by his writing.
is
*prldie, the day before litterula, -ae, /., (diminutive of littera)
Idus, Iduum, /. pL, the Ides, the thir- poor little letter (of the alphabet)
teenth day of all months except March, 22. coquus, -i, m., cook

90 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

6 A Fair Deal for Freedmen

Modestus gets his freedom and his legacy

Sometimes more humane masters were generous to their slaves in

their wills. Such was the case with Modestus, but
there was a compli-

cation.

Sabina, femina Plinium et Sabinum reHquit

dives, quae
heredes, Modestum servum nusquam ITberum esse iussit,
eidem
tamen sic scripsit legatum: "Modesto, quern liberum esse iussL'j

Itaque Plinius cum prudentibus iuris egit; hi omnes "Modesto,"

5 inquiunt, "nee libertas, quia non est data, nee legatum,
quia servo
Sabina dedit, debetur."
esse
Plinius tamen "Sed mihi," inquit, "manifestus error
videtur; itaque, quasi a Sabina scriptum, id facere debemus quod
Sabina ipsa scribere in animo habuit. Nam Sabina, quamquam
10 non omnia diligentissime cavit, cavit tamen, quae heredes bene
delegit."
Itaque Modestus et libertatem et legatum accepit.
(Adapted from Pliny, Letters, 4.10)

Freedmen are not second-rate guests

Olim Plinius cenabat apud hominem, ut sibi videbatur,

lautum et diligentem, ut Plinio, sordidum simul et sumptuosum.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

*debe5, -ere, debui, debitum, I owe; I
1. m., Pliny (the Younger),
Plinius, -i,
whose leUers give us much information ought, should (M) (debit)
about life in the Roman Empire. (See g. *quasi, as if, just as if
Part 3, Series 2 of this text.) 9_ *aninjus, -i, m., mind; spirit, morale
2. heres, heredis, m., heir (heredity) (animosity)
Modestus, -i, m., Modestus, a slave of - - t ^;^o
„ , . , 13. ceno,
7
1., I dme
Sabma s ^jj^j. .^^ himself; reflexive pronoun, third
nusquam, nowhere
a formula for freeing a slave was
iussit:
P5[^°^^^.
.-^
^^,^,d'; passive voice of
Te esse hberum .ubeo .

^^^ imperfect indicative, third person

3. legatum, -1. n., legacy
mu^u
singular.
ci In the passive, video means
4. *ius, iuns, «., law;law court (jury)
*i-i- _x- *-*• / f ^^A^^ seem as well as .ui^.^^^'
be seen .
=-
freedom, i;k»,^i,
5. *libertas, -tatis, /., liberty
quia servo Sabina dedit: A person could 14. lautus, -a, -um, refined
not leave a legacy to his own slave un- sordidus, -a, -um, mean, stingy (sordid)
less he freed the slave. *simul, at one and the same time (simul-
6. debetur: 'is owed'; passive voice of taneous)
the present indicative, third person sumptuosus, -a, -um, extravagant (sump-
singular tuous)

Slaves and Freedmen / 91

 A DINNER-PARTY IN ROME
One removes a diner's
slave
shoes; another tends a guest
who has overindulged.

15 Nam sibi et paucis cibum

multum et optimum, ceteris parvum et
pessimum, mensa ponebat. Vinum quoque in tria genera
in
divlsum erat, aliud sibi et paucis, aliud minoribus amicis (nam
varios gradus amicorum habebat), aliud llbertls.
De hac re Pllnius sic scripsit: Animadvertit qui milii proximus
20 erat, et "Probasne?" inquit. Negavi. "Tu ergo," inquit, "quid
facere soles?"
"Eadem omnibus pono: nam ad cenam, non ad notam, voco,
omnibusque rebus eos pariter accipio."
"Etiamne libertds?"
25 "Etiam libertos; nam convictores tunc, non libertos, accipio."
"Magno pretio tibi hoc facis."
"Minime."
"Quomodo sic esse potest?"
"Quia scilicet liberti mei non idem quod ego bibunt, sed idem
30 ego quod liberti."

(Adapted from Pliny, Letters, 2.6)

15. *cibus, -1, m., food 20. *prob6, 7., I approve; justify (proba-
16. *inensa, -ae, /., table tion)
*vinum, -1, n., wine *nego, 1., I say 'no', deny, say . . . not
17. *dlvid6, -ere, divisl, divisum, I (negative)
divide 21. *soIe6, -ere, solitus sum, I am ac-
*alius, alia, aliud, another; in a series, customed
one, . another,
. . another (alien)
. . .
22. nota, -ae, /., mark, brand; freely, dis-
*minor, minor, minus, comparative adj.,
crimination (note)
less, lesser (minor)
24. *etiam, even; also
18. *gradus, -us, m., step; grade
19. *proximus, -a, -um, next, nearest 25. convlctor, -oris, m., table-companion
(approximate) 29. *scilicet, be assured; of course

92 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

7 A Rascally Slave Dealer Is Tricked
In Plautus' comedy The Persian (Persa), the slave Toxilus buys free-
dom for the slave-girl whom he loves from the slave dealer Dordalus for
sixty minas, a sum borrowed from another slave, Sagaristio, whose
master has entrusted the money to him for the purchase of cattle. In
order to recover the sixty minas from Dordalus, the two slaves enlist the
services of a professional "diner-out" named Saturio, who, in anticipa-
tion of free meals, persuades his daughter, a highly intelligent young
woman (Virgo), to pretend to be the daughter of a noble Arabian family,
captured by the Persians. Sagaristio, suitably disguised as a Persian, pre-
tends to be offering her for sale, and Dordalus cannot resist such a
bargain at sixty minas, although he realizes the risk he is running in buy-
ing a free person. When Saturio storms in as an angry Arabian father
looking for his daughter, Dordalus hastily releases her, and is then
deceived into thinking that he has paid the money, not to the "Persian"
(Sagaristio), but to a non-existent and rascally twin brother, now far
away.
Our Latin begins with the purchase of Virgo by Dordalus from the
"Persian".

Dordalus: Adulescens, visne vendere banc?

"Persa": Ita. Habe earn centum minis.
Dordalus: Nimium est.
"Persa": Octoginta.
5 Dordalus: Nimium est.

"Persa": Nummus abesse hinc non potest, quod nunc dicam.

Dordalus: Quid id est ergo?
"Persa": Sexaginta minis argenti habe banc.
Dordalus: Toxile, quid ago?

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *vendo, -ere, didi, -ditum, I sell hinc: freely, 'from this sum'; this adverb
(vendor) acts here as antecedent for the relative
2. Persa, -ae, m., Persian pronoun quod
mina, -ae, /., mina, Greek coin, worth
100 denarii 8. sexaginta, indecl. sixty

3. *iiiinius, -a, -um, too much *argentuni, -I, n., silver

4. octdginta, eighty
6. *absuin, abesse, afuT, I am absent, am 9. ago: 'am I to do', rather than 'am T

distant doing'

Slaves and Freedmen I 93

10 Toxilus: Dei deaeque erunt TratI tibi, scelus, si diu dubitaveris.
Dordalm (to "Persa"): Habe.
Toxilus (to Dordalus): Abi, argentum porta hue. Non edepol
minis treeentis eara est. {Exit Dordalus)
Toxilus: Audisne tu, "Persa"? Ubi argentum ab hoc acceperis,
15 Simula te Ire statim in navem.
"Persa": Dictum sapienti sat est.
Toxilus: Tace. Praeda adit. (Init Dordalus)
Dordalus: Hie argent! sunt sexaginta minae. Age, accipe hoc.
Habe.
20 "Persa": Et tu habe hanc.
Dordalus: Quid est tibi nomen?
"Persa": Audi dlUgenter:
Vaniloquidorus Virginesvendonides Nugiepiloquides Argen-
tumextenebronides Tedlgniloquides Niigides Palponides Quod-
25 semelarripides Numquameripides. Em tibi!

Dordalus: Eu hercle! Nomen tuum multis modls scrTptum est.

"Persa": Ita sunt Persarum mores; longa nomina habemus. Valete,

nam animus iam in navi est mihi. {Exit "Persa")
Toxilus: Postquam Persa abiit, nobis hie llbere dicere hcet. HIc
30 dies fuit optimus tibi.

Dordalus: Nescio. Nam argentum accepit, abiit. Ubi eum invenire

umquam potero? In PersTs? Niigas!
Toxilus: Umbras times! Nil pericull mihi videtur. Nam quis
umquam, hanc virginem petitum, tot milia passuum usque
35 ab Arabia veniet? Ego hodie tibi bona multa feci.
Dordalus: Ita; et tibi gratias ago. {Init Saturib)

Virgo: Salve, mi pater.

Saturio: Salve, mea filia.
Dordalus: Persa me delevit!
40 Virgo: Pater hie mens est.
Dordalus: Quid? "Pater"? Peril. Nam minas sexaginta amisi.

10. *scelus, sceleris, n., crime; freely, 17. *praeda, -ae, /., loot, plunder (preda-
'criminal' tory)
18. age, come! well then!
12. edepol, by Pollux!
25. em, there! see!
13. trecenti, -ae, —a, three hundred
26. eu, well! well done!
15. simul5, 1., \ pretend (simulated) hercle, by Hercules!
16. *dictum, -i, n., word (diction) 27. *mos, moris, m., custom, habit
sat: = satis 35. Arabia, -ae, /., Arabia

94 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Saturio: Age, ambula in ius, scelus.
Dordalus: Cur me in ius vocas?
Saturio: Ibi apud praetorem dicam. Sed ego te in ius voco.
45 Dordalus: Licetne mihi dicere?
Saturio: Nolo.
Dordalus: Audi.
Saturio: Surdus sum. Ambula, scelus.

Dordalus: Peril! Interii! OccidI! Hie dies mihi hodie fuit pes-
50 simus.
(Adapted from Plautus, Persa, 660-779)

42. *ambul6, 7., I walk (ambulance) 48. surdus, -a, —um, deaf (absurd)
44. *praetor, -5ris, m., praetor, in charge
of lawcourts 49. intereo, -ire, -il, -itum, I die, perish

Slaves and Freedmen I 95

O Pliny and His Slaves
Multi domini RomanI servos et bene curabant et amabant.
Inter quos erat Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, qui iuvenis cum
matre eruptionem mentis Vesuvii fugit, cuiusque epistularum
libri decem adhuc leguntur. Quibus in litteris humanitas Plinii
5 facile cognoscitur. Nam apud eum haec verba leguntur: "A
medicis, quamquam adversa valetudine nihil servi ac llberi
in
differunt, mitius tamen liberi clementiusque tractantur."

In alia epistula haec verba leguntur: "Confecerunt me infirmi-

tates meorum, mortes etiam, et quidem iuvenum. Sunt solacia
10 duo nequaquam paria tanto dolori, solacia tamen. Unum est quod
facile manumitto, nam non omnino immaturos, ut mihi videtur,

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

3. eruptio, -onis,/., eruption

Vesuvius: eruption in A.D. 79 re-

the
sulted in the destruction of the two cities
of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
4. humanitas, -tatis, /., humanity, hu-
maneness
5. *facile, easily
6. *adversus, —a, -um, adverse, bad, op-
posite
*nihil, not at all, by no means
7. differo, differre, distull, dilatum, I

postpone, defer
mitius, comparative adv., more gently
clementius, comparative adv., more
mercifully
tracto, 7., I handle, treat (tractable)
8. confecerunt: used in the fairly com-
mon sense of 'finish off, 'be the death of
infirmitas, -tatis, /., infirmity
9. meorum: gen. pi. of meus; 'of my
slaves'
solacium, —i, n., comfort, solace
10. *tantus, -a, -um, so great, so large
(tantamount)
*doIor, -oris, m., grief, pain (dolorous)
11. *omnin6, altogether; with a negative,
at all
immaturus, -a, -um, unripe, premature

GRAVESTONE OF A DOCTOR
Medicine was practised by slaves.

96 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 ^"T?^*' 15^58

SLAVES WERE COMMONLY PUN-

ISHED BY THE LASH (FLAGEL-
LUM) An example of a 'flag-
ellum' is seen on the priest's left.

<&.i»-^ i***if
''^, ', *' * mi

eos amisi quos iam llberos amisi. Alterum solacium est quod
permitto servis quoque quasi testamenta facere eaque ut legitima
custodio. Dividunt, donant, relinquunt, dumtaxat intra domum;
15 nam servis res publica quaedam et quasi civitas domus est. Sed,
quamquam his solaciis iuvor, frangor eadem ilia hiimanitate qua
haec permittere coactus sum. Alii, ut bene scio, eius modi casus
nihil amplius vocant quam damnum, et propter id sibi magni
homines et sapientes videntur. Qui num magnl sapientesque sint,

20 nescio; homines non sunt. Nam homo adficitur dolore, sentit.

At scripsi de his plura fortasse quam debui, sed pauciora quam

volul."
(Adapted from Pliny, Letters, 8.24, 8.16)

12. *alter, altera, alterum, the other 17. *casus, -us, m., mischance, misfor-
(alter) tune (casual)
18. ^amplius, comparative adj., more
13. *pemiitt5, -ere, -misl, -missum, I

allow (M)
damnum, -I, n., loss
19. *num, whether, if
testamentum, -i, n., will (testament)
sint: 'they are'; present subjunctive
legitimus, -a, -um, lawful, legal (legiti-
20. *adficio, -ere, feci, -fectum, I affect;
mate)
treat, handle
14. ''custodio, -Ire, -IvI, -itum, I guard; *sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, I sense, have
keep, observe (custodian) feelings
*dono, 7., I give, bequeath (donate) 21. *plures, -es, -a, comparative adj.,
dumtaxat, insofar as; freely, provided more
it be —a, comparative adj.,
*pauci6res, -es,
16. ''ille, ilia, illud, that fewer

Slaves and Freedmen / 97

y A Slave "Covers Up" for His Spendthrift Young Master
A favourite character in Roman comedy is the rascally slave who
employs all his impudent ingenuity in aiding and abetting the spendthriji
son against the unsuspecting father. In these two adaptations from
Plautus' Mostellaria (the Haunted House), the slave Tranio sets a new
record in a career of rascality. In the first excerpt, he persuades
Theopropides, the father who is unexpectedly back from a business trip,
to pay money to Misargyrides, a creditor of the spendthrift son
Philolaches, by telling him
sum, really spent on a girl, has been
that the
used to purchase a house. In the second excerpt, Theopropides wants to
inspect the house, and Tranio rises to the occasion by contriving to have
him shown through the house of their next-door neighbour, Simo.

The slave Tranio hoodwinks Theopropides

Tranio: Salvere iubeo te, Misargyrides, bene.

Misargyrides: Salve et tu. Quid de argento est?
Tranio: Abi.
Misargyrides: Ubi Philolaches est? Cur mihi f aenus non redditur?
5 Tranio: Red! hue circiter meridie.
Misargyrides: Reddeturne igitur faenus?
Tranio: Philolaches reddet: nunc abi.
Misargyrides: Molestus si sum, reddite faenus; abiero.
Tranio: Sortem accipe.
10 Misargyrides: Immo — faenus, id primum volo. Da faenus. Redde
faenus, faenus reddite. Datur faenus mihi?
Tranio: "Faenus" illic, "faenus" hic! Nihil dicere scit nisi
"faenus."
Theopropides: Quod est faenus, obsecro, quod hic petit? Cur
15 Philolacetem, filium meum, compellat? Quid ei debetur?
Tranio: Quattuor quadraginta ei debentur minae.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. salveo, -ere, I am well abiero: colloquial use of the future per-
.'
4. faenus, faenoris, n., interest (on a feet in the sense of 'I shall at once . .

loan) 9. sors, sortis, /., (-ium), lot, fate; por-

*reddo, -ere, reddidl, redditum, I give tion, due; here, the principal (sum)
back, restore (render) 12. *illlc, there
5. *circiter, approximately, about 14. obsecro, 7., I entreat, implore
8. molestus, -a, -um, annoying, burden- 15. compello, /., I name
some 16. quadraginta, forty

98 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Theopropides.-RQspondQ mihi: quid hoc argento factum est?
Tutum est. Aedes filius tuus emit.
Tranio:
Theopwpides: Aedes?
20 Tranio: Aedes.
Theopwpides .-Bquq hercle factum.
Misargy rides: Heus, iam prope adest meridies.
Tranio: Absolve hunc, obsecro. Quattuor quadraginta ei debentur
minae, et sors et faenus.
25 Theopropides: AdulQSCQn?,, mecum rem habe.
Misargyrides: A tene argentum petam?
Theopropides: Pete eras.
Misargyrides: Abeo.

Tranio hoodwinks both Theopropides and Simo

Theopropides: Qua in regione aedes emit fflius?

30 Tranio: Ecce peril!
Theopropides: CQr non dicis hoc quod te rogo?
Tranio (to Theopropides): Dicam. Sed nomen domini peto.
{Aside) Audivi cahdum mendacium esse optimum. {To Theo.)
De viclno hoc proximo tuus emit aedes fiHus.
35 Theopropides: Non in loco emit bono.
Tranio: Immo —
in Optimo.
Theopropides: Cupio hercle inspicere has aedes.
Tranio: Ecce peril!
Theopropides: Pulta fores, Tranio.
40 Tranio (aside): Manifesto teneor. {To Theopropides) At hic sunt
mulieres. Primum fortasse eas rogare debeo.
Theopropides: Bonum aequumque dicis. 1 et roga. Ego interea
hie te exspectabo. {Tranio domum Simonis init)
Tranio: Valesne, Simo?

22. heus, ho, there! hello, there! *proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next;
23. absolvd, —ere, -vi, -utum, I pay off next-door (proximity)
freely,
(absolve) 35. * locus, -i, m., place, location
25. rem: 'your business', 'your dealings' 37. inspici5, -ere, inspexi, Inspectum, I

29. *regi6, -onis, /., district, area, region look into, inspect, examine
32. domini: 'of the owner' 39. pult5. 7., I strike, knock
33. calidus, -a, —uni, warm, hot; rash fores, -um, pL, door, doors
/.

mendacium, -I, n., lie, falsehood (menda- 40. manifesto (adv.) teneo: freely, I catch
city) in the act, catch redhanded
34. vicinus, -i, /?;., neighbour 41. *rog5, 7., I ask

Slaves and Freedmen I 99

'CAVE CANEM' Some homes had live watchdogs, but a few
had a realistic mosaic like this.

45 Simd: Non male. Quid agis?

Tranio: Hominem optimum teneo. Sed, Simo, licetne domino
meo inspicere has aedes tuas?
Simo: Non sunt venales.
Tranio: Scio hoc. Sed architecton el has aedes maxime laudavit.
50 Nunc hinc exemplum capere vult, nisi tu non vis.

Simo: Inspicere el hcet, si cupit. {Tranio domb Simbnis exit.)

Tranib: Heus, Theopropides!
Theopropides: Quid nunc?
Tranib: Simo te ante fores exspectat. Sed quam maestus est quod
55 has aedes vendidit!
Simb: Laetus te accipio, Theopropides. Visne Inspicere has
aedes?

46. Hominem optimum teneo: in order 49. architecton, -onis, m., architect,
to pay a compliment to Simo, whom he builder
grasps by the hand, Tranio pretends to
take the greeting 'Quid agis?' literally 50. *exemplum, —I, n., example, pattern
a favourite joke in comedy. (exemplary)

100 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Theopropides: Nisi tibi est incommodum.
Simo: Immo —commodum. Ini et inspice. Perambula aedes
60 tamquam tuas.
Theopropides: "Tamquam"?
Tranio (to Theopropides): Ah, cave! Nonne vides hunc, his aedi-
bus venditis, esse maestissimum?
Theopropides: Video.
65 Tranio: Ergo noH facere mentionem huius rei.
Theopropides (to Tranio): Bene dicis. (To Simo) Numquam vidl
postes pulchriores.
Simo: Pulchro pretio empti sunt oHm.
Tranio: Videsne tabulam, ubi liidificat una cornix vulturios duos?
70 Theopropides: Non hercle video.
Tranio: At ego video. (He steps between them casually) Nam
inter vulturios duos cornix stat; ea vulturios duos vicissim
liidificat.

Theopropides: Adhuc haec domus mihi videtur bona.

75 Simo (to slave): Age, puer, Theopropidem circumdiic has aedes.
Nam ego te circumducere non possum, quod mihi est apud
forum negotium.
Theopropides: Inibo.
Tranio: Sed fortasse canis. . . .

80 Theopropides: Agt, vide.

Tranio: St! Abl, canis. St! Abisne hinc?
Simo: Nil periculi est. Mitis est canis. Tibi inire licet. Eo ego
hinc ad forum.
Theopropides: Tibi gratias ago. (Exit Simo) Tranio, age, canem
85 a foribus aliquem ducere iube, etsi non ferox est. Deinde veni
mecum.
Tranio: Veniam tecum. Tibi, ut semper, parebo. (Exeunt)

(Adapted from Plautus, Mostellaria, 568-858)

58. incomniodus, -a, -um, inconvenient; 69. =*=tabiila, —ae, /., picture, painting;
disadvantageous tablet
59. coDunodus, -a, — um, convenient, ad- Iudific5, 7., I mock, make fun of
vantageous comix, -icis, /., crow
perambuld, 7., I walk through (peram- vulturius, -i, m., vulture
bulator) 72. vicissim, in turn
60. *tamquam, as if, just as if 79. *canis, -is, m., /., dog (canine)
65. mentio, -onis, /., mention 81. st! scat!
67. postis, -is, m., door-post, door 85. '''aliquis, alicuius, m., someone
pulclirior, -ior, -ius, comparative adj., 87. pared, -ere, —ui, -itum, {with dot.)
more beautiful I obey

Slaves and Freedmen / 101

10 The Pot of Gold
The following is an adaptation of the prologue and plot of Plautus
comedy Aulularia.

The Prologue (spoken by the family Lar)

Lar: Ego Lar sum familiaris ex hac familia. Hanc domum iam
multos annos colo patri avoque huius qui nunc hie habitat.
Sed mihi avus huius eredidit auri thesaurum; in medio foco
condidit et me id servare iussit. Numquam filio thesaurum
5 ei non magnum modum. Neque
demonstravit; agri rellquit
filiusmaiorem honorem mihi habebat quam pater eius habue-
rat, sed minus minusque me curabat. Is hunc fiUum reliquit
qui hie nunc habitat, homo similis patri avoque. Huic filia
una est. Ea me cotidie aut ture aut vino honorat, dat mihi
10 coronas. Propter earn EucHoni, patri eius, thesaurum de-
monstravi.

Outline of the plot

Olim in urbe Athenis habitabat senex quidam, Euclio nomine,

qui erat multo parcissimus omnium civium. Namque nihil amit-
tere cupiebat; quam cupidissime servare studebat fumum e foco,
15 animam e gula dum
dormiebat, aquam qua manus lavabat. Qui,
a Lare familiari ductus, auri thesaurum, ab avo conditum, invene-
rat. Hunc thesaurum, in aula iterum conditum, magna diligentia

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Lar, Laris, m., Lar, guardian spirit of 6. *honor, -oris, m., honour, respect;
the home, whose image commonly stood public office
on the hearth (focus), in a little shrine. 9^ *cotIdie, daily, every day
*faniiliaris, -is, -e, of the family, inti- tus, turis, incense, frankincense
«.,
mate (familiar) honoro, 1., I honour
^^^""^
^ ^^- *^"^"^' -^"^'' '"•' ^"'''°'
over ufl' cherish*(cukure)"'*"™'
^^' *Athenae, -arum, /. pi Athens
avus', -i,'m.,Trandfather
3. *cred6, -ere, credidi, creditum, I en- ^^"^^' *«^'^' "^ ^•'^ "^^" ^^^"^^^^
'

trust; trust (credit)

l^' Parcus, -a, -um, frugal; stingy

thesaurus, -i, m., treasure (thesaurus) 14. fumus, -i, m., smoke (fume)
focus, -I, m., fireplace, hearth (focus) 15. animam: 'his breath'
4. *condo, -ere, condidi, conditum, I gula, -ae, /., throat, gullet
store, hide; establish, found lavo, 7., I wash (lavatory)
5. modum: 'amount' 17. aula, -ae, /., pot, jar

102 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 servabat. Haec aula, diligenter ab Euclione servata, tamen a
servo Lyconidis adulescentis facile ablata est. De hoc furto
20 Lyconides nihil sciebat.
At Euclio, hoc furto celeriter cognito, fuit miserrimus omnium
hominum. Qui, dum friistra aulam auri petit, Lyconidem adu-
lescentem convenit. Ille, quia filiam Euclionis, Phaedriam nomine,
amabat et earn uxorem ducere volebat, Euchoni de "ilia" dicere
25 coepit. Euclio tamen, quoniam aulam ablatam adhuc flebat,
putabat adulescentem, dum de "ilia" dicebat, non de filia sed de
aula dicere et esse furem. Similiter Lyconides putabat Euclionem
senem, dum de "ilia" dicebat, non de aula sed de filia dicere et
esse insanum.

30 Lyconides: Illam esse meam volo.

Euclid: Quid ex te audi5? O pessime, mihi redde id quod
abstuUsti.

Paulo postea omnia cognita sunt. Namque servus LyconidI,

qui aulam auri abstulerat, "illam" Euclioni reddere a domino
35 coactus Atque Euclio Phaedriae
est. fihae aulam auri redditam,
LyconidI "illam" uxorem dedit.
(Adapted from Plautus, Aulularia, 1-39, 731-807)

19. Lyconides, -idis, m., Lyconides *fle6, flere, flevi, fletum, I weep, weep
*aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, I carry over

^r^.V'-'i^^'^^^^'r^
22.
•
•....•
*frustra, vainly, in vain (frustration)
^ 27. fur, funs, m., /., thief

25. *coepI, I began; perfect tense 29. insanus, -a, -um, insane, mad

Slaves and Freedmen I 103

'PEREO'

11 A Master and His Slave Exchange Places

Tyndarus, now the slave of Philocrates, was born free, but was kid-
napped when a small boy and sold into slavery in a nearby hostile state.
Now, years later, he and Philocrates are prisoners of war in his native
land, and have been purchased by Tyndarus' father Hegio, without either
father or son realizing their relationship. Hegio's other son is a prisoner
of war in the hands of the enemy, and Hegio hopes to get him back in

exchange for Philocrates. Hegio, however, has been duped, for Philocrates
and Tyndarus, having previously exchanged clothing and names, have
persuaded him to let the "slave" return home to have his "master's"
father arrange the exchange. To this father they have, for Hegio's
benefit, assigned the impressive name of Thensaurochrysonicochry sides.
As ourexcerpt begins, Tyndarus realizes that his imposture is in
danger of detection, for Hegio brings toward him another prisoner,
Aristophontes, who is expecting to see the real Philocrates.

Tyndarus tries to talk his way out of a tight spot.

Tyndarus: Nunc ego peril! Eunt ad te hostes, Tyndare! Quid

loquar?
Hegio (to Aristophontes): Sequere me: ecce tibi hominem. Adi,
et ei loquere.
5 Tyndarus: Qui hom5 est me miserior?

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. "^loquor, loqui, locutus sum, I say, 6. *oculus, -I, m., eye (inoculation)
speak, talk (eloquent) 7. *tain . . . quam, as much ... as
3. tibi: freely, your *usque, all the way, even, right

104 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Aristophontes: Cur oculos meos fugere conaris, Tyndare? Ego
tarn sum servus quam tu, etsi ego domi liber ful, tu usque a
puero fuisti servus.
Hegio: Edepol minime miror, si oculos tuos fugere conatur, nam
10 eum appellas Tyndarum pro Philocrate.
Tyndarus: Hegio, hic homo insanus habitus est in patria, nam
ibi hastis consequi conatus est domi matrem et patrem. Itaque
procul ab eo sta.

Aristophontes (to Hegio): Num credis me esse insanum?

15 Tyndarus (to Hegio): Ecce — quam inimico vultu tibi dicit! Cave
tibi!

Hegio: Noli vererT, Credidi hunc esse insanum statim ubi te

appellavit Tyndarum.
Tyndarus: Praeterea, suum n5men interdum nescit.
20 Aristophontes (to Tyndarus): At etiam, furcifer, male loqui mihi
audes? Nonne ego te cognovi?
Hegio: Edepol eum non cognovisti, nam eum appellas Tyndarum
pro Philocrate.
Aristophontes (to Tyndarus): Tune negas te Tyndarum esse?
25 Tyndarus: Nego, inquam.
Aristophontes: Tune ais te Philocratem esse?
Tyndarus: Ego, inquam.
Aristophontes (to Hegio): Tiine huic credis?
Hegio: Plus quidem quam tibi. Nam Philocrates quidem hodie
30 hinc abiit ad patrem hiiius.
Aristophontes: Quem patrem? Hic est servus.
Tyndarus: Et tu quidem servus es, et liber fuisti. BrevI ego
quoque, filio huius invento, liber ero.

Aristophontes cannot take a hint

Aristophontes: Hegio, noli huic credere. Is filium tuum redimere

35 non potest. Is est servus ipse.
Tyndarus (to Hegio): Cur non fugis? Hic nos sequetur lapidibus,
nisi eum comprehend! iusseris.

10. *appeII6, 7., I call, name, address 20. *furcifer, -eri, m., rascal, hang-dog
(appellation) 28. huic: dative governed by credis
11. habitus est: 'was considered' 34. redimo, -ere, redemi, redemptum, I

13. *procuI, far off, at a distance buy back, ransom (redemption)

15. *vultus, -us, m., face, countenance 37. comprehendd, -ere, -ndl, -ensum, I

19. =<=iiiterduin, sometimes grasp, seize (comprehend)

Slaves and Freedmen I 105

 Hegio: Quid si hunc comprehendi iussero?
Tyndarus: Sapiens eris.
40 Aristophontes: Hegio, patere me loqui.
Hegio: Inde loquere, si vis, procul; tamen audiam.
Tyndarus: Namque edepol si eum passus eris te accedere, os
denasabit tibi mordicus.
Aristophontes (to Tyndarus): Tace. Per me, Philocrates false,
45 hodie demonstraberis esse verus Tyndarus. Cur mihi abnutas?
Tyndarus: Tibi ego abnuto?
Aristophontes (to Hegio): Is non magis est Philocrates quam aut
ego aut tu.
Hegio (to Tyndarus): Quid tii ais? Fuistine Uber?
50 Tyndarus: Fui,
Aristophontes: Nugas agit.
Hegio (to Aristophontes): Fuitne huic pater Thensaurochrysoni-
cochrysides?
Aristophontes: Non fuit, neque ego hoc nomen umquam audlvl
55 ante hunc diem. PhilocratI Theodoromedes fuit pater.
Tyndarus: Pereo.
(Adapted from Plautus, Captivi, 534-635)

A Note on the Prologue to the Captivi

In the theatre of Plautus, one of the actors regularly stepped forward

to address the audience before the play began. In the prologue to the
Captivi, the actor briefly sketches the background events preliminary to
Act 1, Sceneand says to the audience:
1,
"Now do you get it? Very good! By Hercules, that fellow in the back
row says he doesn't get it. Let him come over here. (No one moves in
the audience; the actor points to the exit. ) If there's no place for you to
sit down, there's a place for you to take a walk. I don't intend to burst

myself, just to stop you from misunderstanding the plot."

Perhaps Plautus put this in this prologue because he realized how
complicated the plot was — as we may be inclined to agree after reading
the summary given above.
There is an epilogue to the Captivi also. At the conclusion of the
play, members of the company come out, praise their own play, and
make a request of the audience: plausum date!

43. denaso, 7., I deprive of a nose 44. *falsus, -a, -um, false, counterfeit
mordicus, by biting, by a bite 45. abnutd, 7., I shake my head, deny

106 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

12 stoic Seneca Censures Snobbish Slave-Owners

Libenter ex his qui a te veniunt cognovi familiariter te cum

servis tuis vivere; hoc prudentiam tuam, hoc sapientiam decet.
"Servi sunt." Immo, homines.
"Servi sunt." Immo, contubemales.
5 "Servi sunt." Immo, humiles amici.
"Servi sunt." Immo, conservi Fortunae.
Itaque rideo eos qui turpe esse existimant cum servo cenare.
Cur existimant? Quia propter superbissimam consuetudinem
dominus cenat dum servorum turba prope dominum stat. Edit
10 dominus pliis quam capit; at infelicibus servis neque movere labra
neque dicere licet. Virga murmur omne punitur —etiam tussis,

sternumenta, singultus.
Maiores nostri dominum "patrem famihae" appellaverunt,
servos "familiares". Tnstituerunt diem festum quo cum servis
15 domini edebant. Rectissime ergo facis quod timeri a servis non
vis,quod verborum castigatione uteris.
(Adapted from Seneca, Letters, 41)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *libenter, with pleasure, willingly, ceno, 7., I dine, banquet
gladly 8. *superbus, -a, -um, arrogant,
te: Seneca is writing to his friend Luci- haughty, proud (superb)
lius. *coiisuetOdo, —dinis, /., custom, habit
familiariter, on friendly terms, on inti-
10. capit: 'takes' in the sense of 'holds'
mate terms ^infelix, -icis, unfortunate (infelicity)
2. deceo, -ere, -ui, I become, suit, do
11. virga, —ae, /., rod
credit to (decent)
murmur, -uris, n., murmur
4. contubemaiis, -is, m., tent-companion,
tussis, -is, /., cough
comrade
humble 12. stemumentum, -i, n., sneeze
5. *liumilis, -is, -e, lowly,
singultus, -us, m., sobbing, choking,
(humiliate)
panting
6. conservus, -i, m., fellow slave
fortuna, -ae, /., fortune; personified,
14. *festus, -a, -um, festive

Lady Luck 15. *rectus, -a, -um, straight; correct,

7. *ride6, -ere, risi, risum, I laugh, laugh proper (rectangle)

at (deride) 16. castigatid, -onis, /., punishment
*existimo, 7., I think (castigation)

Slaves and Freedmen / 107

 ""rrrrr

COLUMN OF TRAJAN

108 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

Part III Series 1

ROME IN LATER TIMES

 BOY WEARING A 'BULLA' This was a charm protecting
him from evil, which he wore until the day he became a
citizen.

110 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

1 The Story of Papirius Praetextatus

Ahigh-born Roman possessed three names, known as the praeno-

men, nomen and cognomen. The praenomen was his given name, and
in the case ofan eldest son, he used the same praenomen as his father.
The nomen was the family name used by all members of a gens. The
cognomen was a surname, and was originally a kind of nickname given
in recognition of a physical peculiarity or some outstanding exploit.
However, this name was passed on to a man's descendants, who could
not claim a personal connection with its origin. For example, the cogno-
men 'Cicero' (lit., 'with a wart like a chickpea) did not have a literal
application to all those who bore the name. The following story shows
how an ingenious boy earned such a cognomen.
Young Papirius is taken to the senate by his father and sworn to
secrecy concerning the day's debate. However, his mother has a woman's
curiosity.

Mos antea senatoribus Romae fuit, in curiam cum praetexta-

tis flliis inlre. Tum cum in senatu res maior, diu acta, in diem
posterum prolata est, et omnes de hac re tacere iussi sunt,
Papirius puer, qui cum patre in ciiria fuerat, solus se domum
5 recepit. A
quo mater de rebus a patribus actis quaesivit. Puer
autem, "Tacere", inquit, "iussi sumus, neque id dici licet." Ilia
igitur multo cupidius quam antea quaerebat.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

It Is assumed that any word not treated under the Vocabulary and Notes has
already been learned by the student. All words marked with an asterisk occur fre-
quently in Latin authors, and therefore should be carefully learned.

1. *mos, maris, m., custom, manner; pi. acta: ago sometimes means 'consider,'
character, morals (morality) 'discuss'
*senator, -oris, m., senator 3. *profer6, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, I

praetextatus, -a, -um, 'wearing the toga bring forward; postpone (proffer)
praetexta'. This toga had a purple *tace6, -ere, tacui, tacitum, I am silent,
border, and was worn by certain magis- keep silence (tacitum)
tratesand by Roman boys before they 4. *s6!us, -a, -um, alone, only (sole)
assumed the toga virllis. 5. patribus: i.e., 'senators'
*quaer6, -ere, quaesavi, quaesitum, I

2. *cum, conj., when inquire, ask (inquisitive)

Rome in Later Times I 111

 Finally, to silence his mother, Papirius fabricates a topic which dis-
mays both her and all the other women of Rome. Indignant and fearful,
they visit the senate, and the bewilderment of the city-fathers is dispelled
only by the explanation given by Papirius who is suitably rewarded for
his imagination.

Turn puer, quod mater adhuc quaerebat, lepidi mendacii

consilium cepit. "Haec res," inquit "in senatu acta est: 'Estne
10 utilius et ex re publica iinum civem duas uxores habere quam
unam uxorem apud duos elves matronam esse?' " Hoc ilia ubi
audivit, magnopere territa, domo se ad ceteras matronas celeriter
recepit. Venit ad senatum postero die paulo post primam lucem
matrum familias turba, quae multas lacrimas fundebat. Ex quibus
15 una "Nos omnes", inquit, "malumus Onam duos viros quam duos
unam habere." Senatores haec verba mulierum mirabantur, neque
ea intellegere poterant.
Tandem puer Papirius in mediam curiam se movit. "Ego",
inquit, "id feci. Mea est culpa. Haec matri, quod de rebus a
20 patribus actis quaerere non desistebat, dixi. Ilia omnibus matribus
familias eadem iterum narravit."
Senatus fidem atque ingenium puerl laudavit. Constituerunt
ex omnibus puerls solum Papirium curiam inire pati: atque puero
postea cognomen honoris gratia datum est 'Praetextatus' ob
25 silentii prudentiam in aetate praetextae.
(Adapted from Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, I, 23)

8. lepidi mendacii: gen. of lepidum men- 19. *culpa, -ae, /., blame, fault (cul-
dacium, 'a wiUy lie' pable)
10. ex re publica: ex =
in accordance 2I. *iteram, again, a second time (re-
with; 'in the State's interest'
iterate)
11. matrona, -ae, /., married woman, *narr6, i., I tell (narrative)
wife, matron __ „ ,_
.
, ,

14. matrum familias: = matronarum: ??' ^^^^' ""' ^ '

'^y^l^y, faith (fidelity)

famUias *"»ge°>"m, -i, n., intellect; imagination

is an early form of the genitive
(ingenious)
singular
*lacrima, -ae, /., tear (lachrymose)
24. *honos, -oris, m., honour; honoris
*fund6, -ere, fudi, fusum, I pour forth; gratia, 'as an honour', lit., 'by grace of
rout (profuse) honour'
17. *intelleg6, -ere, -lexl, lectum, I 25. °^silentium, -i, n., silence
understand (intellectual) *aetas, aetatis, /., age, time of life

112 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

L Cicero's Final Hours
Ajter the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., the control of
Rome was taken over by three men, Octavian, Mark Antony, and
Lepidus. Soon they made out a murderous proscription list which
doomed who had opposed them. Prominent on the list was Marcus
those
Tullius Cicero, the great orator whose fiery tongue had loudly denounced
Antony.

M. Cicero sub adventum triumvirorum discesserat ab urbe.

Prlmo in Tusculanum fUgit; inde variis itineribus in Formianum,
quod ab oppido Caieta navem ascendere volebat, profectus est.
Unde is saepe in mare vectus est. Quod autem modo venti adversi
5 eum rettulerunt, modo ipse motum navis pati non poterat, taedium
tandem et fugae et vltae eum cepit, rediitque ad superiorem villam
quae paulo plus mille passibus a marl abest. "Moriar", inquit, "in
patria saepe servata."
Mox autem aderant milites adversus Ciceronem ab Antonio
10 missT. Servl fortiter fideliterque parati erant ad pugnam; ipse eos
deponere lecticam et sortem inlquam pati iussit. Qua ex lectica
praebuit immotam cervicem, caput caesum est. ManUs quoque

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *adventus, -us, m., arrival, approach 5. *refer5, referre, rettuli, relatum, I

(adventure) carry back, restore (relative)

triumvirorum: gen. pi. of triumvir, a motus, —us, m., motion
triumvir; see introduction taedium, -I, /:., boredom; weariness
ab urbe: i.e., ab urbe R5ma 6. *fuga, ae, /., flight (c/. fugio)
*superior, -ior, — ius, comp. adj., higher;
2. Tusculanum, -i, n., 'the Tusculan
former, earlier
estate',southeast of Rome
*varius, —a, -um, different, various
ad superiorem villam: i.e., Formianum
7. *morior, mori, mortuus sum, I die
Formianum, -i, n., 'the estate near For-
(mortician)
miae', about 75 miles south of Rome on
10. *fidelis, -is, -e, faithful (fidelity)
the Appian Way.
*paratus, -a, -um, prepared, ready (for,
3. Caieta: Caieta was a coastal town with ad and ace.)
near Formiae 11. lectica, -ae, /., 'sedan-chair' (borne
*ascend6, —ere, -cendl, -censum, I climb;
by slaves and used by aristocrats to
navem ascendo, I board ship ensure privacy)
4. *veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, I carry {as *sors, sortis, /., lot, fate

a passenger) (vehicle) 12. *praebeo, —ere, -bul, -bitum, I hold

*modo . modo, at one time ... at an-
. . out; supply
other immotam: im -|- motam, 'unmoving',
*ventus, —I, m., wind (ventilator) 'unflinching'
*adversus, -a, -um, opposing, adverse cervix, -Icis, /., neck (cervical)

Rome in Later Times I 113

btt
^ The Battle of Actium
After silencing their political opponents, Octavian and Antony
entered into an uneasy, short-lived partnership. While Octavian remained
in Rome, Antony went to Egypt, which was under the control of Cleo-
patra. A turning point in the fortunes of Rome came with the battle of
Actium in 31 B.C., when the threat posed by Antony and Cleopatra
was ended once and for all. The grateful senate in 27 B.C. gave Octavian
the title Augustus.

BrevI Antonius, pace ab Octaviano per totam Italiam facta,

ad Aegyptum profectus, magno amore Cleopatrae reginae
incensus est. Ipse quod gratissimus reginae esse cupiebat, moribus
RomanTs relictis, barbare se gerebat. Interea Romae Octavianus,
5 consilils prudentibus captis, senatuT populoque Romano placebat.
Itaque paucos post annos initium belli civilis inter Antonium et
Octavianum factum est.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Brevi: i.e., after the battle at Philippi,
in Macedonia, 42 B.C., when the forces
of Brutus and Cassius were defeated.
2. Aegyptus, -i, /., Egypt
4. barbare: 'Hke a barbarian'
se gerebat: 'conducted himself, 'behaved'
5. *placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, with dat., I
please, am pleasing (placebo)

AUGUSTUS AS NEPTUNE A cast

of a gem to commemorate Augustus'
Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts,
victory over Antony at Actium, 31
Boston. E. P. —
Warren The Francis
B.C. Bartlett Donation of 1912.

Rome in Later Times I 115

 Cuius prope Actium facto de fine poeta Vergilius
belli civilis
scrlpsit: medio marl erant magnae copiae, pliirimae naves.
In
10 Quibus totum altum a Marte deo completum est. Hinc Augustus
Caesar qui in proelium Italos agebat cum patribus, populo, Pena-
tibus et magnis deis, in alta navi stabat. Cui super caput flammae
funduntur, stella patria videtur. Alia ex parte Agrippa vir superbus
deisque gratus agmen agebat.
15 Hinc Antonius varia arma variasque vires Orientis ducebat.
Quem sequitur Aegyptia coniunx.
Simul classis contra classem ruit. Totum mare sanguine
factum est rubrum. At Cleopatra, quamquam victoria erat adhiic
incerta, Antonio relicto, se suosque in fugam ad Nllum dedit.
20 Quam Caesar, Romam reversus, ad Capitolium in triumpho
diicere cupiebat. Ilia autem tantam ignominiam veritus veneno
serpentis se interfecit.
(Adapted from Vergil, Aeneid, VIII, 671-715)

8. *clvilis, -is, -e, of the citizens, civil *coniunx, -iugis, /. or m., wife, husband,
8. Actium: Actium, a promontory in mate (conjugal)
Epirus 17. *simul, at the same time (simultane-
9. *pluriinl, -ae, -a, superl. of adj. ous)
multi, most, very many * classis, —is, /. (classium), fleet
10. *Mars, Martis, m.. Mars, the god of *ruo, -ere, ml, rutum, I fall, tumble;
war (martial) rush (ruin)
*hinc, from here; here, 'on this side' *sanguis, -inis, m., blood (sanguine)
11. Itali, -orum, m., Italians 18. *ruber, -bra, -brum, red (rubric)
12. "^flamtna, -ae, /., flame *at, but, yet
13. '''fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, I pour 19. *incertus, -a, -um, uncertain, inde-
forth; defeat (effusive); here, the
rout, finite

historical present tense is used for vivid- Nilus, —i, m., the Nile river
ness; so also videtur. In translating, use 20. *revertor, -i, -versus sum, I return
a simple past tense. (reverse)
*stella, -ae, /., star (stellar) ad Capitolium: 'the Capitol', a term used
patrius, —a, -um, of one's native land; both for the great temple of Jupiter in
Vergil suggests that the shining future of Rome and for the hill on which it stood.
Italy depends on Augustus A triumphal procession (triumpbus, -i,
Alia ex parte: lit. 'from another side'; m.) always ended with the sacrifice of-
'elsewhere' fered by the victorious general to Jupiter
Agrippa: Agrippa, the chief builder and in the Capitolium.
engineer of Augustus 21. *tantus, -a, -um, so great, such great
*superbus, -a, -um, haughty, proud Tgnominia, -ae, /., disgrace, dishonour
15. Oriens, -entis, m., the East, i.e., the (ignominy)
quarter where the sun rises (orior) venenum, — i, n., poison (venom)
16. Aegyptius, -a, -um, Egyptian 22. serpens, -entis, m., serpent

116/ DOLPHIN LATIN READER

4 Caesar Augustus
Augustus, by his far-reaching policies, established a system of law
and order which was to embrace the entire Mediterranean world for
centuries to come.

Apud Suetonium legimus de forma egregia tranquilloque

vultu August!, qui oculos habebat claros, denies raros et scabros,
capillum flavum, nasum prominentem, staturam brevem. Per
omnem vitam n5n bene valens, magna cura se tuebatur. Hieme
5 enim quattuor tunicis cum magna toga muniebatur; aestate apertis
cubiculi portis dormiebat, nee plus quam septem horas. Cibi
minimi erat, vlni quoque.
Eloquentiam studiaque alia ab aetate prima maximo labore
sequebatur. Namque barbam
curans, eo ipso tempore aut legebat
10 aliquid aut etiam [Link] composuit, ex quibus De Vita
Sua, et Res Gestae, quas nunc Monumentum Ancyranum vocamus.
Apud amicos eius, paucos et diligenter delectos, erant Maecenas,
Agrippa, Vergilius, Horatius.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Suetonium: Suetonius, writer of prose 9. barba, -ae, /., beard (barber)
in the firstand second centuries A.D. curans: pres. part, act.: 'while caring for'
*forma, -ae, /., form, shape, figure 10. *aliquid: indef. pron: 'something or
*egregius, -a, -um, outstanding, remark- other'
able (egregious) *etiam, also, further; even, still
tranquillus, —a, -um, quiet, calm *compon5, -ere, -posul, —positum, I
2. *vultus, —us, m., face, countenance compose (composition)
*dens, dentis, m., (dentium), tooth 11. Res Gestae: lit. 'The things done',
*rarus, -a, -um, thin, with gaps, scattered The Accomplishments, The Deeds
i.e.

scaber, -bra, -brum, decayed *monumentum, —I, n., memorial; record.

noun, hair
3. capillus, -I, m., collective The Monumentum Ancyranum was so
flavus, -a, -um, yellow, blonde. Such named because a copy of Augustus'
personal characteristics are not always memorial was found at Ancyra in Asia
apparent in marble busts! Minor.
nasus, -i, m., nose 12. Maecenas: Maecenas, a friend of
prdmineo, -ere, -ui, I jut out, stand out Augustus and also a sponsor of good
statura, -ae, /., stature writers
4. *cura, -ae, /., care; anxiety, worry 13. Agrippa: see previous selection, 1. 14
6. *dormi5, 4, I sleep Vergilius: Vergil, great epic poet, author
*plus, more of the Aeneid
*cibus, i, food: cibi minimi erat, lit.,
in., Horatius: Horace, famous lyric poet of
'he was a man of very little food,' i.e., Rome. Vergil and Horace were both
'he was a man who took very little food' sponsored by Maecenas to write moral
7. *vlnum, —i, n., wine and patriotic poems which would
8. eloquentia, —ae, /., eloquence strengthen the moral fibre of Romans
^studium, -i, n., desire; study, research and help Augustus to develop a lasting
*labor, -oris, m., toil, work; hardship unity among his people.

Rome in Later Times I 117

 nomen, Domini nomen accipere noluit, domi-
Dictatoris
15 numque ne a liberis quidem vel nepotibus suls passus
se appellari
est. Olim, dum quidam ei libellum dare velle videtur, "Cur sic
mihi libellum," inquit, "dare dubitas, quasi elephanto stipem?"
In curia, patres singulos nomine salutabat, et quidem sedentes;
etiam discedens eodem modo sedentibus valere dicebat. Nee
20 libertatem verborum prohibebat. Nam ubi in senatu quidam ei
verba facienti "Non intellexi," inquit, haec aequo animo passus
est. Numquam filios suos populo commendavit sine his verbis:
"Si merebuntur."
In urbe,
publica opera multa fecit, templa deorum alia
25 ornans; de his legere possumus in Monumento
reficiens,^ alia
Ancyrano.^ Ipse "Urbem marmoream," ait, "relinquo, quam lateri-
ciam^ accepl." Imperio Romano longa pace ornato atque con-
firmato, periit hora diel nona, septuagesimo et quinto aetatis anno.
(Adapted from Suetonius, Augustus, 28-9, 53-4; 72-85; 100-101.)

15. '^quidem: in fact, indeed 22. commendo, 1., 1 recommend (for

*ne quidem, not
. . . even (bracketing
. . . office)
the word or phrase completing the idiom) 23. *mereor, -eri, meritus sum, I de-
vel, or, or if you like (of a voluntary serve, merit (meritorious)
choice) 24. *publicus, -a, -um, public, official
*nep5s, nepotis, m., grandson, descend- (publish)
ant (nepotism). Having no sons, Augustus 25. *reficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, I re-
adopted two grandchildren. pair; refresh (refectory)
16. *61im, once, on one occasion *orn6, 7., I furnish; adorn, embellish
"'quidam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. 26. marmoream: 'made of marble';
pron., a certain (man) buildings were
seldom constructed of
libellus, -i, m., a little book, petition solid marble; rather, they were faced
(libel) with slabs of marble, about one inch
17. *quasi, as if, just as if thick, set against the brick walls by
elephanto stipem (das): 'you give a penny means of metal clamps.
to an elephant' latericiam:'made of brick'; brick-work
18. *singull, -ae, -a, one by one in Augustan times was characterized by
*saIuto, 7., I greet (salutation) opus reticulatum, a diagonal arrange-
*sedeo, —ere, sedi, sessum, I sit (sedent- ment of bricks resembling the mesh of a
ary) net, (rete)
21. aequo animo: abl. of manner (cf. 27. *confIrm6, 7., I strengthen; declare
equanimity) septuagesimo et quTnto: seventy-fifth

118 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

3 Aves Rarae
Our modern which have been trained to speak is by
interest in birds
no means new. This amusing story suggests that even the young Octavian
was fascinated by them. It also provides an interesting insight into
human behaviour.

An encounter with a talking raven

Hostibus apud Actium victis Augustus laetus Romam reversus

convenit quendam inter gratulantes corvum tenentem, quern
docuerat haec dicere, "Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator." Miratus
Caesar egregiam avem viginti mllibus nummorum emit. Iratus
5 socius eius qui corvum attulerat, ad quem nihil ex eo pretio
pervenerat, "Et alium corvum", inquit Caesarl, "iste habet. Quem
quoque debes afferri iubere." Corvus allatus verba quae didicerat
expressit: 'Ave, victor, imperator Antoni". Quibus verbis nihil
Tratus, "lubeo ilium", inquit Augustus, "socio aequam partem
10 pretil dare."

One good turn leads to another —and another

Qua re facta fama per urbem inter vulgus currebat. Brevi

Caesar similiter salutatus ab alio qui psittacum attulerat, eum
quoque emi iussit. Deinde idem miratus et in pica, banc quoque
emit.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. apud Actium: The naval victory of 5. socius: here, 'partner'
Augustus over Antony and Cleopatra "affer5 {or adfero), -ferre, -tull, -latum,
took place near Actium, a promontory I bring, carry (afferent)
on the west coast of Greece. 6. *Et: =Etiani: 'also', 'yet'
2. quendam: ace. sing. masc. of quidam, Hste, -a, -ud: that of yours:
. . . here,
'a certain man' 'that fellow', i.e., the one who has done
gratulor, 1., I congratulate; the present business with you.
participle here means 'those offering con- Quem: refers to corvum (not to iste)
gratulations -pressum,
g gxprimo, -ere, -pressi, 1
corvus, -i,m raven
press out; express
4. *avis, avis, /. (avmm), bird (aviary) ^^^-^j. ^^^ ^^ Antonius
vigmti milibus nummorum:
the bare ^^^^^. ^^,,^,.^,V// accusative: = non
ablative (milibus) is used to express a ^^ ^^_
a - '„^:.,' 11. *fama,
""""j -ae,
« > /., report,
f rumour, story^
specific price; nummus, -i, ni., coin ;•> >
>
^^"
(larnous)
'piece of money,' probably refers here to ^
=^'^'"»g»^, -., n., the common people,
the basic Roman silver coin known as
the sesterce. "^^^ (^"'g^'")

*em6, -ere, emi, emptum, I buy (re- 12. psittacus, -i, m., parrot
demption) 13. pica, -ae, /., magpie (French, pie)

Rome in Later Times / 119

 Everyone wants to get into the act

15 Tandem sutor pauper his exemplis motus corvum docuit

parem salutationem; qui impensa exhaustus saepe avi non re-
spondent! dicere solebat: "opera et impensa periit." Brevi autem
corvus salutationem doctam dicere incepit.
Hac audita dum transit Augustus respondit: "Satis domi avium
20 loquentium habeo". At corvus, memor eorum verborum quibus
dominum querentem audire solebat, addidit "opera et impensa
periit." Ad quod Caesar risit; emique avem iussit quanti nullam
avem adhUc emerat.
(Adapted from Macrobius, Saturnalia II, iv, 29, 30)

15. sutor, -oris, m., shoemaker 20. *loquor, -i, locutus sum, I speak,
*pauper, — eris,
poor, destitute say
16. salutatio, -onis, /., greeting *memor, memoris, witJi gen., mindful,
impensa, -ae, /., expense, outlay unforgetting (memorable)
17. *sole6, -ere, solitus sum, I am ac- 21. *queror, —i, questus sum, I complain
customed (querulous)
periit: takes the number of the nearer of *addo, -ere, -didi, — ditum, I add
itstwo subjects; here, 'are lost'. 22. *rideo, -ere, risi, risum, I laugh,
19. Hac: refers to salutationem, 1. 18 laugh at (deride)
dum transit: 'while passing' quanti: the genitive of price is used
*satis, neiit. pron. with gen., enough, suf- where no specific amount is stated; here,
ficient (satisfy) 'for as great a price as'

BIRDS FROM POMPEIAN EXCAVATIONS Ancient muralists

often used birds to odd a touch of animation to their work.

tOf^lffllU
U An Ancient Disaster
A Roman ambitious for election to public office had to strive hard
to win the support of thevoters. One way of doing this was to stage

elaborate public games for which no admission fees were charged. These
games involved either chariot-racing, gladiators, or dramatic presenta-
tions. In the absence of a permanent stone building, the candidate some-
times had to build temporary bleachers of wood, before which to present
his spectacle. However, the Roman historian Tacitus tells us that the
amphitheatre in the story below was built, not for political reasons, but
for sordid profit. This event took place during the reign of Tiberius
in

A.D. 27, in the town of Fidena, about 5 miles up the Tiber from Rome.

Saepe elves RomanI qui consules vel aediles crearl volebant

pro plebe ludos publicos faciebant. Vulgus enim Romanum talia
spectacula magnopere amabat. Ante autem tempus Cn. Pompeii
Romae erat nullum amphitheatrum e saxis factum. Ipse C. lulius
5 Caesar aedllis gladiatoribus emptis spectaculum in foro fecit.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. aedilis, -is, m., 'aedile', commissioner For example, the Roman liked to match
ferocity of a wild boar with the
of buildings and public works; also ex- the
hibited spectacles, inspected theatres and speed of a These contests were
stag.

plays. From the time of Augustus, re- known to have been staged both in the
sponsibility for exhibiting public games Colosseum and in the Circus.
was shifted to the praetors. 2. faciebant: the regular word for 'pre-

2. *plebs, plebis, /., the common people, sented', 'staged'

the masses (plebeian) such, of such a kind
*talis, -is, -e,

ludi public!: 'public games', held to cele- 3. spectaculum, -!, n., display, spectacle
brate notable dates connected with the Cn. Pompeii: 'of Gnaeus Pompeius', i.e.,
emperors, the gods, and the victories of Pompey the Great. Cn. was commonly
Rome's armed forces. The main types of written for Gnaeus, a praenomen.
ludi public! were: Gladiat5res: 'gladi- 4. amphitheatrum, -!, //., 'amphitheatre',
ators', pairs of fighters trained in certain an oval building for public spectacles
types of hand-to-hand encounter in C: Gaius
mortal combat. After A.D. 80 the 5. aed!lis: As 'aedile' in 65 B.C., Julius
gladiatorial shows were staged in the Caesar provided 320 pairs of gladiators,
stone Colosseum, which seated more who fought in the Forum Romanum en-
than 50,000 spectators; Lud! circenses: circled by thousands of spectators liter-
'chariot races', held in the Circus Maxi- ally hanging from the buildings. It is
mus as well as in other similar stadia; said that in order to finance such a lavish
and Venationes: lit. 'hunts', involving spectacle, Caesar had to borrow the
contests between different varieties of equivalent of several million dollars from
wild animals, or between man and beast. Crassus.

Rome in Later Times I 121

 Ab urbe R5ma
quinque milia passuum aberat parvum oppi-
dum nomine M. Licinio et L. Calpurnio consulibus
FIdena.
clades ingenti bello aequa hic facta est. Atilius quidam llbertus
incepto apud Fidenam amphitheatro ubi spectaculum gladiatorum
10 facturus erat, sine diligentia aedificavit, nam id opus non gratiam
sed pecuniam consecuturus petTverat.
Talibus lUdis imperante Tiberio prohibitis, tamen undique
convenerunt plurimi, viri ac mulieres, omnis aetatis. Toto aedificio
hominibus celeriter completd, initium spectaculi factum est. Subito
15 amphitheatrum tanta multitudine oppressum horribili sonitu
cadere incipit. Moles ingenti turba conferta ad terram ruit.
Felices erant el qui statim occisi sunt, magis miserandi erant
ei qui, abrupta parte corporis, nondum mortui erant. lam multl,

fama amicum ille, alius parentes dolebant

cladis moti, hIc fratrem,
20 corpora petebant.
et inter
Quinquaginta hominum mIlia ea clade amissa sunt. Deinde
patres principesque RomanI se ex maiorum exemplls moribusque
agebant. Senatores quod tantam calamitatem iterum fieri nolebant,
in posterum vetuerunt et spectaculum gladiatorum edi nisi a
25 divite et amphitheatrum poni nisi in firmis fundamentls.
Post

7. M. Licinio et L. Calpumld consulibus: miserandus, -a, -um, to be pitied, pitiable

abl. abs. 'During the consulship of 18. abrupta: from ab rumpo +
Marcus Licinius and Lucius Calpumius', 19. ^parens, -entis, m. or /., parent
A.D. 27. This formula was regularly
i.e., *dole6, -ere, -ul, -itum, I suffer; grieve,
used by the Romans to express dates. grieve for
8. * clades, -is, /., (cladium), disaster, de- 21. quinquaginta, indecl. adj., fifty
feat 22. patres: i.e., senators
llbertus, -i, m., a freedman se . . . agebant: 'conducted themselves',
10. aedifico, build
7., I 'behaved'; ex: 'in accordance with'
12. imperante Tiberio: abl. abs. See note *exemplum, -I, n., example (exemplary)
on cdnsuiibus, 1. 7 23. *calamitas, -tatis, /., misfortune, dis-
*undique, from, on all sides; for every- aster
where *fI6, fieri, factus sum, I am made; be-
13. *ac, and,and also come; happen: used as passive of facio
15. *opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, I 24. in posterum: sc. tempus: 'for the
overwhelm; weigh down (oppression) future'
liorribilis, -is, -e, fearful, dreadful *edo, -ere, edidi, editum, I give out; pro-
sonitus, -us, m., sound (sonorous) duce
16. moles, -is, /., mass, huge bulk, nisi, unless, except
weight 25. dives, divitis, m., rich man (Dives)
confertus, -a, —um, crowded, pressed firmus, -a, — um, strong, dependable
close (firm)
17. *felix, fellx, felix (felids), lucky fundamentum, -I, ti., foundation (funda-
(felicitous) mental)

122 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

THE COLOSSEUM AND THE ARCH OF CONSTANTINE IN
THE DAYS OF THE RENAISSANCE

recentem cladem apertae sunt domus prlncipum, fomenta et

medici praebiti sunt. Multa pecunia et a Tiberio ipso data est.
Atilius in exsilium actus est. Quibus modis omnes elves miseros
iuvare conati sunt.
(Adapted from Tacitus, Annals, IV, 62-3)

26. *recens, recens, recens (recentis), re- 27. medicus, -i, m., physician, surgeon
cent; fresh, new
fdmentum, -I, n., poultice; freely, 'drugs' (medical)

Rome in Later Times I 123

THE BURNING OF ROME Copyright © 1951 by Metro-Goldwyn-
Mayer Inc.

7 The Burning of Rome (A.D. 64)

'Of Rome's fourteen districts, only four remained intact. Three were
levelled to the ground. The other seven were reduced to a few scorched
and mangled ruins.' (Tacitus, translated by Michael Grant.)
The finger of blame was pointed not only at Nero himself, but also
at the Christians, who are mentioned for the first time in literature in
Tacitus' description of the great fire.

Nerone imperante magna clades Romae accepta est. Gravis

enim Ignis, ortus in ea parte Circi MaximI quae prope Palatinum
Caeliumque montes erat, statim validus et vento auctus, per
totum Circum, deinde per vias angustas et veteres volavit per —
5 sex dies septemque noctes. Domuum et insularum et templorum
quae amissa erant numerum inire nemo potuit.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Nerone imperante: abl. abs. 4. *angustus, —a, -um, narrow, confined
2. *ignis, -is, m., (ignium), fire (ignition) *vetus, -eris, old, ancient (veteran)
Circus Maxinius: 'Circus Maximus', a
huge amphitheatre used chiefly for 5. *Insula, -ae, /., island; an island
liere,

chariot racing. of buildings, surrounded on four sides

Palatinum Caeliumque montes: 'the Pala- by streets, i.e., an 'apartment house' or
tine and CaeHan hills' 'tenement building.' The vast majority of
3. *validus, -a, —um, strong, mighty Romans lived in such quarters.
*augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, act., I increase
(trans.); pass., I increase (intrans.) (auc- 6. *numerus, -i, m., number (numerous)
tion) inire: freely, 'calculate'

124 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Eo tempore Nero non procul ab urbe in oppido Antio aberat.
Qui in urbem reversus populum Campo Martio atque hortls suis
uti passiis est, pretiumque frOmenti minus fecit. Tamen
fama erat,
10 dum urbs incenditur, iniisse eum suam scaenam et cecinisse
Troianam rulnam. Alii etiam suspicabantur eum ipsum urbem
Romam incendisse, aut volentem, ut Eutropius scrTpsit, ignes
Troiae captae iterum videre, aut cupientem, utapud Suetonium
legimus, vetera aedificia et angustas vias delere. Certe Nero^
15 fortasse sibi gloriam consecuturus,_polIicitus est se
magnam
novam urbem (et partem sua pecunia) aedificaturum esse.
At multi adhuc credebant ignem a Nerone iussum [Link]
igitur, ut apud Tacitum legimus, eos accusavit quos
Christianos
vulgus appellabat. Auctor nominis eius, Christus, Tiberio im-
20 perante per Pontium Pilatum cruciatus erat. Qui Christiani, adhuc
oppress!, iam oriebantur, non modo per ludaeam, unde hoc
malum fuit, sed per urbem Romam etiam, quo omnia undique
dira malaque convenire solent. Quorum
a canibus edebantur,
alii

alii cruciabantur, alii sub noctem quasi lumina nocturna incende-

25 bantur. Hortos suos ei spectaculo Nero praebuerat.

(Adapted from Tacitus, Annals, XV,

38-44; Suetonius, Nero, 38;
Eutropius, Historia Romana, VIII, 14)

7. *procuI, at a distance, far off terial for our knowledge of the first

Anti5: Antium, a town in Latium, birth- century A.D.

place of Nero. *accuso, i., I accuse, charge
8. Campus Martius: 'Campus Martius', Christianus, -i, m., a Christian
an open area along the Tiber, used as 19. *auctor, -oris, m., sponsor, author,
the place of meeting for the people of the one responsible
Rome, and also for games, exercise and 20. Pontium Pilatum: Pontius Pilate,
military drill.
Roman governor of Judaea in the time
hortus, -I, m., garden (horticulture) of Christ
10. scaena, -ae, /., stage; here, 'theatre'. *cruci6, 1, I torture, nail to a cross;
Apparently Nero had his own private crucifixion was the common punishment
theatre. dealt to criminals and runaway slaves.
12. *ut: as
21. *n6n modo ... sed etiam: not only
Eutropius: Eutropius was an historian
. . . but also
who wrote in the middle of the fourth
23. dims, -a, -um, dreaded, dreadful
century A.D.
(dire)
13. Suetonium: Bom about A.D. 69,
*canis, -is,m. or /., dog (canine)
Suetonius wrote the biographies of the
*edo, -ere, edi, esum, I eat (edible)
first twelve emperors.
18. Tacitum: Tacitus (about A.D. 55- 24. *lumen, -minis, n., light; lamp,
120), Roman whose Histories
historian, torch (luminous)
and Annals provide the chief source ma- *noctumus, -a, -um, nocturnal, at night

Rome in Later Times I 125

 8 The Death of Nero
Olim Nero in curia, orationem a Seneca, viro sapienti,
scrlptam habens, negaverat se negotiorum omnium iudicem fore.
Praeterea, quinque annos erat princeps gratus et populo et senatui
Romano. Postea tamen, sicut apud Eutropium legimus, magnam
5 partem senatus interfecit; bonis omnibus liostis fuit.
Tandem in Hispania Galba, quem Nero per nuntios occldere
conatus erat, ab exercitu imperator salutatus est, confirmans se
legatum esse senatus populique Romanl. Nero, desertus a suTs,
Roma fugit, ut erat, nudo pede atque tunicatus, ad villam
10 ciiiusdam ITberti, cum quattuor comitibus soils, inter quos erat
Sporus.
Ibi fossam fieri iussit aptam ad corporis sui modum, et aquam
simul ac ad corporis mortui curam, flens ad
ligna conferri
singula, et haec verba iterum atque iterum dicens: "Qualis artifex
15 pereo!" Inter moras, perlatas a servo litteras cepit legitque se
hostem a senatu iudicatum esse et petl ad poenam. Rogavitque
quale esset id genus poenae. Et ubi cognovit nudi hominis
cervicem poni in furcis, corpus virgis ad mortem caedi, territus,

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *6ratio. -onis, /., speech; orationem modum: here, 'measurement'
habeo, I make a speech 13. *simul ac: 'at the same time as'
Seneca, -ae, m., Seneca, a skilful lignum, -i, n., wood; pi., firewood; cre-
speaker, scholar and writer, whose mation was commonly practised among
talents were envied by the emperors the Romans
Caligula and Claudius. After acting as *confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, I bring
Nero's tutor, he was given much author- together, collect (collate)
ity by the emperor, but was finally forced *fle6, -ere, -evi, — etum, I weep
to commit suicide. ad singula: 'at each stage of the prepara-
2. '^'negdtium, -i, n., business, affair tion'
*iudex, iudicis, m., judge 14. artifex, -ficis, m., artist, craftsman
4. *slcut, just as, exactly as
15. *mora, -ae, /., delay (moratorium)
Eutropium: Eutropius, an historian writ-
*perfer6, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, I carry
ing in the fourth century A.D.
through; bring, report
6. ^Hispania, -ae, /., Spain
Galba: later became emperor, A.D. 68-9 16. *iudic5, 1., I judge; declare (adju-
7. *canfirm6, 7., I strengthen, declare dicate)

8. *desero, -ere, *rog6, 7., I ask (interrogative)

-ul, -turn, I desert
(desertion) 17. esset: 'was'; imperfect subjunctive in
9. "^nudus, -a, -um, bare, exposed (nude) an indirect question
tunicatus, -a, -um, wearing the tunica 18. furca, -ae, /., a two-pronged fork;
10. *comes, comitis, m., companion here, a wooden placed on the
'yoke'
12. *fossa, -ae, /., trench, ditch neck, while the hands were fastened to
*aptus, -a, -um, suitable, suited; (to, for, the two ends.
with ad and ace.) (aptitude) virga, -ae, /., rod, switch; cane

126 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 duos pugiones quos secum tulerat cepit; temptataque utrlusque
20 acie, rursus condidit, loquens nondum adesse mortis horam.
Ac modo Sporum hortabatur ut flere inciperet, modo orabat
ut aliquis se ad moriendum exemplo iuvaret; interdum segnitiem
suam his verbis reprehendebat: "Vivo turpiter."
lamque equites accedebant qui iussi erant vivum eum capere.
25 Quod ut sensit, Nero, verbis Homerl poetae Graece dictis, pugio-
nem per cervlcem egit. Semianimisque adhuc, irrumpenti centu-

rionl et paenula ad vulnus posita in auxilium se venisse simuianti,

non aliud respondit quam "Sero!" et "Haec est fides!" Atque in

ea voce mortuus est.

(Adapted from Suetonius, Nero, 48, 49; Eutropius VII, 14, 15)

19. pugio, -onis, m., dagger 27. paenula, -ae, /., a travelling cloak of
*fer5, ferre, tull, latum, I bear, bring, wool
carry *simul5, 7., I pretend
*tempto, 7., I try, investigate (attempt) 28. *sero, late, too late
*uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of 29. *vox, vocis, /., voice; utterance
two, both. (vocal)
20. *acies, -el, /., edge (of a blade);
battle-line
*condo, -ere, -didi, —ditum, I found;
store away, sheathe (recondite)
21. *modo . . . modo: 'at one time' . . .

'atanother time'
*hortor, 7., I encourage, urge; here, in-
troduces ut inciperet, 'that he begin':
inciperet is an imperfect subjunctive in
an indirect command.
*or6, 7., I beg (adore)
22. ^aliquis, -quis, -quid, indef. pron.,
someone
ut aliquis . . . iuvaret: 'that someone
help'; indirect command with 5rabat;
iuvaret an imperfect subjunctive.
is

ad moriendum: gerund: 'to die'

/., slowness, sluggishness
segnities, -ei,
23. reprehendo, -ere, -prehendi, -pre-
liensum, I hold back; criticize (repre-
hensible)
*viv6, —ere, vixi, victum, I live (revive)
24 *vivus, -a, -um, alive, living
25. Homerus, -i, m.. Homer, Greek epic
poet
Graece, in Greek
26. semianimis: semi -\- animus; 'half-
dead'
irrumpenti: in- (ir-) -f rumpo; 'bursting
in' THE EMPEROR NERO

Roitw in Later Times I 127

 TOMB OF CAECILIA ME-
TELLAON THE APPIAN
WAY Since burial was for-
bidden within the city pre-
cincts, Q well-to-do Roman
often built on a
his tomb
busy highway leading out of
the city. The vault was
roomy enough to moke its

owner comfortable.

9 The Affair at Ephesus: Part 1

Gloomy housekeeping in a tomb

Matrona quaedam Ephesi, viro caro mortuo, etiam in se-
pulcrum secuta est mortuum corpusque tueri ac flere totas noctes
diesque coepit. Quam morituram, cibum et aquam per quinque
dies edere nolentem, neque parentes neque amici a sepulcro
5 ducere poterant. Cum hac misera matrona manebat fidelissima
ancilla, quae lumen prope corpus positum, si defecerat, incende-
bat. Gives igitur in tota civitate confirmabant solum illud fuisse
verum exemplum amoris.

Enter the hero — a soldier who tries his persuasive charm, in vain

Interim imperator provinciae latrones in crucibus pom iussit

10 non procul ab illo sepulcro in quo recens cadaver matrona flebat.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Ephesus, -i, /., Ephesus, a city in 9. latro, -onis, m., robber
Ionia crux, crucis, /., cross; cf. crucio
3. *coepI, coepisse, I began
6. ancilla, -ae, /., maid, maid-servant 10. *recens, recens, recens (recentis), re-
(ancillary) cent; fresh, new
*defici6, -ere, -feci, -fectum, intrans. I cadaver, -eris, «., a dead body, corpse
give out, fail (deficient) (cadaverous)

128 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Proxima igitur nocte miles qui cruces tuebatur lumen inter monu-
menta conspexit et feminam flentem audivit. Quod vitio gentis
hiimanae scire cupiebat quis aut quid faceret, descendit in se-
pulcrum, visaque pulcherrima muliere, lacrimis eius motus, in
15 sepulcrum attulit suum cibum et vinum, coepitque hortari flentem
feminam ita: "Noli in dolore isto manere; omnium est idem exitus,
idem domicilium." At ilia vehementius flevit, ruptosque crines
super cadaver posuit.

The soldier's persistence bears fruit

Non discessit tamen miles, sed eisdem verbis conabatur dare

20 ancillae cibum vinumque, donee ilia accepit. Deinde, refecta vino
et cibo, ipsa dominam hortari coepit. "Non erit utile", inquit, "hoc
tibi, si vivam sepellveris." Nemo invitus audit, cum cogitur
te
cibum sumere vel vivere. Itaque mulier, tot dierum abstinentia
sicca, passa est frangi pertinaciam suam, non minus avide comple-
25 vit se cibo quam ancilla, quae prior victa est.

(Adapted from Petronius, Satyricon, CXI)

11. "^proximus, -a, -um, next; nearest 20. *donec, until

12. *vitium, -i, «., fault, blemish; fail- 21. domina, -ae, mistress of a house-
/.,
ing; here, vitio is ablative of cause; tr. hold; lady
'because of a failing' 22. sepelio, -Ire, —pelivl, -pultum, I
13. quis aut quid faceret: 'who (it vfz.s)
bury (sepulchre)
and what she was doing'; indirect ques- *invitus, -a, -um, unwilling(ly)
tion, using the imperfect subjunctive *cum, conj., whenever
(faceret)
23. abstinentia, -ae, /., self-restraint
16. *doIor, -oris, m., grief, anguish; cf.
doleo 24. *siccus, -a, -um, dry; parched
*exitus, -us. m., end, outcome pertinacia, — ae, /., stubbornness, ob-
17. domicilium, -i, n., dwelling, abode stinacy
(domicile) *avidus, —a, -um, greedy
*vehementer, earnestly, vigorously 25. prior, prior, prius, earlier; first (of
crinis, -is, m., hair, lock; usually pi. two)

Rome in Later Times I 129

 10 The Afifair at Ephesus: Part 2

The pleas of the soldier and the maid prove convincing

Complures dies miles, iam amoris mulieris pulcherrimae

cupidus, quam plurima dona emebat et prima nocte in sepulcrum
ferebat. Praeterea, pulcher iuvenis mulieri esse videbatur, ancilla
iterum atque iterum dicente: "Placitone etiam pugnabis amori?"
5 Quid diutius moror? Matrona pollicita est se quam primum
uxorem mllitis fore. Porta sepulcri clausa, omnes qui eo venerant
putabant periisse super corpus viri fidelissimam uxorem.

A near disaster!

At parentes unius ex latronibus qui in crucibus positT erant,

ut viderunt neminem cruces tueri, detraxerunt nocte corpus filii

10 ad sepultiiram. Itaque miles, ut poster© die vidit unam crucem

sine corpore esse, poenam veritus, mulieri omnia aperuit; "Non,"
inquit, "exspectaturus sum iiidicis sententiam sed gladio me occi-
sQrus sum. Ergo da mihi peritiiro locum in eodem sepulcro cum
viro tuo."

An ancient double-cross

15 Mulier, non minus mitis quam fidelis, "Nolo," inquit, "eodem

tempore duorum mihi carissimorum hominum duo fiinera spec-
tare. Malo mortuum in cruce ponere quam vivum occldere."
Itaque iussit corpus viri sui toll! atque in ilia cruce quae erat sine
corpore poni. Sic usus est miles consilio prudentissimae feminae,
20 posteroque die populus miratus est quomodo mortuus iisset in
crucem.
(Adapted from Petronius, Satyricon, CXII)

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. prTma nocte: 'at nightfall' 12. *sententia, -ae, /., opinion; sentence,
4. placitus, -a, -um, pleasing, agreeable decision
Placitone etiam pugnabis amori: the 13, =!=ergo therefore
y?'''' 15'. *mltis, -is -e, gentle, mild (miti-
Aeneid (IV. '^!ri^
a"""^. n^r "^T'vf
38). Her real life situation .

involving ancilla, matrdna and miles, is ^ . , •

, j .

1^. *fQnus, -ens, n., burial, death

parallel to Vergil's story involving Anna,
Dido and Aeneas. 20. "^quomodo . . . iisset: 'how a dead
9. detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, I drag man had gone onto the cross,' i.e., 'had

away; pull down (detract) climbed up on'; pluperfect subjunctive

10. sepultura, -ae, /., burial in an indirect question

130 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

Part III Series 2

PLINY'S LETTERS
 PLINY'S LETTERS

Gaius PUnius Caecilius Secundus {about A.D. 61-114) was bom

at Novum Comum {themodern Como) in the north of Italy. He is

known as Pliny the Younger to distinguish him from his uncle, Gaius
PUnius,who later adopted him.
His was a successful career. With a natural gift of speech, and after
a period of training in oratory by the famous Quintilian, he began
speaking at the bar in his nineteenth year.

Several important treasury posts gave him a background in finance

and administration which served him well as consul {A.D. 100) and
as special representative of the emperor Trajan in Pontus and Bithynia
{about 111-114), into which provinces various abuses had crept.

Pliny is known chiefly for his letters —247 in his personal corres-

pondence and 121 official letters to and from Trajan. Whereas Cicero's
lettersare sensitive documents of his age, not having been written for
publication, the same cannot be said of Pliny's writings. He himself
carefully edited and revised his letters, and even arranged them for
publication. They are therefore more highly polished and self-conscious
than ordinary letters, but present a valuable picture of a cultured
Roman's life and interests a hundred years after the birth of Christ.

They are written to friends and to many prominent figures of his

age; some describe Pliny's homes, his interests, his family; others tell
anecdotes or describe famous events. Among his most celebrated works
are his letters describing the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, when he
was seventeen, and a letter to Trajan asking for advice on the treatment
of Christians in his province.

All the reading passages which follow are adapted from the letters

of Pliny.

132 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

1 Greater Love Hath No Man
Pliny relates these stories about Arria to illustrate her remarkable
devotion to Caecina Paetus, her husband.

Arria keeps from her husband knowledge of their son's death

Arriae et viro Caeclnae Paeto erat gratus filius. Aegrotabat

Paetus, aegrotabat et filius, uterque gravissime, ut videbatur.
Filius, iuvenis, pulcherrimus et gratissimus, periit, parentibus non
minus cams ob alia quam quod filius erat.
5 Patrl autem qui adhiic erat aegerrimus, nihil ab Arria de
morte filii apertum est. Ipsa fQnus paravit, ipsa omnia curavit.
Saepe pater rogabat 'Quid puer agit?' Semper ea respondebat:
'Bene quievit. Bene cibum siimpsit.' Sed Arria quod lacrimae diii
retentae earn vincebant, e cubiculo egressa tum multas lacrimas
10 dabat. Inde oculis siccis, placido vultu ad virum redlbat.
Sic ipsa vita viri uxoris maximo amore servata est.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

It is assumed that any word not treated under the Vocabulary and Notes has

already been learned by the student. All words marked with an asterisk occur
frequently in Latin authors, and therefore should be carefully learned.

1. Caeclnae Paet5: Caecina Paetus, who 7. *rog6, 7., I ask (abrogation)

later took part in an unsuccessful con-
spiracy against the emperor Claudius, 8. *quiesc6, -ere, quievi, quietum, I

was brought to Rome, and forced to rest, am quiet (quiescent)

commit suicide in A.D. 42. *cibus, -i, m., food
aegroto, 7, I am ill (aegrotat) *sumo, -ere, sumpsT, sumptum, I take,
eat (consume)
2. *et: 'even', 'also' *Iacrinia, —ae, /., tear (lachrymose)
*uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of
two), both 9. *retiiie6, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, I hold
*videor, -eri, visus sum, I seem; ut back (retain)
videbatur, as it seemed' cubiculum, -i, n., bed-room
- , _ . , *egredior, -i, —gressus sum, I depart
3. *parens, -entis, m. or /., parent (,^.^^
-
^^
^^^^^ 1^^^^ ^/^^^ ^^/ ^ (^g^^^^)
4. ob alia: 'for other reasons': alia is the ,„ ^ , , , .
accusative plural neuter of alius, 'another'
l^ ' ^V^ (oculist)
o*^"'"^' "'' "'•'
SICCUS, —a, —um,
dry (desiccate)
6. ''funus, -ens, n., burial, death *placidus, -a, -um, calm; kindly
(funeral) *vultus, -us, m., face, countenance

Pliny's Letters I 133

Ania follows her husband even in times of adversity

Postea Paetus ipse, ubi in Illyrico arma cum socils contra

Claudium imperatorem movit, consiliis Tnfectis, Romam a mlli-
tibus trahebatur. Arria autem, virum relinquere nolens, militibus
15 'Me quoque', inquit, 'in navi cum viro ponite. Ego ipsa ei cibum
dabo, omnia sola praestabo.' Quod autem mllites pati nolebant.
Itaque navi ingenti qua vir trahebatur solOta, Arria conduxit
parvam navem piscatoriam, post ingentem navem secuta est.

Arria shares her husband's suicide

Clarissimum quidem erat hoc factum Arriae. Claudius enim,

20 ubi Paetus et Arria Romam pervenerunt, eum ipsum propter
arma contra se capta se occidere iussit. Arria autem, quod tam
diii tantaque concordia cum viro vixerat, viam facilem ad mortem

Pugionem sumpsit, pectus suum gravissime

invenire constituit.
pugionem extractum tradidit, addidit vocem im-
vulneravit, viro
25 mortalem, ac paene divinam: 'Paete, non dolet'.
(Adapted from Pliny, Letters, iii, 16)

12. Illyricuin, -I, n., the country of which taught the necessity for indiffer-
lUyria, on the eastern shore of the ence to death. In fact, Romans found
Adriatic guilty of treason were sometimes ordered
and failure to comply
to kill themselves,
13. *imperator, — 5ris, m., commander;
was labelled cowardice; to die calmly
emperor and without fear was the mark of a true
*iiiifectus, -a, -um, not done, not made, Stoic.
unsuccessful
*tam, so
14. *traho, -ere, -traxi, tractum, I drag,
pull (traction) 22. *tantus, -a, -um, so great
nolens, pres. part, of nolo concordia, -ae, /., harmony
*vlv5, -ere, vixl, victum, I live (revive)
16. *praesto, -stare, -stiti, stitum, I sur-
pass; supervise 23. pugio, —onis, m., dagger
17. *solv6, —ere, solvi, solutum, I untie, pectus, -oris, n.,breast, chest (pectoral)
suus, -a, -um, his own, her own
loose (solution); navem solvo, I set sail
conduc5, —ere, -duxi, -ductum, I bring
together; hire
24. extractum: 'pulled out' i.e., from her
chest; from extraho.
18. piscatorius, -a, -um, relating to fish- *add6, -ere, didi, -ditum, I add (addi-
ing; navis piscatoria, fishing-smack tion)
*vox, v5cis, /., voice; utterance (vocal)
19. *quidem, indeed, at least
*immortaIis, -is, -e, immortal, undying
21. se occidere: The attitude of the Ro-
mans to suicide was far different from 25. *divlnus, -a, — um, divine, sacred
that of today. Many Romans were influ- *dole6, -ere, -ul, -itum, I feel pain,
enced by the tenets of Stoic philosophy, grieve for; give pain, hurt

134 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

L Up at a Villa, Down in the City

A Roman of means usually owned one or more villas in the country.

The following passage has been adapted from two letters written by
Pliny to different friends, and shows how he, among others, sought to
escape the bustle of Rome.

Life in the city is busy, but empty

Uno die Romae multa et varia facere videor. Nam si me

rogaveris 'Hodie quid egisti?' respondebo 'Officio togae virilis adfui;

nuptiis adfui. Dum ille testamentum signal, adfui; pro illo apud
iiidices dixi.' Haec eo die quo feci, necessaria esse videntur. Quod
5 autem eadem cotidie facio, omnia inania esse videntur.
Quot dies talibus rebus frigidis consumpsi!

Life in the country is unhurried, but rewarding

Laurentino meo vita est semper grata. Aut lego aliquid

At in
aut scrlbo aut etiam corpus euro, cuius viribus animus sustinetur.
Nihil malum audio, nihil dico. Nemo de alio sinistris sermonibus
10 queritur, neminem ipse reprehendo, nisi tamen me cum male
scribo. Nulla spe, nullo timore moveor, nullis rumoribus excitor.
Mecum solo et cum Hbris loquor.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *varius, -a, -um, different, changeable 7. *at, but (introducing a change of
(variety) scene)
2. *officiuni, -1, n., duty, office, cere- in Laurentino meo: i.e., Pliny's villa at
mony (office); officio is dative of indirect Laurentum, situated 17 miles south-west
object with adfui: 'I was present at a of Rome.
ceremony g_ *anlmus, -i, m., mind, spirit, morale;
togae a young Roman officially
virllis:
enthusiasm (magnanimous)
became a citizen at about the age of ,

sixteen, when he assumed his 'toga of ^' '"^™« («^^- nemmem), no one
'slanderous
sinistrls:
manhood' (toga virllis)
3. nuptiae, -arum, /. pi, wedding
sermb, -onis, m., talk, conversation
testamentum, -I, n., will 10. *queror, -I, questus sum, I complain,
signo, i., I sign bewail (querulous)
4. *iudex, -icis, m., judge (judicial) reprehendo, -ere, -prehendl, -prehen-
*necessarius, -a, -um, unavoidable; inti- sum, I hold back; criticize (reprehensible)
mate (necessary) *nisi, if not, unless, except
5. *cotIdie, daily
11. *timor, -oris, m., fear (timorous)
'^'manis, —is, -e, empty, vam _ _ . ^ ,,

6. =^talis, -is, -e, such, of such a kind -«"^: ""- ^^^^' ''''^^''\
I"™?;:
*excit6, 7., I arouse, excite (excitable)
*frigidus, —a, -um, cold
*c6nsum5, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptum, I 12. *loquor
*loquor, —I, locutus sum, I speak
eat up, use up (loquacious)

Pliny's Letters I 135

 gratam aequamque vitam! O dulce otium ac paene omrii
O
negotio pulchrius! O mare, O lltus, O verum Museum, quam
15 multa invenltis, quam multa docetis!
Itaque tu quoque, ml amice, inanes labores relinque, teque
studils vel otio trade. Melius enim est otiosum esse quam nihil
agere.

Pliny is an indifferent hunter

Interdum venor. Certe ridebis. Ego ille qui tibi notus est apros
20 tres et quidem pulcherrimos cepi. 'Ipse?' inquis. Ipse: tamen nullo
modo ab quiete mea discedebam. Solus ad retia morabar, sed
mecum stilum tabulasque habebam. Ita si manus vacuas, plenas
tamen tabulas domum portare in animo habebam. Hic silvae
erant et ipsum illud silentium quod venationem atque studia iuvat.
25 Hoc quidem cognosces: per montes non Diana magis quam
Minerva errat.
(Adapted from Pliny's Letters, i, 6; i, 9)

13. vitam, otium, mare, Iltus, Museum: aper, aprl, m., a wild boar
accusatives of exclamation 20. *quidem: certainly, 'in fact'; empha-
*dulcis, -is, -e, sweet (dulcet) sizing pulcherrimos
*otium, -i, n., ease, leisure (negotiate) 21. *quies, quietis, /., rest, repose
14. litus, —oris, n., shore (littoral) (quiescent)
*verus, -a, -um, true (veritable) ad retia: 'near the nets'; rete, -is, is a
Museum, -i, n., haunt of the muses, neuter i-stem noun
the nine divine sisters who give inspira- 22. stilum:The stilus was a pointed in-
tion in the fine arts strument for writing on waxen tablets
16. *labor, -5ris, m., toil, work; hard- (tabulae)
ship (laborious) * vacuus, —a, -um, empty, free from
17. *studium, -i, n., study; enthusiasm
23. *silva, -ae, /., forest, wood
(study)
24. ""silentium, —i, «., silence
*vel, or, or if you like
venatio, -onis, hunting
5ti5sus, -a, —um, at leisure, free of
/.,

*atque (ac), and, and also

business
19. *interdum, sometimes 25. Diana, Minerva: Diana was the
venor, l.,l hunt patron goddess of the hunt, Minerva of
""rideo, -ere, risi, risum, I laugh, laugh learning
at (deride) 26. *err6, 7., I wander (errant)

136 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

3 Largius Macedo is Murdered by His Own Slaves

In Roman times, as in every age, a master's harsh and unjust

treatment of his slaves sometimes proved his undoing.

Severity meets its reward

Rem foedam Largius Macedo, vir praetorius, a servis suis

passus est, superbus dominus et saevus, quamquam suus pater
fuerat servus.
Lavabatur in villa: repente circum eum servi stant: alius os
5 contundit, alius pectus et ventrem; et quod eum mortuum esse
putabant, iaciunt in fervens pavimentum, ut experirentur, num
viveret. Ille fortasse non sentiebat, fortasse se n5n sentire simu-
labat; immobilis certe mortuus esse videbatur. Quem tandem
tollunt servl fideliores et e caldario portant, feminae cum clamore
10 lacrimisque dominum dolent. Ita et verbis excitatus et recreatus
frigore loci, oculis sublatTs corporeque moto, se vivere ostendit.
Fugiunt servl qui Macedonem contuderant; quorum magna
pars capta est, ceteri petuntur. Ipse paucos dies aegre vivit;
tandem laetus quod servl poenas dederant periit.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Largius Macedo: nothing else is ut experirentur: 'that they might test';
known of this man, beyond the fact that the imperfect subjunctive, here used in
he had been praetor (vir praetorius) a purpose clause, is from the verb
2. *superbus, -a, -um, haughty, over- experior, experiri, expertus sum, I ex-
bearing perience, try
*saevus, -a, —um, cruel, savage num viveret: 'whether he was alive'; im-
take a bath. Sump-
4. lavor, 1., I bathe, perfect subjunctive in an indirect ques-
tuous villas were usually equipped with tion
a frigidarium (cold bath), and also a 7. *vlv5, -ere, vixi, victum, I am alive,

caldarium (hot bath), the floor of which live (vivisection)

was raised from the ground by short *sentio, -Ire, sensi, sensura, I perceive,
pillars and heated by hot air circulated feel, have feeling (sensible)
under it. simulo, 7., I pretend (simulate)
*repente, suddenly 8. immobilis, —is, -e, motionless
5. contundo, -ere, -tudi, -tusum, I *ccrtus, -a, — um, certain, sure, definite
pound, beat; crush (contusion) 9. *fidelis, -is, -e, faithful (fidelity)
* venter, -tris, m., stomach (ventricle) *cIamor, -oris, m., shout, shouting
*mortuus, -a, -um, dead (mortuary) 10. recre5, 7., I make anew, revive
6. *puto, 7., I think, suppose (dispute) IL *frigus, -oris, n., cold (frigid)
in fervens pavimentum: 'onto the boil- *locus, -I, m., place; room (locality)
ing hot pavement', i.e., of the caldarium. 13. *aegre, scarcely, with difficulty

Pliny's Letters I 137

15 Vides quot pericula, quot timores adsint omnibus dominis et
mails et mitibus; dominus autem non semper securus est, quia
est bonus mitisque.

An earlier event in his life proved ominous for the deceased

Quid praeterea novi? Quid? nihil, quamquam locus adhuc

est in quo pliira verba addi possunt.
20 Addam autem quod forte ad eundem Macedonem pertinet.
Dum in publico Romae lavatur, res mirabilis atque etiam, ut
exitus postea docuit, ominosa facta est. Eques Romanus, a Mace-
donis servo qui domino transitum dare conabatur manu leviter
nee servum a quo tactus erat sed ipsum Mace-
tactus, convertit se,
25 donem tam graviter contudit ut paene caderet.
Ita dum lavatur primum iniuriam deinde exitum accepit.

(Adapted from Pliny's Letters, iii, 14)

15. adsint: present subjunctive in an in- dmin5sa: the highly superstitious Romans
direct question predicted the future through all kinds of
16. *initis, -is, -e, gentle, mild signs and portents (omina)
securus, -a, -um, free from care, un- 23. qui . transitum dare conabatur:
. .

troubled 'who was trying to clear the way';

18. Quid . . . novi?: 'What news?' lit., transitus, -us, m., crossing; path, pas-
'what of new?' went before the litter
sage. Certain slaves
19. *plures, -es, -a, more numerous, for this purpose. Apparently they were
more not always as gentle as the slave men-
*addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, I add (addi- tioned here.
tion) 24. *tang6, —ere, tetigl, tactum, I touch;
20. forte, by chance influence (contact)
*pertineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, I pertain 25. ut . . . caderet: 'that he almost fell
to, have reference to (pertinent) down'; imperfect subjunctive in a result
21. in publico: 'in a public bath' clause
22. *exitus, -us, w., end, outcome; 26. *iniuria, -ae, /., wrong, outrage,
death insult (injurious)

138 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

4 Pliny Promotes the Founding of a School
In Pliny's letters of parents of an entire community co-
we hear
operating in the appointment of able teachers for their sons. The
following dialogue is reconstructed from a letter written by Pliny to the
historian Tacitus asking him to find teachers for the school he has
pledged to help found at Novum Comum, his birthplace. In this letter
Pliny relates the circumstances leading to his interest in such a school.

Cast of Characters

Puer praetextatus
Pater pueri praetextati
Patres alii qui adsunt
C. Plinius ipse

5 PUnius (puero praetextatd): Studes?

Puer: Etiam.
PUnius: Ubi studes?
Puer: Mediolani.
PUnius: C\xt non hie?
10 Pater (qui puerum duxit): Quia nullos hie praeeeptores habemus.
PUnius: Cur nullos? Nam
vos qui patres estis praeeeptores con-
ducere debetis. Melius est llberos vestros dum discunt hie
manere.
Pater: Ita vero. Ubi enim morari quam in
liberi aut iiicundius
15 patria aut melius teneri quam sub oculis parentum possunt?
Alu Parentes {forte audientes): Aut ubi mmore sumptu vitam
agere quam domi possunt?
PUnius: Minore sumptu ergo coacta pecunia fllios Novi Comi

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. praetextatus: 'wearing the praetexta', 10. praeceptor, -5ris, m., teacher (pre-
a garment bordered with purple, worn cept)
by the higher magistrates at Rome and ^^ *mane6, -ere, mansi, mansum, I re-
also by freeborn boys until they took the
^^^^^ ^^^^ (mansion)
toga virilis.
5. Studes?: studeo usually means 'I am 14. *ver5, to be sure, in truth
eager'; here, 'Do you go to school?'
^^ ^^ ^^^^
6. "^etiam: yes
(sumptuous)
8. Mediolani: loc. of Medlolanum,
'Milan', situated about 25 miles from 18. *ergo, therefore (in logical reason-
Novum Comum. ing)

Pliny's Letters I 139

 educare potestis. Totamque pecuniam quam nunc Mediolani
20 consumitis praeceptoribus conductis dare potestis.
Alfi Parentes: Bene dicis, Plini.
PUnius: Praeterea ego, nondum liberos habens, paratus sum pro
partem eius pecuniae quam cogere
re publica nostra tertiam
voletis dare. Totum autem praebere nolo. Nolo enim hoc
25 munus meum ambitu corrumpi, ut accidere multis in locis
video, in quibus praeceptores publice conducuntur. Vos
parentes ipsi et praeceptores conducere et maiorem partem
pecuniae praebere debetis. H5c modo dignus praeceptor a
vobis conductus et a me et a vobis pecunias accipiet. Maio-
30 rem igitur animum sumite a me cupiente quam plurimas
pecunias dare.

Alfi Parentes: Nihil honestius ITberis nostris, nihil gratius patriae

praebere poterimus. Educabuntur hic qui hic nascuntur,
statimque ab initio patriam suam amabunt.
35 PUnius: SI claros praeceptores conduxeritis, ut nunc llberl vestri
aliena in loca, ita mox aheni in hunc locum convenient.
(Adapted from Phny's Letters, iv, 13)

19. educare: usually is to educate; 28. *dlgnus, -a, -um, worthy, deserving
educere to care for (a child) 30. *plurimus, -a, -um, very much;
20. =^consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptuni, most, very many; quam plurimas
I use up, spend
pecunias: 'as much money as possible'
22. "paratus, -a, -um, ready, prepared
32. "iionestus, —a, -um, honourable,
(for, ad with ace.) (apparatus)
worthy (honest)
24. Totum: The whole amount'
*praebeo, —ere, -ui, -itum, I supply, 33. *nascor, -i, natus sum, I am bom;
furnish arise (native)

25. ambitus, -us, m., ambition; bribery 35. ut . . . ita: 'as . . . so'
*corrumpo, -ere, -rupl, -ruptum, I ruin, 36. ^'alienus, -a, -um, of another,
corrupt foreign; as a noun, foreigner (alien)
*accidit, -ere, it happens *Iocus, -I, m., place, position, ground; pi.,
26. '''pOblice: 'at public expense' loca, -orum, n., region, district (locality)

AN ANCIENT SCHOOL SCENE Apparently the pupil on the

right is late for school.

.^^^^^Ki ''M^^^:j^mi^mimi^^ir
J On Roman Public Games
While the games had wide appeal for Romans of all classes, some
men of learning, including Pliny, could find in them little or nothing
of interest.

The chariot races are monotonous

Omne tempus inter tabulas librosque iucundissima

hoc
quiete 'Quomodo', inquis, 'in urbe potuisti?' Liidi
consumpsi.
circenses aderant, quo genere spectaculi ne levissime quidem
teneor. Nihil novum, nihil varium fit. Si uno tempore eos vidisti,
5 satis est. MIror tot virorum milia pueriliter cupere currentes
equos, stantes in curribus homines, videre.
Illi neque celeritate equorum neque hominum arte tacti,

colores ipsos amant. Namque si in ipso cursu medioque certa-

mine hie color illuc, ille hue transierit, studium transTbit, et subito
10 agitatores illos, equos quorum nomina cognoscunt, rehn-
illos

quent. Haec faciunt non solum vulgus sed etiam quidam graves
homines. Quia autem re tam vacua delectantur, ipse capio certam
voluptatem quod hac voluptate non capior.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. *tabula, ae, /., writing tablet smeared 7. *ars, artis, /., (artium), art, skill

with wax (artistic)

2. ludi circenses: 'games in the circus': 8. color, -oris, m., colour, hue. Each of
for note on pubhc games, see page 121. the four factiones had its own colour:
These games were held in the Circus Red, White, Green or Blue
Maximus as well as in other stadia, and *cursus, -us, m., race, running
consisted mainly of chariot-racing with 9. *illuc, to that place
teams of two, three or four horses, sup- a
10. agitator, -oris, m., driver (of
plied by four syndicates (factiones), each
chariot)
of which had its own colours. Betting
11. *n6n solum . . . sed etiam, not only
was as popular then as it is now.
3. spectaculum, -i, n., display, spectacle
. . . but also
*ne . . . quidem, not even (framing the vulgus, -I, n., the common people

word emphasized) (vulgar)

4. *fio, fieri, factus sum, I am made, *quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain,

become; happen certain

5. *satis, enough, sufficient (satisfaction) 12. *delect6, 7., I delight, charm, please
*tot. so many (delectable)
pueriliter, childishly 13. *vo!uptas, -tatis, /., pleasure, delight
6. *currus, —us, m., chariot (voluptuous)

Pliny's Letters / 141

 ..^if

r"!

'
^'^
'4J r- r r
I'jji

^/

S% ^-|f'#
GLADIATORS FIGHT IN THE COLOSSEUM On occasion,
awnings were manipulated by sailors to protect the crowd from
the rays of the sun.

Even in high places there is discussion about the abolition of the games.

Adfui concilio Traiani imperatoris. Trebonius Rufinus,

15 princeps apud Viennenses, vir egregius nobisque amicus, ludos
tolli iusserat. Quodnon ex auctoritate publica. Coactus
fecerat
igitur se defendere, egit ipse causam non minus feliciter quam
diserte. Itaque Junius Mauricus, unus ex iudicibus, quo viro niliil
est honestius, nihil verius, 'Multo melius', inquit, 'ludos tolli. Volo
20 etiam Romae eos tollere.'
A liidis publicis oriuntur paucae virtOtes, vitia multa. Quae
vitia per imperium Romanum progrediuntur.
(Adapted from Pliny's Letters, ix, 6; iv, 22)

14. Traiani: 'Trajan', bom in Spain, *publicus, -a, — um, public, official
A.D. 53; reigned A.D. 98-117.
Trebonius Rufinus: abolished the games 17. ago causam: I plead a court case
*felix, igeii. fellcis), lucky, fortunate
at Vienna when duumvir.
(felicitous)
15. princeps: i.e., a city official
Viennenses: 'The people of Vienna'. 18. disertus, -a, — um, eloquent
Vienna, modem Vienne, was a com- lunius Mauricus: apparently known for
munity in the province of Gallia Nar- his boldness of speech.
bonensis, now in southern France.
*iudex, iudicis, m., judge, juror
16. *auct6ritas, -tatis, /., influence,
authority 22. *vitium, -i, n., fault, vice (vitiate)

142 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

6 The Death of Pliny's Uncle
The great eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79 blotted out the towns
of Pompeii and Herculaneum with a thick mantle of volcanic debris.
Pliny, a young man of seventeen at the time, was living at Misenum,
near Naples. His detached eye-witness account of the eruption, recorded
long after the event from his own observations and from the accounts
of survivors, is a masterpiece of writing.
The following letter was written at the request of his good friend,

the historian Tacitus.

The first stages of the eruption

Petis ut tibi avunculi mei mortem scribam, quod verius earn

rem tradere, ut mihi videtur, posteris vis. Itaque libenter quod
petis suscipio.
MIsenI eramus apud vlllam avunculi qui ipse class! Romanae
5 praeerat. Eo die hora fere septima mater mea nobis ostendit
nijbem mirabill magnitudine e monte Vesuvio oriri. Cuius nubis
formam nOlla alia arbor magis habet quam pinus, nam truncus in
caelum sublatus atque latl rami videbantur. Avunculus, vir
sapientissimus, quod sensit banc rem esse magnam, propius videre
10 volebat; navem igitur parari iussit. 'Mecum venire', inquit, 'tibi

licet, SI vis'. Respondl me studere malle.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. ut . scribam: 'that I write up,'; in-
. . *classis, -is, /., (classium), fleet (class)
direct commandwith the present sub- ^^ *praesuin, -esse, -fui, I am in charge
junctive, introduced by Petis
^^^^ ^-^^^ ^^^ ^
tibi: I.e., Tacitus
^5 jig. ^^^ August 24th, A.D. 79
avunculus, -i, m., 'uncle (maternal
, j^-j.- jg^.- ^^^^^^.
^ ^ j^ the early after-
,•

uncle', referred to elsewhere m

this letter
^^^.^ ^^^^ ^j^^^^^ approximately
as Plinius, whom historians generally
called Phny the Elder to distinguish him 6. *nubes, -is, /., cloud
from his equally famous nephew, Pliny *magnitud6, -dinis, /., size, extent
the Younger (magnitude)
2. *ut: 'as' 7. *forma, -ae, /., form, shape, appear-
*libenter, gladly, with pleasure ^jj^e
3. *suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, I
pjQus, -us, /., pine tree, usually in the
undertake (susceptible) shape of an umbrella
4. Miseni: loc. of MTsenum, the main
naval basin for the Roman fleet on the „_.'',,
truncus -i m. trunk
_ ,, , ,

west coast, situated a few miles west of

Naples. It was from here that the Ro-
^' """•"^"^- Pj-
f
''^•""^ .^'"^"'^'^
Apparently the cloud resembled in shape
•

either an umbrella pine or an atomic

man fleet set out in 31 B.C. to do battle
explosion,
with the ships of Antony and Cleopatra
at Actium. 9. propius, nearer

Pliny's Letters I 143

A call for help

Egrediebatur domo: statim accipit litteras a Rectlna, uxore

amici, quae gravi periculo territa erat. Cuius enim villa sub monte
erat, neque erat ulla nisi navibus fuga.
15 Vertit Plinius consilium. Ascendit ipse navem, non modo
Rectinam sed etiam Pomponianum, amicum eius, multosque alios
servaturus. Properat illuc unde alii fugiunt, rectumque cursum in
periculum tenet.
navem cadebat cinis qui, dum propius accedebant, erat
lam in
20 multo densior. lam cadebant pumices lapidesque nigri et igni
fracti. Nautis omnibus redire volentibus avunculus 'Fortes' inquit
'fortuna iuvat. Pomponianum mecum petite.'

The final hours of Pliny the Elder

Tandem ad amicum secundo vento vectus Pomponianum ter-

ritum complexus est. 'NolF inquit 'timere. Primum duel in balneum
25 volo'. Postea cenavit atque quievit verissim5 somno. Mox autem
ubi cinis lapidesque plurimi in aream domus ceciderunt, Plinius
excitatus et ceteri navem ascendere constituerunt; sed undae
adhiic ingentes manebant.
Avunculus, in litore quiescens, aquam saepe postulavit hau-
30 sitque. Deinde flammae alios in fugam vertunt, excitant ilium.

14. *nisi, if . . . not, unless, except *ignis, -is, m., (ignium), fire (ignite)
*fuga, —ae, /., flight, escape (fugue) 22. '''fortuna, —ae, /., good fortune, suc-
15. Plinius: i.e., Pliny the Elder: see cess; situation, plight (fortunate)
note /. 1.
23. '''secundus, -a, um, second; favour-
*non . . . modo . . . sed etiam, not only
able
. but also
. .

*ventus, -i, m., wind (ventilator)

17. *proper5, 7., I hasten, am in a hurry
24. complector, -i, complexus sum, I
*rectus, -a, -um, straight, direct
embrace, encircle, grasp
*cursus, -us, in., race; course (cursory)
19. *cims, -eris, m., ash, ashes
balneum, -i, n., bath
(cinder)
20. *densus, -a, -um, crowded, dense 25. ceno, 7., I dine
pumices: 'pumice stones', light in weight *somnus, -i, m., sleep (somnambulist)
and about the size of walnuts, comprised 26. aream: an open area, hence 'court-
part of the volcanic material belched yard'
forth by Vesuvius. 29. *postul5, 7., I demand (postulate)

*lapis, -idis, m., stone (lapidary) haurio, -Ire, hausi, haustum, I draw off,
*niger, -gra, -grum, dark, black (deni- drain dry, drink (exhaust)
grate) 30. flamnia, — ae, /., flame

144 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Duobus anima impe-
servls usus aegre surrexit, et statim cecidit,
dita. Ubi dies redditus est (is ab eo quern novissime viderat eraj
tertius), corpus inventum est integrum et quiescent! quam mortuo
similius.
( Adapted from Pliny's Letters, vi, 16)

31. *surgo, -ere, suirexl, surrectum, I 32. dies: i.e., 'daylight'

rise,stand up (resurrection) ^novissime, last, most recently
*aniina, -ae, /., breath; spirit, soul (ani-
mation)

A WRITHING DOG'S LAST MOMENTS are captured \n this plaster

cast from Pompeian excavations. Cavities in the hardened volcanic
matter that buried the city were filled by excavators with liquid plaster
of Paris thereby revealing the forms of people, animals, and objects
which had been trapped in the red-hot ash.

Pliny's Letters I 145

7 The Eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79 (Part 1)
After writing for Tacitus a description of his uncle's death, Pliny
receives a second request from his friend to supply the details of his
own experience during the eruption, after the time his uncle left him at
Misenum.

At first Pliny tried to remain calm and collected.

Interim Miseni ego et mater eramus.

Profecto avunculo ego ipse reliquum tempus, hac de causa
enim remanseram, studebam. Mox balneum, cena, somnus brevis.
Antea per multos dies fuerat motus terrae qui nos non terrebat
5 quia saepe fiebat. Ilia vero nocte ita auctus est ut omnia non
modo moveri sed etiam verti viderentur. Mater in cubiculum
meum subito iniit me excitatiira, Quacum egressus, in area quae
erat prope mare, sedT. Postulo librum TitI Livii et quasi per
otium lego. Ecce amicus avuncull, qui niiper ad eum ex Hispania
10 venerat, ut me et matrem sedentes, me etiam legentem vidit, me
stultum esse putavit. Ego autem cupide studere non destiti.

Soon, however, conditions became alarming even to Pliny.

lam hora diel erat prima et adhuc dies incertus. Muros intra
vlllam cadentes speravimus nos ex oppido discedere posse.
veriti,
Sequitur vulgus territum. Interim multa mirabilia patimur; nam

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

3. remaned, —ere, -mansl, -mansuni, I who wrote a voluminous history of Rome
stay behind, remain under the patronage of Maecenas, the
4. motus, -us, m., motion, movement adviser of Augustus.
sum, used as passive
5. *fI6, fieri, factus *quasi, as if, just as if

of facio, be made;'_become; happen n ^ u u ut i i

9. -^ecce, behold! look!
i

^ . -
'
^ T
"^augeo, —ere, auxi, auctum, act., I m-
•

'nuper, recently, lately

crease (trans.); pass., I increase (intrans.)
'Hispania, -ae, /., Spain
(auction)
ut omnia . . . viderentur: 'that every- 12. h5ra diei prima: i.e., the first
• . .

thing seemed'; imperfect subjunctive in a hour after daybreak; the Romans divided
result clause the period of daylight into 12 equal
8. Postulo: Pliny frequently uses the his- horae, which therefore varied in length
torical present for greater vividness; according to the season.
translate usually as a simple past action. dies: 'daylight'
Titi Livii: Titus Livius, the historian, incertus: 'indistinct', 'faint'

146 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

THE LOWER COURTYARD OF THE STABIAN VILLA Al-
though several miles distant, this villa at Stabiae,on the Bay
of Naples, was buried in the eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79.

15 vehicula quae produci iusseramus, quamquam in aequissimo

campo stabant, hue illue agebantur ae ne lapidibus quidem retenta
in eodem loeo quieseebant. Praeterea mare quasi in se revert! vide-

bamus; certe processerat multaque animalia maris in arenls

lltus

retinebat. Ab altero latere nubem nigram Ignesque clarosconspi-

20 ciebamus. Turn vero Idem ille ex Hispania amicus multo acrius
'SI frater' avunculus vivit, vult vos essetutos;
inquit, 'tuus, tuus
si periit, idem voluit. Itaque cur dubitatis
effugere?'_Negavimus
nos, de salute avuncull incertos, discessuros esse. Qua re
audita,

ille nulla mora effugit.

(Adapted from Pliny's Letters, vi, 20)

15. vehicula: vehiculum refers generally 17. quasi in se revertl: 'as if turned back
to a cart, carriage,or any wheeled on itself

vehicle. 19. Ab altero latere: i.e., of the bay;

16. hue illuc: 'this way and that'
'across the bay'
*retine5, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, I hold
back, hold in check 24. *mora, -ae, /., delay

Pliny's Letters I 147

A STREET IN HERCULANEUM This town was sealed in
A.D. 79 by a flow of mud lava, which sometimes reached a
depth of sixty-five feet.

O The Eruptioe of Vesuvius, A.D. 79 (Part 2)

It is estimated that in Pompeii alone about 2000 people were

trampled in the streets in the headlong stampede to escape. Their bodies

were soon buried by the hail of red-hot ash.

Pliny refuses to abandon his mother, despite her pleas

Nee multo postea ilia nubes in terras descendit, maria

opprimit. Turn mater vehementer me effugere iubet. Dicit iuvenem
posse; se et annls et corpore gravem libenter morituram esse, si
mihi causa mortis non fuisset. At ego negavi me sine ilia abitiirum

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. *epprini6, -ere, -pressi, pressum, I 4. nonfuisset: 'she had not been'; pluper-
overwhehn, overpower (oppressive) feet subjunctive in a subordinate clause
vehementer, earnestly, eagerly (vehem- in indirect discourse
ently)

148 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

5 [Link] manum eius complexus, earn invltam properare
cogebam.
lam adhuc tamen rarus: respicio: densa nubes
cinis cadebat,
nos sequebatur, 'Debemus', inquam, 'dum videre possumus, nos a
via vertere; sic turba fugientium non opprimemur.' Nobis prope
10 viam quiescentibus, subito pervenit nox nigerrima, qualis est in
locis clausis lumine exstincto.

Panic and despair prevail

Interdum audiebamus clamores feminarum, infantium, viro-

rum. Alii parentes, alii llberos, alii uxores vocibus petebant. Hi
suam fortunam, illi suorum querebantur. Multi ad deos maniis
15 tollebant; alii falsis terroribus vera pericula augebant.
Tandem ilia niibes, rara facta, quasi in fiimum discessit. Mox
dies verus rediit, sol etiam fulsit, incertus tamen, et qualis est dum
deficit. Videbantur nobis omnia mutata esse, altoque cinere op-
pressa esse. ReversI Misenum, noctem spe ac timore egimus.
20 Timor autem valebat: nam iam aderant et motQs terrae
et homines
plerique Nos tamen
territi. ne tunc quidem, quamquam alia
pericula pass! alia adhuc exspectabamus, consilium fugae cepimus,
nam prius nuntium de avunculo audire volebamus.
Haec niillo modo sunt digna historia: fortasse tibi ne epistula
25 quidem digna esse videbuntur.

(Adapted from Pliny's Letters, vi, 20)

5. *invitus, -a, -uni, unwilling bus: e.g., some reported that part of
7. *rarus, -a, -um, thin, with gaps, Misenum had collapsed, or that another
scattered part was on fire.

*respicio, -ere, exi, -ectum, I look back 16. f umus, -i, m., smoke (fume)
10. Squalls: 'such as', 'of the kind that' 17. *sol, solis, m., sun (solar)
11. *Iumen, -minis, /;., light; lamp, fuSgeo, -ere, fulsl, shine, glitter; flash
(luminous) dum deficit: 'when there is an eclipse'; lit.,

*exstinguo, -ere, -stioxi, stinctum, I deficio means 'fail'

blot out 18. *muto, 7., I change (commute)

12. infans, infantis (Infantium), ?7i. or /., 19. timer, -oris, m., fear
=

child, infant 21. *p!erlque, pleraeque, pleraque, very

13. *vox, vocis, /., voice, cry, utterance many, almost all

(vociferous) 23. *prius, first, beforehand

14. *queror, -I, questus sum, I complain, 24. historia: abl. with digna; historia is
complain of, lament (querulous) the word used for the 'History' written
15. *fa!sus, -a, -um, false: faisis terror!- by Tacitus

Pliny's Letters I 149

y The Haunted House
Vliny, while professing to seek a friend's opinion about ghosts, takes
the opportunity to relate stories of his own which apparently come from
reputable sources.

An apparition has frightened off all occupants of a house

Erat Athenis spatiosa et magna domus, sed mala et pestilens.

Per silentium noctis strepitus vinculorum longius primo, deinde e
proximo, reddebatur, Mox conspiciebatur umbra, senex squalore
confectus, barba capilloque foedis, qui manibus vincula gerebat.
5 Itaque ab habitantibus tristes noctes timore et vigilia agebantur;
vigiliam morbus atque etiam mors sequebatur. Nam ipsum per
diem, quamquam discesserat imago, memoria imaginis in oculls
stabat, longiorque erat timor quam causae timoris. Domus igitur
tota ilE umbrae relicta est. Proscribebatur tamen quod dominus
10 emptorem invenire cupiebat.

A philosopher decides to face the phantom — with startling results

Venit Athenas philosophus nomine Athenodorus, qui parvum

pretium suspicatus et de umbra certior factus, nihilo minus domum
conducit. Sub noctem iubet lectum sibi in primam partem domus
inferri, postulat tabulas, lumen. Ipse solus servis dimissls manet:
15 magna dlligentia scribere incipit.

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. Athenis: loc. of Athenae barba capilloque: ablatives of description
spatiosus, -a, -um, roomy, spacious foedus, —a, -um, foul, filthy; unkempt
pestilens, —entis, pestilential, unhealthy 5. *tristis, -is, -e, gloomy; sad
2. strepitus,—us, m., noise, din; rattle,
clanking (obstreperous) 7. *imago, -inis, /., likeness; phantom,
vinculum, -i, n., chain, bond, tie, fetter ghost
longius: absolute comparative: 'quite far *memoria, -ae, /., memory
off* 9. proscribebatur: 'it was advertised,' i.e.,

3. *proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next; e by being posted in writing on a notice

proximo: 'from very close at hand' board.
reddebatur: here, 'was produced' 10. emptor, —oris, m., buyer
*senex, senis, m., old man (senile)
11. Athenodorus: said to have been tutor
squalor-oris, m., squalour; filthy gar-
ments
to Augustus. This is therefore an old
story.
4. confectus: ///., 'worn out', 'exhausted';
with squalore, 'worn out and filthy' 12. nihilo minus: 'none the less', 'never-
barba, -ae, /., beard (barber); capillus, theless'
-i, m., hair (capillary) 13. lectus, -i, m., bed

150 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 Initio est silentium noctis, Ille non
deinde vincula moventur.
tollit oculos, non deponit animum. Turn
tabulas, sed c5nflrmat
augetur strepitus, accedit, et iam ut prope, iam ut intra portam
auditur. Respicit, cognoscit narratam sibi imaginem; quae stabat
20 digitoque eum se sequi iubere videbatur. Ille non moratus lumine
sublato sequitur. Ibat imago lento pede quasi gravis vinculis:
subito se abstulit. Philosophus relictus signum loco ponit.
Postero die adit magistrates, petit ut ilium locum effodi
iubeant. Qua re facta, ossibus vinculisque inventis, corpus piiblice
25 in sepulchre positum est. Postea nullae umbrae umquam hic
visae sunt.
(Adapted from Pliny's Letters, vii, 27)

17. animum: 'courage', 'determination' ut . . . iubeant: 'that they order'; present

19. *naiT6, 1, I tell, relate subjunctive in an indirect command
20. *digitus, —I, m., finger (digit)
24. OS, ossis, n., bone (ossify)
21. lentus, -a, -um, slow {French, lente-
*publice, officially
ment)
22. signum: the sign referred to was a 25. sepulchrum, —i, n., tomb; in sepul-
handful of grass and leaves chro: proper burial was most important
23. *magistratus, -us, m., magistrate, to the pagan Romans, many of whom
official; office thought that the unburied dead were
effodio, -ere, effodi, effossum, I dig out, destined to wander homeless and in
I dig up. agony through eternity.

XI
um^
ANCIENT KEYS

Pliny's Letters I 151

10 The Day a Dolphin Died

This tale of a boy and a fricndlv dolphin was told to Pliny, among
other marvellous stories, over the dinner table. In the following letter,
he offers it to his friend, the poet Caninius Rufus, as a suitable subject
for a poem.

Life in a seaside town is enlivened by a dolphin

Est in Africa oppidum Hippo marl proximum. HIc homines

omnis aetatis navigare atque etiam natare solebant, maxime pueri
qui lOdorum studi5 semper tenentur. His gl5ria et virtus erat in
altum vehl: victor erat ille qui longissime et litus et ceteros
5 natantes rellquerat. Hoc certamine puer quidam audacior reliquis
in altum natabat. Delphlnus adiit et nunc praecessit puerum,
nunc secutus est, postremo subiit, deposuit, iterum subiit, timen-
temque abstulit primum in altum, deinde se vertit ad litus, reddi-
ditque terrae et ceteris. Fama per oppidum relata, conveniebant
10 omnes, et ipsum puerum tamquam rem mirabilem mirabantur.

The dolphin's popularity grows

Postero die iterum natant pueri, inter hos ille, sed prudentius.
Delphinus rursus ad tempus, rursus ad puerum adit. Fugit ille
cum ceteris, quem delphinus omnibus motibus revocare velle
videtur. Hoc ahero die, hoc tertio, hoc compluribus fiebat donee
15 pueri timere destiterunt. Illi accedunt, appellant, etiam tangunt
delphinum. Augetur audacia, maxime eius pueri qui iam putat se
cognosci et amari, et ipse amat. Neuter timet, neuter timetur. Nee

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

1. oppidum Hippo: Hippo was a com- *praeced6, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, I go
munity west of Carthage, and had been in front
the site of a colony planted by Julius 7. *sube6, -Ire, — ii, -itum, I go under;
Caesar. dive
2. *aetas, aetatis, /., age, time of life ^' *'"efero, -ferre, -ttuli, -latum, I carry
*n5
navigo, 1., I sail
t>ack, report, bring
nato, L, I swim (natation) ^^' *tamquam, as, just as; as if
. ^ ,^ _ , 12. *rursus, again
4. *altum, -., n., deep water ^^ j^^py^. .punctually'
*victor, -ons, m., wmner 13^ *revoc5, 1., I call back, recall (re-
6. delphinus: Dolphins have always been voke)
plentiful in the Mediterranean and their 14. alter5: = secundo
remarkable intelligence has been a source *donec, until
of fascination in every age. 17. Nee non: 'Likewise'

152 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

ACUPID
DRAWN BY DOLPHINS

non alii pueri a dextro sinistroque latere simul eunt. ibat

simul
delphinus alius (id quoque est niirabile), sed modo socius^ nihil
20 enim simile aut faciebat aut patiebatur, sed alterum ilium ducebat
reducebatque, ut puerum ceteri pueri. Mox (mirabile dictu)
delphinus amicior, ex man in terram exire ausus, arenis siccus
factus, in mare redire solebat.

At last the dolphin becomes a tourist attraction — unhappily

Ferunt Octavium Avitum, legatum proconsulis, super delphi-

25 num unguentum minime sapienter
qui in Utus progressus erat
motusque novo odore, in altum fugit nee nisi
fudisse. Ille, territus
post multos dies maestus rediit. Mox redditis viribus eadem quae
antea faciebat. Conveniebant omnes ad spectaculum magistratus,
quorum adventu et mora oppidum parvum magnam copiam
30 pecuniae cdnsumpsit. Postremo quod locus ipse quietem suam
amittebat, cives ipsi delphinum clam interficere constituerunt.
(Adapted from Pliny's Letters, ix, 33)

18. *latus, lateris, n., flank, side; a with an oil base; the novelty and odour

latere: 'on the . . . side' (odor, oddris, m.) apparently affected the
*simul, at thesame time (simultaneous) health of the dolphin. Perhaps Octavius
19. *modo, only thought the dolphin was a sea-god, for it
21. *reduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, I was customary to anoint statues of
lead back deities.

dictu: 'to tell'; ablative of supine. 28. magistratus: not the town's officials,
24. legatum proconsulis: legate of the but visiting dignitaries who expected to
proconsul, i.e., 'deputy-governor' of the be entertained at the town's expense.
province 29. *mora, -ae, /., delay, stop-over
25. unguentum: a perfume or ointment 31. clam, secretly, quietly

Pliny's Letters I 153

 THE EMPEROR TRAJAN (A.D. 98-117)

1 1 The Early Christians in the Days of Trajan

About A.D. Ill Trajan appointed his friend, Pliny, governor of

Bithynia and Pontus, on the south coast of the Black Sea. There, Pliny
found that the Christians posed a threat to his administration, inasmuch
as they refused to take part in the worship of the emperor. This was
considered a political offence. Also, Trajan had forbidden the formation
of political associations, an interpretation which could be placed on the
gatherings of the Christians.

Pliny asks Trajan's advice in dealing with the Christians, explaining

the measures he has already adopted.

Soleo, domine, omnia de quibus dubito ad te referre. Quis

enim potest melius me nescientem docere? De Christianis te con-
sulere volo. Multi enim omnis aetatis, omnis ordinis, vocantur in
periculum, et vocabuntur. Interim in els qui ad me tamquam
5 Christiani deferebantur hunc modum sum seciitus. 'Estisne'

VOCABULARY AND NOTES

2. de Christianis: Christianity had de- 3. *6rdo, -dinis, m., rank, order; line
veloped rapidly in the northern parts of (ordinal)
Asia Minor, where the inhabitants were
of a mingled descent. In Bithynia, Ro- 5. deferebantur: from de -f- fero; the
man religion first discovered the deadly word implies both that they were brought
enemy which was undermining its before Pliny, and also that they were
authority. charged with being Christians.
*c6nsulo, -ere, -sului, -sultum, I con- hunc modum: 'this method', i.e., of treat-
sult,ask for advice ment

154 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 inquam, 'Christiani?' Confitentes iterum atque tertio rogavi poe-
nam minatus: permanentes in opinione in poenam duci iussi;
nam puto talem pertinaciam certe puniri debere. Fuerunt alii
eiusdem fidei quos, quia cives Romani erant, in urbem Romam
10 remisi.
Nuper propositus est libellus sine auctore nomina multorum
continens. Qui negabant se esse aut fuisse Christianos, ubi deos
nostros appellaverunt et praeterea maledixerunt Christo, dimitti
iussi: nam quarum rerum nihU facere cogi possunt ei qui vero
15 sunt Christiani.
Conflrmabant autem banc fuisse summam culpae, quod soliti
primam lucem convenire, carmenque Christd
essent certo die ante
quasi deo dicere, et iurare se alils nullas iniurias illaturos esse.
'Quibus rebus factis, soliti sumus discedere rursusque convenire
20 cibum innoxium nos capturi.'
inter
Nihil aliud inveni. Itaque, causa dilata, te consulere properavi.

6. *c6nfiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, I confess Qui: supply antecedent eos

tertio, a third time; iterum atque tertio: 13. *appello, L, I name, call on by
repeated questioning seemed to be a just name (appellation)
practice, but in fact became a device to maledlco, —dicere, -dixi, -dictum, with
force a denial of the faith. dat., I speak ill of, revile name of
7. minor, 7., I threaten 16. summa, -ae, /., 'the sum total', 'the
permaneo, -ere, — mansi, -mansum, I re-
main fact'
main *culpa, -ae, /., blame; fault, sin (culp-
^opinio, —onis, /., belief; notion, guess able)
8. pertinacia, -ae, /., persistency; stub- quod: 'the fact that'
bornness; apparently Pliny could not dis- soliti essent: 'they had been accustomed';
tinguish between obstinacy and the con- pluperfect subjunctive in a subordinate
stancy of a Christian's faith. clause in indirect discourse.
in urbem Romam: Christianity flourished
17. ante • . lucem: before the labours
.

among slaves, who

could be examined
of the day began, since so many of the
under torture; provincials could also be
early Christians were working men. This
tortured. However, violence could be
early hour became the established time
used on a Roman citizen only if he was
for worship and for the administration
condemned by the authorities at Rome.
of Holy Communion, a practice which
Thus, Pliny sent citizens back to Rome
has persisted to the present.
for judgment.
carmen: here, a 'set formula of words',
11. *pr6p6no, -ere, proposul, propo-
perhaps a 'prayer' or 'liturgy'
situm, I put forward, publish
auctore: 'an anonymous 20. innoxius, -a, —um, harmless, inno-
libellus sine
diminutive form cent; Christians at this time were thought
pamphlet'; libellus is the
of liber, 'book' by some to be guilty of human murder
*auctor, -oris, m., sponsor; author and drinking human blood.
12. *contine6, -ere, — tinui, -tentum, I 21. *differ6, -ferre, distuli, dilatum, I

hold, contain; hem in, bound (continent) differ; postpone

Pliny's Letters I 155

 In his brief reply, Trajan is explicit on general principles for Pliny's
guidance.

De els, mi Secunde, qui Christiani ad te delati erant modum

quern debuisti secutus es. Nullo modo enim una forma poenae in
universum constitui potest. Noll eos quaerere: eos qui delati
25 damnati erunt punire debes; sed si quis negaverit se Christianum
esse et de5s nostros appellaverit, eum dimitte,
Libellum sine auctore propositum neglegere debes. Nam et
pessimi exempli nee nostri temporis est.
(Adapted from Pliny's Letters to Trajan, 96, 97)

22. Christian!: 'as Christians' 27. =^negIego, -ere, exi, -ectum, I disre-
23. forma: here, 'formula' gard, overlook
in universum: 'in general', 'for all cases' 28. exempli, temporis: genitives of des-
25. *damn6, /., I condemn cription; 'It (both) sets a very bad prece-
si quis: 'if anyone'; quis is an indefinite dent, and is not in keeping with (the
pronoun spirit of) our times'.

THE CHRISTIAN CATACOMBS OF ST. CALLIXTUS The

walls are lined with ledges, called 'locufi', in which the bodies
were placed. Each 'ioculus' was sealed from public view by
slabs of marble or roof tile.
 Vocabulary

1. Regular first conjugation verbs are indicated thus: porto, 1.

2. Verbs followed by the symbol (M) are modal verbs and may be completed by a
complementary infinitive.

addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, I add

adduc5, —ere, -duxi, -ductum, I lead to;

a, ab, prep, with abl. (a before conson- influence

ants; ab before vowels and conson- Adelphi, -orum, m. pi., Greek equivalent
ants),away from, from, at a distance for Fratres
from; by; on the side of, at, on, in adeo, -Ire, -il, -itum, I go to, approach
abavus, -i, m., great-great-grandfather adeo, adv., so, in such a way
abd5, -ere, -didi, -ditum, I put away, adfero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, or affero,
hide, conceal -ferre, attuli, allatum, I bring, carry;
abeo, -ire, -il, —itum, I go away, depart, bring word
leave; from a, ab, plus abl. adflcio {or afficio)) -ere, -feci, -fectum,
abnutd, 7., I shake my head, deny I treat, use, handle; influence

abrogandus, -a, -um, to be repealed adhibed, -ere, —ul, -itum, I add to; sum-
abrogo, 7., I repeal, abrogate mon; employ
abnimpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, I break adhuc, adv., still, as yet, thus far
off adimo, adimere, ademi, ademptum, I
absens, absens, absens, gen. absentis, take away; (from, with dat.)
absent; freely, in one's absence adiplscor, -i, adeptus sum, I attain,
absolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum, I loose; achieve
pay oflf aditus, -us, m., approach, entrance,
abstinentia, -ae, /., self-restraint access
absum, —esse, aful, I am distant, away adiutor, -oris, m., helper, assistant
ac, atque, conj., and administr5, 7., I attend to, manage
accedo, -ere, access!, accessum, intrans., admlratio, -onis, /., admiration
I approach, draw near adorior, -iri, -ortus sum, I attack
nccidit, -ere, accidit, it happens, befalls adoro, 7., I worship
accipi5, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, I receive, adsignifico, 7., I mean, signify
accept, suffer adsum, -esse, -fui, I am present, near
accusator, —oris, m., accuser adulescens, -entis, ni., (adulescentium),
accuso, 7., I accuse, charge, blame young man, youth
acer, acris, acre, keen, sharp; fierce adventus, -us, m., arrival, approach
acerbus, -a, -um, harsh, sour, bitter, un- adversus, prep, with ace, against
drinkable; coarse; violent; disagreeable, adversus, -a, -um, opposing, adverse;
troublesome bad
Achilles, -is, m., Achilles advolo, 7., I swoop down
acies, -ei, /., battle line; edge {of a aedes, -is, /., (-ium), temple; pi. house
blade) aedificium, -I, n., building, dwelUng
acquire, -ere, — quislvi, -quisitum, I aedifico, 7., I build
procure, acquire aedilis, -is, m., aedile, commissioner of
Actium, Actium, a promontory in
-I, n., buildings and public works
Epirus, now Albania aeger, aegra, aegrum, ill, sick, suffering

ad, prep, with ace, to, toward; with a aegerrimus, -a, -um, superl. of aeger;
view to, for; according to; near by very ill

Vocabulary I 157
aegre, adv., scarcely, with difficulty altius, adv., higher
aegroto, /., I am ill altum, -I, «., the deep, the sea; deep
Aegyptius, -a, -um, Egyptian water
Aegyptus, -i, /., Egypt altus, -a, -um, high, lofty; deep
Aeneas, -ae, m., Aeneas, A Trojan hero alumnus, -I, m., pupil
aequor, -oris, n., level surface; sea Amata, -ae, /., Amata, wife of Latinus
aequus, -a, -um, level, even; fair, right; Amazonius, -a, -um, Amazonian; relat-
favourable ing to a famous tribe of warrior
aer, aeris, in., the air women
aes, aeris, n., bronze; money ambitio, -onis, /., flattery; a desire for
aes alienum, aeris alieni, n., debt power or display; ambition
aestas, aestatis, /., summer ambitus, -us, m., ambition; bribery
aestimo, 7., I value ambo, ambae, ambo, both
aestus, -us, m., tide ambulo, 7., I walk
aetas, aetatis, /., age, time of life amicitia, -ae, /., friendship

aeternus, -a, -um, eternal amictus, -a, -um, clothed

Aetna, -ae, /., Etna, a volcano in E. amicus, -a, -um, friendly
Sicily amicus, -I, m., friend
aevum, -i n., age, era amitto, -ere, amisi, amissum, I lose
a^e, interjection, come! well then! amnis, -is, m., (amnium), stream
ager, agri, /?;., farm; territory, land
field; amo, 7., I love, like, am fond of
agitator, -oris, ni., ( of a chariot)
driver amor, amoris, m., love
agito, 7., I drive; pursue; hunt; meditate; amphitheatrum, -i, n., amphitheatre, an
disturb, trouble oval building for public spectacles
agmen, -minis, n., army on the march, amplius, adv., more
line of march, column; novissimum amplus, -a, -um, large, great; spacious;
agmen, rearguard, rear; primum distinguished, renowned
agmen, vanguard, van Amulius, -i, m., Amulius, a king of Alba
agnus, a?nl, m., lamb Longa
ago, -ere, egl, actum, tr., I accomplish, an, conj., in the second part of a double
do, transact; intr., act, confer (with question, or
cum plus abl.); drive; me ago, I be- ancilla, -ae,/., maid, maid-servant

have; causam ag5, I plead a case Anglicus, -a, -um, English

agricola, -ae, m., farmer (agriculture) angustus, -a, -um, narrow, confined
aid, ait, aiunt, I say (said), used to divide anima, -ae, /., soul, spirit, breath of life;
a quotation soul
Alba Longa, -ae, -ae, /., Alba Longa, animadverto, -ere, animadverti, animad-
city founded by lulus versum, I notice
Albani, -orum, [Link], the Albans animal, animalis, n., (animalium), animal,
albus, -a, -um, white creature
alienus, -a, -um, someone else's, of an- animus, -i m., morale, spirit, resolution,
other; foreign; unsuitable mind, soul; spirits, enthusiasm
aliquis, aliquis, aliquid, indef. pron., annus, -I, m., year
someone, something, someone or anser, -eris, m., goose, gander
other; aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, indef. ante, prep, with ace, before; adv., be-
adj., some, any fore, previously, formerly
aliquot, indecl. adj., some antea, adv., beforehand, before
alius, -a, -ud, other, another; different antequam, conj., before
alii . . . alii, some . . . others; alius antlquus, -a, -um, ancient; former
. . . alius, one . another
. . Antium -I, n., Antium, town in Latiiim,
alo, -ere, alul, altum, I feed, maintain, birthplace of Nero
support, keep; cherish antrum, -I, n., cave
Alpes, Alpium, /. plur., the Alps aper, apri, m., wild boar
alter, -era, -erum, the other; the second; aperio, -Ire -ul, -turn, I open, disclose,
alter alter, the one
. . . the other . . . reveal

158 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

apertus, -a, -um, open, exposed asper, -era, -erum, rough, violent,

Apollo, Apollinis, m., Apollo, god of the troublesome

sun, learning, music, poetry, prophecy, aspicio, aspicere, aspexl, aspectum, I

medicine, archery catch sight of; behold, look upon

appareo, -ere, -parui, -itum, I come into astrum, -1, n., star; pL, fame, success
sight, appear asylum, -i, 71., sanctuary
appello, 1., I name, call, call upon, speak at, C077/., but, yet
to (trans.) ater, atra, atrum, dark, black
approbo, 7., I approve Athenae, -arum, /. pi., Athens
Aprilis, -is, -e, of April Atheniensis, -is, -e, of Athens
aptus, -a, -um, suitable, suited; to, for, atque (often ac before a consonant),
ad with ace. con}., and
apud, prep, with ace, near, at, at the Atticus, -I, m., Titus Pomponius Atticus,
home of; in the writings of Cicero's close friend
Apulia, -ae, /., Apulia, a region in south- attuli, /7-0772 adfero
east Italy auctio, -onis, /., auction, public sale

aqua, -ae, /., water auctor, auctdris, 777., sponsor, author, me

aquila, -ae, eagle
/., auctore, at my instigation, on my
aquilifer, -I, m., eagle-bearer advice
ara, arae, /., altar auctdritas, auctoritatis, /., influence,
Arabia, -ae, /., Arabia prestige
arbitror, ari, -atus sum, I think, con- audacia, -ae, /., boldness, daring, reck-
sider lessness, temerity
arbor, arboris, /., tree audacissime, superl. adv., very boldly
arced, -ere, -ul, I enclose; ward off audacter, adv., boldly, recklessly
arcess5, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, I summon, audax, audax, audax (audacis), bold,
send for (trans.) reckless
architecton, -onis, m., architect, builder audeo, -ere, ausus sum (M), I dare,
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, burn, be ablaze, venture
be inflamed audi5, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, I hear, listen to,

arduus, -a, -um, steep, difficult, trouble- hear of

some, unpleasant auditor, -oris, m., listener
area, -ae, /., an open area, courtyard aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum, I take
arena, -ae, /., sand; arena away, remove; steal
argentum, -i, n., silver; silver money augeo, -ere, auxl, auctum, act., I in-

Argolicus, -a, -um, Greek crease, strengthen (trans.); pass., I

Aristoteles, -is, m., Aristotle, famous increase, grow (in trans.)

Greek philosopher Augustus, -i, 772., Augustus, first emperor

arma, -drum, 77. plur., arms, weapons of Rome
armarium, -i, 72., strong-box aula, -ae, /., pot, jar
aura, -ae, /., breeze; gleam
armatus, -I, m., (from arm5), an armed
aureus, -a, -um, golden
man
auris, -is, /., (-ium), ear
armo, arm, equip
7., I
aurum, -i, 72., gold; gold money
aro, plough
7., I
auspicium, -I, 77., auspices, divination by
Arpinum, -I, 77., Arpinum, a town in
the use of birds
Latium, birthplace of Cicero aut, C072/., or, or else; aut . . . aut, either
ars, artis, /.. (artium), skill, art ... or
artifex, -ficis, 777., artist, craftsman autem, postpositive adv., however; more-
arvum, -1, 77., ploughed land over
arx, arcis, /., (arcium), citadel autumnus, -i, 772., autumn, fall

ascendo, -ere, ascend!, ascensum, I auxilium, -i, 72., help, aid, support;
em- plur., reinforcements, auxiliaries
climb, mount; navem ascendo, I in

bark, go aboard ship avaritia, -ae, /., greed, avarice

Asia, Asiae, /., Asia ave, avete, greetings! hail!

Vocabulary / 159
averto, -ere, -ti, -sum, I turn away, cadd, -ere, cecidi, casum, I fall, fall in
turn aside battle
aviditas, -tatis, /., greediness caecus, -a, -um, blind
avidus, -a, -um, greedy, eager for caedes, -is, /., (caedium), slaughter,
avis, avis, (avium), bird
/., murder
avunculus, -i, m., uncle caedo, -ere, -cecidi, caesum, I cut, cut
avus, -I, m., grandfather; ancestor down, slay
Caieta, -ae, /., Caieta, a coastal town
near Formiae
caelestis, -is, -e, of the heavens, celestial
Caelius, -a, -um, Caelian, one of the
B
Seven Hills of Rome
caelum, -i, n., sky, heaven, the heavens
Baianus, -a, -um, of Baiae, a seaport
caeruleus, -a, -um, dark blue
town near Lake Lucrinus
Caesar, -aris, m., Gaius Julius Caesar,
balneum, -I, n., bath, room for bathing
conqueror of Gaul, greatest Roman
barba, -ae, /., beard
general
barbare, adv., hke a barbarian
calamitas, -talis, /., misfortune, disaster,
barbarus, -i, m., barbarian, native
loss
basilica, -ae, /., basiUca, law-court
calceatus, -a, -um, wearing boots
beatus, -a, -um, blessed, happy, pros-
calcel, -orum, m. pi., boots
perous
-um, hot, warm; rash
calidus, -a,
bellum, -I, n., war, hostilities, campaign;
Campanus, -a, -um, Campanian
bellum gero, I wage war
campus, -I, //;., field, plain
-um, beautiful, pretty, fine,
bellus, -a,
canalis, -is, channel
/;?.,
bellus, -um, beautiful, pretty, fine,
-a,
cancer, -cri, m., crab
handsome
candidus, -a, -um, gleaming, white
bene, adv. (melius, optime), well
dog
canis, -is, m.f.,
beneficium, -i, n., kindness, kind deed,
Cannae, -arum, /. pi., Cannae, Italian
benefit
town, site of Roman defeat by Han-
Beneventum, -I, n., Beneventum, a town
nibal
between Rome and Venusia on the
Cannensis, -is, -e, of Cannae
Appian Way; the birthplace of Orbiliiis
can5, -ere, cecini, cantum, I sing, sing
bibliotheca, -ae, /., library
of {trans.) recite
bibo, -ere, bibi, drink
I
canto, /., I sing, chant
bis, adv.,twice
cantus, -us, m., song; music; chant
bonus, -a, -um, good, well-behaved,
/?/., hair
capillus, -1,
kindly, n. plur., goods, possessions
capio, capere, cepi, captum, I take, cap-
bos, bovis, m. /., ox, cow
ture, seize,occupy; arma capio, I take
bracchium, -i, n., arm, forearm
up arms; consilium capio, I take ad-
brevi, adv., soon, shortly
vice, adopt a plan
brevis, -is, -e, short, short-lived
Capitolinus, -a, -um, Capitoline, one of
Britannia, -ae, /., Britain
the Seven Hills of Rome
Britannus, -I, m., a Briton
Capit5Iium, -i, n., the Capitol, temple
Brundisium, -i, n., Brundisium, seaport
of Jupiter in Rome
in S.E. Italy
captivus, -T, m., prisoner, captive
bulla, -ae, /., bulla, locket worn about caput, capitis, n., head; capital
child's neck to ward off the evil eye
careo, -ere, -ui, I lack {with abl.)
carissimus, -a, -um, superl. of cams,
very dear
caritas, -tatis, /., dearness, love
carmen, carminis, n., ode; song
Carthaginiensis, -is, m., (Carthaginien-
C, abbreviation for Gains sium), a Carthaginian
cadaver, -eris, n., a dead body, corpse Carthago, -ginis, /., Carthage

160 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

cams, -a, -um, dear, precious, expensive, cesso, 7., I delay
costly ceteri, -ae, -a, the others, the rest of
casa, -ae, /., cottage, hut Christianus, -I, m., a Christian
castellum, -i, n., stronghold, fort cibus, -I, m., food
castigatio, -onis, /., correcting, punish- Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero
ment cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, I gird, sur-
castra, -orum, n. pliir., camp, encamp- round; crown
ment cinis, cineris, m., ashes
castus, -a, -um,
pure, innocent circa, adv., about, approximately
casu, adv., by chance, accidentally circensis, -is, -e, of (or in) the circus
casus, -us, m., fall; chance, mischance, circiter, adv., about, approximately

accident circum, prep, with ace, around, about

Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline cito, adv., swiftly
catus, a, -um, shrewd citus, -a, -um, quick, swift
caunea, -ae, /., fig civilis, -is -e, of the citizens, civil

causa, -ae, /., cause, reason, motive; civis, -is, m., (civium), citizen
multls de causis, for many reasons; civitas, -tatis, /., state; citizenship (gen.
qua de causa, for what reason? why?; pi civitatum or civitatium)
causam ago, I plead a case clades, -is, f., (cladium), defeat, disaster,
causa, abl. sing, of causa with preceding destruction
gen., for the sake of, for the pur- clam, adv., secretly, quietly
pose of clamo, /., I shout
cavea, -ae, /., cage, coop clamor, -oris, m., shout, shouting; cry,
caveo, -ere, cavl, cautum, I am cautious, wailing
am wary of, beware of {trans.) clarissimus, -a, -um, superl. of clarus,
cavus, -a, -um, hollow very famous
cecidi, from cado clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright; famous,
cecldi, from caedo splendid
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, I move back, classis, -is, /., (classium), fleet
give in; yield; withdraw Claudius, -a, -um, Claudian
celebro, 1., I talk about, praise (a deed); claud5, -ere, clausi, clausum, I close,
crowd, throng, pack (a place) enclose, shut
celer, ceteris, celere, swift, quick clausus, -a, -um, closed; locked
celeritas, celeritatis, /., speed, swiftness dementia, -ae, /., mercy, clemency
celeriter, adv., (celerius, celerrime), clementius, adv., more mercifully
swiftly, rapidly clericus, -i, m., student
cella, -ae, /., chamber cliens, -entis, m., client, personal de-
cena, -ae, feast, dinner, meal, ban-
/., pendent
quet cllvus, -i, m., a slope, ascent
ceno, 7., I dine coactor, -oris, m., tax-collector
censeo, -ere, -ui, censum, I propose, coepT, coepisse, I began, have begun
move; vote for; think; value, tax cogito, /., I think; think of, plan, intend
censor, -oris, m., censor, in cliarge of (M)
assessments and public morals cognobilis, -is, -e, intelligible
centum, indecl. adj., one hundred cognomen, -minis, n., surname; nick-
centurid, -onis, m., centurion name
cernd, -ere, crevi, cretum, I perceive, cogndsco, -ere, cognovi, cognitum, I

discern, understand find out, learn, recognize; cognovi, I

certamen, -minis, n., struggle, contest have found out, know

certe, adv., certainly cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum (M), I force,
certo, 1., I contend, strive, struggle compel; collect, gather
certus, -a, -um, certain, sure, definite; cohors, cohortis, /., (cohortium), cohort
certiorem facio, inform
I collaudo, 7., I praise warmly
cervix, -icis, /., neck colligo, -ere, -legT, -lectum, I collect,
cervus, -i, m., deer, stag assemble, rally; obtain

Vocabulary I 161
colligo, bind, tie
7., I conduco, -ere, -duxl, ductum, I bring
m., (collium), hill
collis, -is, together; hire
coUoquor, -i, -locutus sum, I speak, say confectus, -a, -um, worn out, exhausted
collum, -i, n., neck confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum (or colla-
coIo, -ere, colui, cultum, I watch over; tum), I bring together, collect, con-
till; cherish tribute; compare; bestow; discuss: me
color, coloris, m., colour, hue confero, I bring myself, I go
columba, -ae, /., dove, pigeon confertus, -a, -um, crowded, pressed
coma, -ae, /., hair, locks; foliage close
conibustus, -a, -um, burned conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, I com-
conies, comitis, m., companion, sharer plete, finish
comitium, -I, n., place of assembly, plur., confldo, -ere, -fisus sum, I trust, rely
elections upon, believe in {with dat.)
commendo 1., I recommend {for office) confirmo, 7., I strengthen; encourage;
conimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, I bring assert
together; entrust, perpetrate; proelium confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, I confess

committo, begin battle conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, I hurl,

commodo, 7., I accommodate, lend throw {in a volley)
commodum, -I, n., advantage, good for- coniunx, -iugis, m. /., husband, wife,
tune, gain helpmate, partner
commodus, -a, -um, convenient, advan- coniuratus, -I, m., conspirator
tageous, suitable, agreeable, useful coniuro, -are, -iuravl, -iuratum, I plot,
ccmmoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, I conspire
thoroughly move, impress; shake, stir; c5nor, -arl, conatus sum (M), I try,
unsettle, demoralize attempt
communis, -is, -e, common, general, conscendo, -ere, -scendi, -scensum, I
national climb, mount; man; navem conscend5,
comoedia, -ae, /., comedy I go on board ship, embark

comparo, 7., I prepare, provide, procure, conscius, -i, /??., accomplice

compare conscribo, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptum, I
compello, 7., I name enrol, enlist; patres conscript!, senators,
comperi5, -ire, -peri, -pertum, I find city-fathers
out, discover, ascertain consequor, -i, -secutus sum, I overtake;
complector, -i, complexus sum, I em- achieve, attain
brace, encircle, grasp conservo, 7., I save, keep
compleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, I fill conservus, -!, m., fellow-slave
complures, -es, -a, several consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, I sit down;
compono, -ere, -posui, -positum, I encamp, halt
arrange; compose consilium, -i, n., plan, planning, advice;
comprehends, -ere, -ndi, -ensum, I consilium capio, I adopt a plan, take
grasp, seize advice
concedo, -ere, cessi, -cessum, I grant, c5nsisto, -ere, constiti, —
I halt, take up
,

yield, give in, make allowance; with- position

draw (intrans.) conspicio, -ere, -spexi, spectum, I catch
concilium, -i, n., meeting, council sight of
conclamo, 7., I shout loudly; shout out consto, -are, -stiti, -statum, I stand
together fixed, am consistent; depend on; con-
Concordia, -ae, /., harmony sist of; constat, it is agreed (M)
concurro, -ere, -currl, -cursum, I run constituo, -ere, -ui, -utum
(M), I decide,
together, assemble; rally; collide decide on, fix, set; station, post
condemno, 7., I condemn consuesco, -ere, -suevl, -suetum (M), I
condicio, -onis, /., term, condition, become accustomed
agreement; situation consuetu-do, -dinis, /., custom, habit;
condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, I found, ex consuetudine, according to custom
establish; store away consul, -is, m., consul

162 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

consularis, -is -e, of a consul, consular, cotidie, adv., daily, every day
who held the consulship; as a
has eras, adv., tomorrow
noun, an ex-consul Crassus, -i, m., Crassus
c5nsulatus, -us, m., consulship creber, -bra, -brum, frequent, close to-
consulo, -ere, -sului, -sultum, trans., I gether, numerous
consider, consult, ask the advice of; credo, -ere, credid!, creditum, I believe,
with dat., I have regard for, take trust in, with dat.; entrust
thought for, consult the interest of creo, /., I elect, appoint; create
(a person) crepundia, -drum, n. pi, trinkets, tokens
consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptum, I cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, I grow, in-
eat up, use up, spend crease, intrans.
contaminatus, -a, -um, polluted, tainted cretum, from cemo, or from cresco
contemno, -ere, contempsi, conteniptum, crevi, from cemo, or from cresco
I scorn, despise crimen, criminis, n., crime; reproach,
contendo, -ere, contend!, contentum, I charge
compete, contend; hasten crinis, -is, m., usually in pliir., hair,
contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, I hold; hem locks
in, bound; enclose Croesus, -i, m., Croesus, king of Lydia,
contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactuni, I touch, in Asia Minor
reach, extend to; happen, befall; crucio, 7., I crucify, torture
border on, be near crudelis, -is, -e, cruel, unfeeling
continuo, adv., immediately, without crux, crucis, /., cross
delay cubiculum, -I, n., bedroom
contra, prep, with acciis., opposite, fac- culpa, -ae, /., blame; fault, sin
ing; against; across from cum, prep, with abl., with, in company
controversia, ae, /., dispute with
contubemalis, -is, m., tent-companion, cum, conj., when; since, as; although
comrade cum primum, con']., as soon as
contumeli5sus, -a, -um, insulting, Ciimae, -amni, /. phir., Cumae
abusive Cumaeus, -a, -um, of Cumae (ancient
contundd, -ere, -tudi, -tusum, I pound, citadel near Naples)
beat; crush cunctus, -a, -um, all, entire, whole, in
convenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, intr., I a body, all together
assemble, gather; trans., meet, accost cupiditas, cupiditatis, /., zeal, desire,
converto, -ere, convert!, conversum, eagerness; for, with gen.
trans., I turn; toward, witli ad with cupido, -inis, /., desire, wish, greed,
ace; change; into, with in with ace. lust; as masc. proper noun, Cupid
convictor, -oris, m., table-companion cupidus, -a, -um, desirous of, fond of,
convivium, -!, n., feast, banquet eager for, with gen.
convoco, 7., I call together, assemble cupid, -ere, cuplvi, cupitum (M)) I de-
(trans.), summon, invite sire, am eager (for) (trans.)
cdpia, -ae, supply, plenty, abundance;
/., cur, interrog. adv., why
pliir., resources, riches; troops, forces, cura, -ae, /., anxiety, care, attention
army curia, -ae, /., senate-house
coquus, -i, m., cook euro, 7., I look after; care for, take care
cor, cordis, n.. heart
of, trans.
comix, -icis, /., crow
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, I run,
cornu, -us, n., horn; wing (of an army)
speed; speed over
a cornu, from, on the wing
currus, -us, m., chariot, car
corona, -ae, /., wreath; crown
corpus, -oris, n., body, person, figure cursus, -us, m., running, race; course
corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, I spoil, custos, custodis, m., guard, bodyguard,
ruin; bribe, corrupt; mislead attendant
corrupte, corruptly, incorrectly cust5dio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, I guard; keep,
corvus, -!, m., raven observe

Vocabulary I 163
Cyclops, Cyclopis, m., a Cyclops, a one- delecto, 7., I delight, charm, please
eyed giant living near Mt. Etna in delendus, -a, -um, to be destroyed
Sicily deled, -ere, -evi, -etum, I destroy, wipe
Cyrus, i,Cyrus the Great, who
m., out
united the Medes and the Persians I pick out,
deligo, -ere, delegl, delectum,
choose, select, appoint
Delphi, -orum, m. pi, Delphi, a Greek
town, site of the famous Delphic
D oracle
delphinus, -I, m., dolphin
damnd, /., I condemn, censure demdnstro, 7., I show, demonstrate
damnum, -i, n., loss denaso, 7., I deprive of a nose
Danai, -onim, m. pL, Greeks, Danaans denique, adv., finally, at last; in short
Darius, -I, m., Darius dens, dentis, m., (dentium), tooth
de, prep, with abl., down from, from, densus, -a, -um, crowded, dense, com-
about, concerning; multis de causis, pact
for many reasons; qua de causa, for dentatus, -a, -um, provided with teeth
what reason? why? depono, -ere, deposui, depositum, I put
dea, deae, /., goddess down, put aside; memoriam depono, I

debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum (M), I owe, forget, with gen.

ought, should deripio, -ere, -ripul, -reptum, I tear off^

decem, indecl. adj., ten descendo, -ere, descend!, descensum, I

decemo, -ere, -crevi, -cretum (M), I descend, go down

decree, decide; fight it out desero, -ere, -ul, -tum, I desert, aban-
decet, -ere, -uit, (M), it proper, it is don
suits, it becomes; sometimes with sing, desiderium, -I, /)., longing
or plural subject desidero, 7., I desire, long for (trans.)
decimus, -a, -um, tenth desilio, -ire, desilui, desultum, I leap
decipio, -ere, decepi, deceptum, I down
deceive desisto, -ere, destiti, destitum (M), cease,
declaro, 7., I declare, prove, announce, stop; from, vv/7/; infin.
explain despero, 7., I despair, give up hope (of,
declinatio, -onis, /., declension, conjuga- de with abl.)
tion despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, I look
declino, 7., I decline; conjugate down on (trans.), despise
decretum, decree
-I, n., destitutus, -a, -uni, orphaned
decurro, -ere, -cucurri, -cursum, I run desum, -esse, fui, I am lacking, fail,

down; have recourse to with dat.

decus, decoris, /;., honour, glory; beauty, detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, I drag
ornament away, remove, pull down, pluck
dedico, 7., I dedicate deus, dei, m., god; nom. pi., di
dedo, -ere, dedidl, deditum, I surrender, dex-ter, -tra, -trum, right (hand); on the
give up, betray; se dedere, to sur- right; auspicious
render, intrans. a dextro, on (from) the right
deduco, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, I lead dextra, -ae, /., right hand
away, withdraw, remove, (trans.); I dico, -ere, dictum, I say, speak;
dixi,
accompany, conduct, escort appoint, name; sententiam dico, I ex-
defendo, -ere, defend!, defensum, I pro- press an opinion
tect, defend dictator, -oris, m., dictator
defer5, -ferre, -tull, -latum, I disclose, dictio, -onis, /., speaking; choice of
bestow; recommend words, expression
deficio, -ere, feci, -fectum, intrans., I dictum, -i, n., word, saying
give out, fail; revolt; (trans.) I fail, Did-o, -onis, /., Dido
am lacking to dies, -ei, m., day, daylight; in dies, day
deinde, also dein, adv., next, then by day

164 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

differo, differre, distuli, dilatum, I defer, doctus, -a, -um, learned; doctus, -i, m.,
postpone; differ; scatter a learned man
difficilis, -is, -e, hard, difficult doled, -ere, -ui, -itum, I suffer; feel
difficultas, difficultatis, /., difficulty pain; grieve, grieve for (trans.)
digitus, -1, m., finger, toe dolor, -oris, m., grief, anguish, pain,
dignitas, -tatis, worth, honour, pres-
/., chagrin, indignation
tige, authority, merit dolus, -I, m., trick, trickery, deceit
dignus, -a, -um, with abl., worthy (of), domicilium -I, n., dwelling, abode
deserving (of) domina, -ae, /., mistress of a household,
diligens, diligens, diligens (diligentis), lady
careful, cautious dominicus, -a, -um, of our Lord
diligentia, -ae, /., diligence, care, caution dominus, -i, m., master, owner, lord
diligo, -ere, lexi, lectum, I love, cherish, domus, -us, /., house, home
esteem domum, homewards, home; domi, at
dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, I send home; domo, from home
away, let go, dismiss; facultatetn donee, conj., until
dimittd, I lose an opportunity, with dono, 7., I present; give, bequeath
gen. ddnum, -i, n., gift
dims, -a, -um, dreaded, dreadful dormio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, I sleep
discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, intrans., I dubitatio, -onis, /., doubt, hesitation
move from, go away, leave, depart dubito (M), J., I hesitate, doubt, have
from, with a, ab phis abl. doubts
discessus, -us, m., departure dubius, dubia, dubium, doubtful, uncer-
discidium, -i, «., separation, jilting tain; dubium est, it is doubtful, there
discipulus, -I, m., pupil is doubt; sine dubio, without doubt,
disco, -ere, didici, — (M), I learn; learn undoubtedly
how ducenti, -ae, -a, 200
discordia, -ae, /., discord, strife duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, I lead, draw,
discrimen, -minis, n., interval; decisive bring, take; construct; marry
moment, crisis, danger, risk dulcis, -is, -e, sweet, pleasant
discumbo, -ere, -cubul, -cubitum, I take dum, conj., while, at one point while,
my place at the dining table with present indicative; all the time
disertus, -a, -um, eloquent while, as long as, with appropriate
disputo, l.,\ discuss; dispute tense of indie; until; provided that
dissimilis, -is, -e, unhke, dissimilar; to, dumtaxat, adv., insofar as, provided it be
with dot. duo, duae, duo, two
dissimuI5, 7., I disguise (my feelings,) duodecim, indecl. adj., twelve
dissemble durus, -a, -um, hard, harsh, severe;
distendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, I stretch, troublesome
distend dux, duels, m., leader, guide
diu, adv., (diutius, diutissime), for a
long time, long
diversus, -a, -um, scattered, turned dif-
ferent ways, different; opposite
dives, -iris, adj., rich, wealthy; costly; as
a noun, rich man
divido, -ere, divlsl, divisum, I divide,
separate
divinus, -a, -um, sacred e, see ex
diviriae, -arum, /. pL, wealth ecce, interjection, behold! look!
divus, -i, m., a god; divus, -a, -um, ecelesia, -ae, /., church
divine, deified edepol, interjection, by Pollux!
do, dare, dedi, datum, I give, grant edo, -ere, (or esse), edi, esum, I eat
doceo, -ere, docui, doctum (M), I ex- edo, edere, edidi, editum, I give out; edit,
plain; teach, teach how publish, produce; cause; disclose

Vocabulary I 165
edormio, -ire, -IvI, -itum, I sleep off err5, 1 ., 1 lose my way, wander; am
educ5, 7., I educate wrong
educo, -ere, eduxi, eductutn, I lead out error, -oris, m., mistake, error
or forth; rear eruptio, -onis, /., eruption
effero, efferre, extuli, elatum, I carry et, conj., and; et . . . et, both . . . and;
forth, bring forth; raise up, extol; adv., even, also
elatus, elated etiam, also et, adv., also, further; even,
efficio, -ere. -feci,-fectum, I make, do; still; in answers, yes

accomplish; cause, bring about Etruscus, -a, -um, Etruscan

eifodid, -ere, -fodi, -fossum, I dig out, etsT, conj.,although
dig up eu, interjection, well! well done!
efFugio, -ere, effugl, effugitum, I escape Euclldes, -is, m., Euclides, a pupil of
effundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusuni, I pour out Socrates
ego, mei, I ex (usually e before consonants), prep,
egredior, -i, -gressus sum, I depart from, with abl., from, out of; in accordance
leave (n/r/; e, ex plus abl.) navl (or with, in consequence of; of direction,
nave) egredior, I leave shipboard, dis- on
embark examine, 7. I examine, test

egregius, -a, -um, outstanding, remark- excedo, -ere, excessi, excessum, intrans.
able move out of, leave, with e, ex, plus
eius, gen. sing, of is, ea, id, his, her, its abl.
(non-reflex.) excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, I take up;
elephantus, -I, m., elephant receive; await; except, make an excep-
eloquentia, -ae, /.. eloquence tion of (trans.)
em, interjection, there! see! excito, 7., I arouse, startle, stir up; sum-
emico, -are, -ul, -atum, I flash forth, mon up
dart out excusatid, -onis, /., excuse
emitto. -ere, -misi, -missum, I send out, exemplum, -I, n., example, pattern,
dismiss model
emo. -ere, -emi, emptum, I buy exe5, -Ire, -il, -itum, I go out, with-
emptor, -oris, m., buyer draw, leave (from e, ex, plus abl.)
en, interjection, look! see! behold! exerceo, -ere, -ul, -itum, I exercise, em-
enim. postpositive adv., for ploy, train; pursue, hound; put into
ensiculus, -i, m., little sword effect
enumero, 7., I enumerate, count up exercitatus, -a, -um, trained, experienced
eo, adv.. there, to that place exercitus, -us, m., army
e5, Ire. il. itum, I go exhaustus, -a, -um, worn out, exhausted
eorum. earum, eorum, gen. pi. of is, ea, existimo, 7., I think
id. their {non-reflex.) exitus, -us, m., end, outcome; departure;
Ephesus, Ephesus, a city in Ionia
-i, m., death
Epirus, -I, m., Epirus. a country north of expedi5. -Ire, -Ivi, -itum, I release, free;
Greece arrange, put in order
epistula. -ae, /.. letter, despatch expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, I expel,
eques, equitis, m., cavalryman, trooper; drive out
equites, -um, m. pL. cavalry; the experior, -Iri, expertus sum, I undergo,
Knights, wealthy middle-class of Rome experience; test, try
equester, -tris, -tre, equestrian, of the expio. 7., I atone for
cavalry exseco, -are, -secul, -sectum, I cut out
equus. —I, m.. horse exsectio, -onis, /., cutting out, removal
ergo, adv., therefore fin logical reason- exsilium, -i, «., exile, banishment
ing) exspecto, 7., I await, wait for
-reptum, I snatch away,
eripio, -ere, -uT. exstinguo, -ere, stinxl, -stinctum, I

take away (from a person w^ith dat.); quench, blot out, destroy; passive, I

rescue perish
erogo, 7., I spend (on, in with ace.) exsul, exsulis, m., an exile

166 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

extemus, -a, -um, outer, foreign, strange fero, ferre, tuli, latum, I bear, bring,
extra, prep, with ace, outside; beyond carry; bring in a motion; say; auxilium
fero, I bring, give, send help; to with
dat.
ferox, ferox, ferox (ferocis), spirited,
hot-tempered, fierce
ferre, from fero
fabrica, -ae, /., workshop ferrum, i, n., iron; sword
fabula, -ae, /., story, tale, play ferula, -ae, /., rod
facies, -ei, /., figure, shape; face, ap- ferns, -a, -um, wild; cruel, savage
pearance; sight fessus, -a, -um, weary, tired, feeble
facile, adv., easily, readily festus, -a, -um, festive, gay
facilis, -is, -e, easy fidelis, -is, -e, loyal, faithful
facinus, -oris, n., deed, action; misdeed, fides, fidel, /., loyalty, faith, good faith;
crime, outrage honour; sense of duty
facio, -ere, feci, factum, I do; make, fidus, -a, -um, loyal, faithful
build; flneni facid, I put an end to, figo, -ere, flxl, fixum, I fix, fasten,
finish, witli gen.; proelium faci5, I attach
fight a battle; passive, fio, fieri, f actus figura, -ae, /., shape, build
sum, be made, be done, take place, filia, -ae, /.,daughter
come to pass, happen, result; certiorem filius, -i, m., son
facio, I inform fingo, ere, finxl, fictum, I form, shape;
factum, -I, n., deed, action imagine, suppose
facultas, facultatis, /., opportunity, finis, -is, m., end, limit; in plur., fines,
ability; facultatem dimitt5 or amitto, I finium, m., frontiers, territories, dis-
lose (miss, let slip) an opportunity trict; finem facio, I put an end to,
{with gen.) wit It gen.
faenus, -oris, «., interest {on a loan) finitimus, -a, -um, neighbouring, adja-
fallo, -ere, falsum, I deceive;
fefelli, cent, bordering; masc. plur. as noun,
elude neighbours
falsum, froni fallo fio, fieri, factus sum, I am made; be-
falsus, -a, -um, untrue, false; counterfeit come; happen
fama, -ae, /., report, rumour, story; firmus, -a, -um, dependable, strong
reputation, renown flagello, 7., I beat
fames, -is, /., hunger, starvation flagitium, -I, n., disgrace, shame, crime
familia, -ae, family, household
/., flamma, -ae, /., flame
familiaris, -is, -e, belonging to the flavus, -a, -um, yellow, blonde
family, personal; as a noun, a personal flecto, -ere, flexl, flectum, I turn, bend;
friend; res familiaris, personal affairs guide, direct; prevail upon; appease
familiariter, adv., on friendly terms, on fleo, -ere, flevi, fletum, I weep, weep
intimate terms over
fanum, -i, n., temple, shrine flos, fldris, m., flower
fas, indecl. n., right, divine law fldreo, -ere, -ui, I blossom, flourish, am
fatum, -i, n., fate; pi. the fates prosperous, distinguished
faveo, -ere, favl, fautum, I am well dis- fluctus, -us, m., wave, billow; flood
posed, favour {with dat.) flumen, fluminis, n., river
fax, facis, /., torch, firebrand fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxum, I flow, drip
fefelli, from fallo focus, -i, m., fire-place, hearth
felix, fellx, fellx, (felicis), fortunate, foedus, -eris, n., agreement, treaty
happy, lucky foedus, -a, -um, disgraceful, ghastly,
femina, -ae, /., woman, female foul, filthy
fera, -ae, /., wild beast f omentum -i, n., in pi., drugs
fere ferme), adv., almost,
{or approxi- fons, fontis, m., spring {of water);
mately, nearly; generally source
ferio, -Ire, ,
, I strike, hit fore, /;//. in fin. of sum

Vocabulary I 167
fores, -um, /. pi., doorway, doors G
foris, adv., out of doors, abroad, from
abroad galea, -ae, /., helmet
forma, -ae, /., form, shape, figure, Gallia, -ae, /., Gaul
physique, appearance Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul
Formianum, -i, n., the estate near gaudeo, -ere, gavlsus sum (M), I rejoice
Formiae, owned by Cicero, about 75 gaudium, -i, n., joy, delight
miles S. of Rome geminus, -a, -um, twin, double
formica, -ae, /., ant gemma, -ae, /., jewel, gem
fortasse, adv., perhaps genitus, -a, -um, born
forte, adv., by chance, as it happened gens, -tis, /., (gentium), tribe, clan,
fortis, -is, -e, brave family, nation
fortitiido, -dinis, /., bravery, courage genus, -eris, n., race, family; origin;
fortiina, -ae, /., fortune, chance, good kind, sort, class; generation
fortune, success; situation, plight Germania, -ae, /., Germany
forum, -i, n., market-place, forum Germanus, -i, m., a German
fossa, -ae, /., trench, ditch gero, -ere, gessT, gestum, I conduct, man-
fragmentum, -i, n., piece, fragment age, achieve, wear {of clothing);
Francia, -ae, /., France bellum gero, I wage, conduct a war;
frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, I smash, me gero, I behave
break, wreck gladiator, -oris, m., gladiator
frater, -tris, m., brother gladius, -T, m., sword
frena, -5rum, n. pi., reins gl5ria, -ae, /., fame, glory, renown
frigidus, -a, -um, cold gradatim, adv., step by step; in cate-
frigus, -oris, n., cold gories
fructus, -us, m., fruit, harvest; income, gradus, -us, m., step, grade, degree
reward; success Graece, adv., in Greek
frumentum, grain
-I, n., Graecia, -ae, /., Greece
fruor, frui, fructus sum,
with abl., I Graecus, -a, -um, Greek; as a noun
enjoy, have the enjoyment of Graecus, Graecl, m., a Greek
frustra, adv., in vain, vainly gratia, -ae, /., favour, influence; grati-
frux, frugis, /., fruit, produce, usually tude; goodwill; gratiam refero, I repay
plur. fruits of the earth, crop a favour, show gratitude; gratias ag5,
fuga, -ae, /., flight, escape I thank; gratia, with preceding gen.,
fuT, from sum for the sake of
fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, I flee, escape gratulor, 7., I congratulate
fugo, 7., I put to flight, rout gratus, -a, -um, pleasing
fulge5, -ere, fulsi, I flash, lighten; shine, gravis, -is, -e, heavy, serious, severe
glitter grex, gregis, m., flock, herd, swarm;
fulmen, -minis, n., lightning, flash of crowd, throng
lightning, lightning-bolt gula, -ae, /., throat, gullet
fumus, -i, m., smoke gurges, -itis, m., whirlpool
fundamentum, -i, «., foundation
fund5, -ere, fudi, fusum, I pour forth,
rout, defeat; display
fundus, -i, m., bottom
funus, -eris, n., burial, death; funeral H
fur, furis, m., thief
furca, -ae, /., fork; a yoke placed on the habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, I have, possess;
neck keep; hold; regard, consider
furcifer, -eri, m., rascal habitd, 7., I live, dwell
furor, -5ris, m., madness, frenzy, fury, Hannibal, Hannibalis, m., Hannibal
criminal madness hasta, -ae, spear
/.,

furtum, -I, n., theft baud, adv. (most frequently modifying

futurus, fut. part, of sum adverbs), not at all, not, by no means

168 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

baurio, -ire, -hausi, haustum, I draw iacto, 1., I toss, buffet; me iacio, I boast,

off, drain dry, drink show off

Hector, -oris, m.. Hector, mightiest iam, adv., now, by now, by then, by that
Trojan warrior time, already; with negatives, any
Hecuba, -ac; /., Hecuba, wife of Priam more, longer; non iam, no longer
bem, interjection, indeed! well! laniculum, -i, n., Janiculum, a hill across
herba, -ae, /., grass the Tiber from Rome
bercle, interjection, by Hercules! ibi, adv., there, in that place
beres, beredis, m., heir idem, eadem, idem, the same; also;

berl, adv., yesterday idem . . . qui, the same ... as

beu {and eheu), alas! idiota, -ae, m., an uneducated person
heus, interjection, ho, there! hello there! idoneus, -a, -um, fit, suited, suitable
bic, baec, boc, this; he; the following (for, to, ad with ace.)
bic, adv., here, in this place Idus, Iduum, /. pL, the Ides of a month
hiems, biemis, /., winter igitur, postpositive adv., therefore,
bine, adv., from here, from this place accordingly
bippopotamus, -i, m., a 'river-horse', ignavus, -i, m., coward
hippopotamus ignis, -is, m. (ignium), fire
Hispania, -ae, /., Spain ignominia, -ae, /., disgrace, dishonour
bodie, adv., today ignor5, 7., I do not know, am unaware
Homenis, -I, m., Homer igndsco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum, I forgive,
bom5, -mis, m., man, person; in plur., pardon, with dat.
people, population, inhabitants ignotus, —a, -um, unknown
honestas, -tarts, /., honesty ille, ilia, illud, that; he, she, it

bonestus, -a, -um, honourable, respect- illic, adv., in that place, there
able, worthy illinc, adv., from that place, from there
bonoro, 7., I honour illuc, adv., to that place, there;hue
bonds, -5ris, m., honour, place of illuc, this way and that
honour; political office Illyricum, -i, n., Illyria, a country on the
b5ra, -ae, /., hour eastern shore of the Adriatic
horrendus, -a, -um, hair-raising, dreadful imagd, -inis, /., likeness; statue, bust,
horribilis, -is, -e, fearful, dreadful portrait (especially of ancestors);
bortor, l.,l encourage, urge ghost, phantom
bortus, -I, m., garden imber, -bris, m., rain, storm
bospes, -pitis, m., stranger; guest, host imitor, -ari, imitatus sum, I imitate,
bospita, -ae, /., stranger, guest, host copy, resemble
bostis, -is, m., (bostium), enemy immaturus, -a, -um, unripe; premature
buc, adv., here, to this place immemor {gen., -oris), forgetful, unmind-
bui, interjection, ha! ful
bumanitas, -tatis, /., humanity, humane- immensus, -a, -um, endless, vast, im-
ness mense
humanus, -a, -um, human, kind, well- immo, adv., on the contrary
educated, cultured immdbilis, -is, -e, motionless
humerus, -i, m., shoulder immortalis, -is, -e, immortal, undying
humilis, -is, -e, lowly, humble imm5tus, -a, -um, unmoving, unflinch-
bumus, -i, /., the ground, earth; bum!, ing
loc, on the ground impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, I hinder
impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, I drive
motion; incite, stir up
into; set in
impensa, -ae, /., expense, outlav
I imperator, -oris, m., commander; em-
peror
iaced, -ere, -ul, I lie, lie prostrate, am imperitus, -a, -um, inexperienced, un-
prostrate; am sick, dejected skilled; in, with gen.
iacio, -ere, -ieci, iactum, I throw, hurl imperium, -i, n., control, authority, rule

Vocabulary I 169
impero, /., with dat., I give orders, rule, ingenium, -I, n., nature, natural talent;
command, govern disposition; ability; character
impetus, -us, m., rush, attack, charge; ingens, ingens, ingens (ingentis), huge
impetum facio in with ace, I make an ingredior, -i, -gressus sum, I enter, enter
attack against upon
impius, -a, -um, impious, wicked inicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectum, I throw into,
imple5, -ere, -evi, -etum, I fill, fill up instil in,with dat.; throw on, put on
impoDO, -ere, -posul, -positum, I place inimicitia, -ae, /., rivalry, hostility
on, impose; put or give to, with dat.; inlmicus, -a, -um, unfriendly, hostile; as
place on board, embark a noun, rival
imus, -a, -um, lowest iniquus, -a, -um, uneven; unfavourable;
improbus, -a, -um, shameless unfair; dishonest
in, prep. (1) with abl. {involving no initium, -i, n., beginning, start; initium
motion), in, on, upon, at; among, in facio, I begin, with gen.
the country of; (2) with ace. {involv- iniuria, -ae, /., wrong-doing, outrage,
ing motion), into, to, against, upon insult
inanis, -is, -e, empty; empty-handed, innocens, {gen., -centis), innocent, blame-
vain, useless less
inauguro, l.,l inaugurate innoxius, -a, -um, harmless, innocent
incendium, -I, n., fire, burning inopia, -ae, /., scarcity, want
incendo, -ere, incendi, incensum, I burn, inquit, defective verb, he, she says;
set on fire inquiunt, they say; inquam, I say; used
incertus, -a, -um, uncertain, indefinite; to divide a quotation
indistinct, faint insanus, -a, -um, mad, insane
incipio, -ere, incepi, inceptum (M), I inscribo, -ere, -scrips!, -scrlptum, I
begin write on, inscribe
incognitus, -a, -um, unknown insequor, -I, -secutus sum, I chase after,
incola, -ae, m., inhabitant pursue
incommodum, -I, /;., disadvantage, mis- Insidiae, -arum, /. pi., treachery, trickery,
fortune, loss trick; ambush(es)
incommodus, -a, -um, inconvenient; dis- Inslgnis, -is, -e, notable, marked, dis-
advantageous tinguished; as a noun, inslgne, -is, n.,
incredibilis, -is, -e, incredible, unbeliev- badge, symbol, distinguishing mark
able, extraordinary Insperatus, -a, -um, unhoped for, un-
inde, adv., from there, from that place expected
or country; of time, next, then {see Inspicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum, I look
deinde into, inspect, examine
indignus, -a, -um, with abl., unworthy Instituo, -ere, -ul, -utum, I establish;
of, undeserving of build, organize; instruct, train; begin
indoctus, -a, -um, untaught, unlearned (M)
ineo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, I go into, enter, insto, Instare, InstitI, , I am at hand;
calculate threaten; insist upon
infans, infantis, m. or /., unable to Instrud, -ere, -uxl, -uctum, I draw up,
speak; infant arrange
infectus, -a, -um, not made, not done, Insula, -ae, /., island
undone integer, -gra, -grum, untouched, whole,
infelix, infelTx, infelix (infelicis), un- fresh; pure, upright
fortunate, unlucky intellegenter, adv., intelligently
infer5, -ferre, intull, inlatum {or illatum), intellego, -ere, intellexi, intellectum, I
I bring in, against; inflict; bellum understand, realize; am aware
Tnfero, I make war upon, with dat. intendo, -ere, -tendl, -tentum, I bend,
inferus, -a, -um, below, low apply; intentus, intent, bent on
inficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, I stain inter, prep, with ace, between, among;
infirmitas, -tads, /., infirmity inter se, one another, to or with one
inhumanus, -a, -um, uncivilized, unkind another

170 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

interdum, adv., sometimes iucundus, -a, -um, pleasing
interea, adv., meanwhile, in the mean- iiidex, iudicis, m., judge, juror
time iudicium, -i, n., trial; judgment; decision;
intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, I perish, die court
interfector, -oris, m., slayer, murderer iudico, 7., I judge, deem
interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, I kill, iugulo, 7., I cut the throat of
slay, put to death iugum, -I, n., mountain ridge, crest;
interim, adv., meanwhile yoke
internus, -a, -um, internal, inward iungo, -ere, -iunxi, iunctum, I join,
interrogo, /., I question unite
intestatus, -a, -um, without a will, lund, -onis, /., Juno, Jupiter's queen
intestate luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, the king of
intra, prep, with ace, within, inside the gods
intro, adv.. inside, within iure, adv., rightly, justly, justifiably
intro, 7., I enter iurgiosus, -a, -um, quarrelsome
iniuria, -ae, /., insult, outrage, wrong- iuro, swear, take an oath
7., I

doing ius, iuris, n., legal right, law; court of

inutilis, -is, -e, useless, disadvantageous law; justice; ius gentium, law of na-
invenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, I come tions, international law; ius died, I
upon, find, discover pronounce judgments
invideo, -ere, -vidi, visum, I envy, am iustitia, -ae, /., justice
jealous of, with dat. iustus, -a, -um, lawful, regular, reason-
invidia, -ae, /., envy, jealousy; criticism able
invito, 7., I invite iuvenis, -is, m., young man
invitus, -a, -um, unwilling, reluctant; iuvo, -are, iiivi, iutum, I help, assist

freely, against one's will iuxta, adv., nearby

iocose, adv., jokingly
ipse, -a, -um, himself, he himself, itself,

etc.; very, even

Ira, Irae, /., anger, wrath
irascor, -I, Iratus sum, I become angry,
am angry at (witli dat.)
Iratus, -a, -um, angry; angry at, Iratus, labor, laboris, m., toil, work, hardship
with dat. laboro, 7., I am in distress, toil
ire,from eo labrum, -i, n., lip
irrump5, -ere, rupi, -ruptum, I burst in Lacedaemonius, -i, m., a Lacedae-
is, ea, id, pron., he, she, it; adj., this, monian
that lacrima, -ae, /., tear
iste, -a, -ud, that, that ... of yours, lacus, -us, m., lake
that ... of which you speak laetus, -a, -um, glad, happy, joyful
if a, adv., thus, so; yes (in answers) lana, -ae, /., wool
Italia, -ae, /., Italy lapis, -idis, m., stone; mile-stone
itaque, adv.. therefore, so, accordingly, Lar, Laris, m., Lar, guardian spirit of
consequently the home
item, adv.. likewise Lars Porsena, Lars Porsena, King of
iter, itineris, march, route, journey;
;?., Clusium, a powerful Etruscan city
iter facere, to march; in itinere, on the lated, -ere, -ui, I lie hidden, am hidden,
march; magnis itineribus, by forced lurk
marches latericius, -a, -um, made of brick
iterum, adv..second time, again;
a Latlne, adv., in Latin
itenmi atque iterum, again and again Latinus, -i, m., Latinus, King of Latium
Ithaca, -ae, /., Ithaca, the island king- Latlnus, -a, -um, Latin, of Latium
dom
of Ulysses Latium, -I, n., Latium
lubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum (M), I order, latro, -onis, m., robber
bid, command, direct latus, -a, -um, broad, wide, extensive

Vocabulary I 171
latus, lateris, n., side, flank; a latere, on litterula, -ae, /., diminutive of littera,
the flank; latus apertum, open, exposed poor little letter
flank littera, -ae, /., letter (of the alphabet);
laudo, i., I praise in plur., letter, letters, despatch
laus, laudis, /., praise; glory, honour, litus, -oris, n., shore, beach, coast
credit; merit locus, -i, m., place, spot, position,
lautus, -a, -um, refined ground, situation, promotion; in plur.,
Lavinia, -ae, /., Lavinia, daughter of loca, locorum, n., region, district
Latinus longe, adv., far; by far
Lavinium, -i, n., Lavinium, city founded longissime, super I. adv., very far
by Aeneas longus, -a, -um, long, tall (of persons);
Lavinus, -a, -um, Lavinian navis longa, a warship
lavo, -are, lavi, laututn, I wash loquor, -i, locutus sum, I speak, say
lavor, bathe, take a bath
7., I Lucius, -I, m., Lucius
lectica, -ae, /., litter, sedan-chair luctus, -us, m., grief, mourning
lectid, -5nis, /., lecture Lucrinus, -a, -um, of Lake Lucrinus, a
lectulus, -i, m., bed, cot small lake connected to the waters of
lectus, -I, m., bed the Mediterranean near the city of
legatio, -onis,
/., embassy, legation, Naples
deputation ludibrium -I, n., a laughing-stock
legatum, -i, «., legacy mock, make fun of
ludilico, 7., I
legatus, -I, m., envoy, ambassador; ludo, -ere, -si, -sum, I play, amuse
officer next in rank to imperator myself
legio, -onis, /., legion m., school; sport, game; pi,
ludus, -i,
legitimus, -a, -um, lawful, legal pubhc games, entertainments; gladia-
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, I gather; choose; torial schools
read; lecture lumen, -minis, n., light; lamp; eye
lenis, -is, -e, gentle, mild; soft; calm luna, -ae, /., moon
lentus, -a, -um, pliant, slow lupa, -ae, /., she-wolf, mother-wolf

leo, -onis, m., lion lupus, -\, m., wolf

lepidus, -a, -um, fine, elegant; witty lux, lucis, /., light, dawn; prima luce, at
levis, -is, -e, light; trivial, unimportant; daybreak, at dawn
light-minded, fickle luxuria, -ae, /., extravagance, riotous
levo, 7., I lift up; lighten, relieve living
lex, legis, /., law
libellus, -i, m., a little book; petition
libenter, adv., gladly, with pleasure
liber, libri, m., book
liber, -era, -erum,
free: as a m. pi. noun, M
liberl, liberorum, children
llberaliter, adv., like a free man, liberally M., abbreviation for Marcus
libero, 7., I set free, free, release Macedo, -onis, m., a Macedonian
libertas, libertatis, freedom
/., macellum, food-market
-I, n.,
libertus, -I, m., freedman maestitia, -ae, sorrow /.,

librarius, -i, m., secretary, copyist maestus, -a, -um, sad, sorrowful
licentia, -ae, /., licence, licentiousness magis, comp. adv. {see magnopere),
licet, licere, (M), it is permitted,
licuit more greatly, more
permission is granted, with dat. magister, m., teacher;
-tri, magister
lictor, -oris, m., lictor, an attendant on a equitum, master of the horse, com-
Roman magistrate mander of cavalry, title of dictator's
ligneus, -a, -um, wooden, made of wood second-in-command
lignum, -I, n., wood; in plur., firewood magistratus, -us, m., magistrate, official,
limen, -minis, n., threshold; barrier; magistracy, office
starting-point of a race magnitudo, -dinis, /., greatness, extent,
lingua, -ae, /., tongue; language size

172 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

magnopere, adv., (magis, maxime), memini, -isse, perf. tense with pres.
greatly, very, strongly, earnestly meaning, I remember
magnus, -a, -um (maior, maximus), memor, memor, memor, (memoris),
great, large; loud; serious, extensive; mindful, unforgetting, plus gen.
important memorabilis, -is, -e, memorable, worth
maior, -or, -us, comp. of magnus, remembering
larger; older memoria, -ae, /., memory; recollection;
maiores, -urn, m. pi., ancestors memoriam retineo, I remember, with
male, adv., (peius, pessime), badly, ill gen.; memoriam depono, I forget, with
maledico, -ere, dixi, -dictum, I speak ill gen.
of, revile the name of {with dat.) memord, -are, I recount, tell
malo, malle, malui (M), I wish rather, mendacium, -i, «., lie, falsehood
prefer mendax {gen., mendacis), fond of lying
malum, -I, n., evil, harm mens, mentis, /., (mentium), mind
malus, -a, -um, evil, bad mensa, -ae, /., table; course of a meal

mandatum, -i, «., instruction, order mensis, -is, m., (mensium), month
mando, 7., I put in hand, entrust, com- mentio, -onis, /., mention
mit; order, command, authorize {with mereo, -ere, -ul, -itum, also as a de-
dat.) ponent mereor, -eri, meritus sum, I
mane, adv., early in the morning deserve, merit, am worthy of {trans.)
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, I remain, meridies, meridiei, m., noon; south
stay meritum, -I, n., merit; kindness, favour;
manica, -ae, /., coat of mail service
manifesto, adv., in the act, red-handed merus, -a, -um, unmixed, pure; mere
manifestus, -a, -um, obvious, manifest metallum, -I, n., metal
manumitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, I metuo, -ere, -ui (M), I fear, dread
manumit, set free metus, -us, m., fear, dread, alarm
manus, -us, /., hand; band, force mens, -a, -um, my, mine, my own
Marathonius, -a, -um, of Marathon miles, -itis, m., soldier
Marcus, -I, m., Marcus milia, see mille
mare, maris, n., (i-stem), sea militaris, -is, -e, of a soldier, warlike,
marltus, -I, m., married man, husband military
marmoreus, -a, -um, made of marble militia, -ae, /., military service, warfare,
Mars, Martis, m.. Mars, the god of war campaigning
mater, matris, /., mother miile, indecl. adj., thousand; noun in

materia, -ae, /., timber, wood; material; plur., milia, milium, n., thousands
subject, topic MII6, Mildnis, m., Milo, enemy of
matrimdnium, marriage
-i, n., Clodius
matrona, -ae, /., married woman mina, -ae, /., mina, a Greek silver coin
mature, adv., at the proper time, sea- worth 100 denarii
sonably; quickly, speedily, prematurely Minerva, -ae, /., Minerva, goddess of
maturus, -a, -um, early; ripe; timely wisdom
maxime, superl. adv. {see magnopere), minime, adv., superlative of paulum, by
very greatly, very much, chiefly, most, no means, least
especially minimus, -a, -um, superl. of parvus,
maximus, -a, -um, superl. of magnus, least, smallest
greatest minor, -or, -us, comp. of parvus,
medicus, -i, m., physician smaller
medius, -a, -um, mid-, middle of; minor, i., I threaten
media nox, midnight minus, adv., comp. of paulum, less; not
Megara, -orum, n. pi., Megara, city near very, not so well; not
Athens mirabilis, -is, -e, wonderful, marvellous,
membrum, -i, n., limb, member (of the strange
body) miror, mirari, miratus sum, I wonder,
memento, imper. of memini, remember! marvel at, admire

Vocabulary I 173
niirus, -a, -um, strange, wonderful, mar- multum, adv., much
vellous, extraordinary multus, -a, -um, (plus, plurimus), much;
misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum, I mix, inter- in plur., many; multo, with compara-
mingle; confuse, confound; throw into tives, much, far
confusion mulus, -I, m., mule
miser, -era, -erum, wretched, unhappy mundus, -i, m., the universe, world
miserandus, -a, -um, to be pitied, munio, -ire, -IvI, -itum, I fortify; pro-
pitiable tect,defend; construct
mitis, -is, -e, mild, gentle, soft munitio, -onis, /., fortification; siege
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, I send, des- work, entrenchment
patch, let go munus, muneris, n., gift; function, duty
modeste, adv., modestly murmur, -uris, n., murmur
modicus, -a, -um, moderate mums, -I, m., wall
mode, adv., only; just now, a while
little Musa, Musae, /., a Muse, one of nine
ago, recently; non modo . . . sed etiam, divine sisters who give inspiration in
not only . . . but also the arts
modus, -I, m., manner, way, style; Museum, -i, n., haunt of the Muses, the
measurement; limit; moderation; hoc nine divine sisters who give inspiration
modo, in this way in the arts
moenia, -ium, n., pi. (moenium), fortifi- muto, 7., I change, exchange; alter
cations, walls
moles, -is, /., mass, huge bulk; weight
molestus, -a, -um, annoying, burden-
some
moneo, -ere, monui, monltum, I warn, N
advise
mons, montis, m., (montium), mountain nam, conj., for, for example
Mons Sacer, Montis Sacri, m.. Sacred namque, conj., for, for example
Mount, four miles east of Rome nancTscor, -i, nactus sum, I get, obtain
monstrum, -i, /i., monster narrator, -oris, m., narrator
monumentum, -i, n., monument, me- narro, 7., I tell, relate
morial nascor, nasci, natus sum, I am born;
mora, -ae, /., delay, stop-over arise
morbus, -I, m., illness, disease nasus, -i, m., nose
mordicus, adv., by biting, by a bite natalis, -is, -e, natal, of birth
morior, morl, mortuus sum, fut. part., natio, -5nis, /., nation, race, people
moriturus, I die natd, 7., I swim
moror, /., I delay, wait natura, -ae, /., nature
morosus, -a, -um, moody, peevish natus, -a, -um, born, old
mors, mortis, /., (mortium), death natus, -I, m., child, son
mortalis, -is, -e, mortal, destined to die nauta, -ae, m., sailor
mortuus, -i, /??., a dead man navalis, -is, -e, naval
mos, m5ris, m., manner, custom, habit; navigd, 7., I sail
in pliir., m5res, morum, m., customs, navis, -is, /., (navium), ship; navem
character solvo, I set sail; navem ascendd, I
motus, -us, m., motion, movement embark, go aboard ship; navi egredior,
moved, -ere, movi, motum, I move, I disembark, go ashore; navis longa, a

trans. warship; navis oneraria, a transport

mox, adv., next, later, soon -ne, enclitic interrogative particle, suf-
mulier, mulieris, /., woman fixed to first important word in a ques-
multa, -ae, /., fine, penalty tion inviting the answer Yes or No
muititudd, -inis, /., great number, large ne, adv. and conj., adv., not; conj., lest,
body that . not; ne .
. . quidem, not even . .

multo, abl. meas. of diff., by much, by nee, neque, conj., and not, nor; nee . . .

far nee, neither nor . . .

174 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

necessarius, -a, -um, unavoidable; close, nonus, -a, -um, ninth
intimate; as noun, relative nos, nostrum or nostri, plur. of ego
necesse, indecl. adj., unavoidable, inevit- nosc5, -ere, novi, notum, I find out,
able, necessary, with dat. learn, recognize; n5vi, I know
necessitas, -tatis, /., necessity; emergency noster, -tra, -trum, our, our own; in
nefas, n. indecl., something contrary to plur. as noun, nostri, -orum, m., our
divine will; sin men, troops or forces
neglegentia, -ae, /., carelessness nostri, nostr5rum, m., plur., our men,
aeglego, -ere, -exi, -ectum, I neglect, dis- our people
regard, overlook; forego; despise, nota, -ae, /., mark, brand; discrimination
underestimate noto, 7., I mark, mark down, designate
nego, l.,\ deny, say . . . not notus, -a, -um, known; well-known,
negotium, -i, n., business, matter, affair; notorious
trouble novem, indecl. adj., nine
nemo, nullius, m.,and abl.
gen., dat. novus, -a, -um, new, fresh, strange
supplied by nullus, no one, nobody novissimus, -a, -um, last, most recent
netnus, -oris, n., wood, forest, grove nox, noctis, /., (noctium), night
nep5s, nepotis, m., grandson, descendant noxius, -a, -um, harmful, guilty
Neptunus, -i, m., Neptune nubes, -is, /., cloud
nequaquam, adv., by no means nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, I veil; of a
neque (or sometimes nee before con- bride, I marry, am married {plus dat.)
sonants) adv. and conj., and not, nor; nudus, -a, -um, naked, bare; exposed;
neque neque, neither
. . . nor . . . deprived
nescio, -ire, nescivl, nescitum (M), I do nugae, -arum, /. pi., nonsense, trifles
not know (how) nullus, -a, -um, no, none; in gen. dat.,
neuter, -tra, -truni, neither and abl. supplies cases of nemo, no one
nl, see nisi num, interrog. adv., introducing a ques-
niger, -gra, -grum, black, dark, darkening tion expecting the answer No; whether,
nihil, {or nil), indecl., nothing if

nihilo, abl. meas. of diff., no (///. by numen, -minis, n., divine will; divine
nothing) power, majesty; deity, god
nihilominus, none the less, nevertheless numero, 7., I count, reckon; consider
nil,see nihil numerus, -I, m., number
NIlus, -i, m., the Nile nummus, -i, m., coin; "cash"; "dollar"
nimis, adv., also used as neut. pron. with numquam, adv., never
gen., too, too much num quis, whether {or if) anyone; num
nimius, -a, -um, too much, excessive quid, if something, whether anything
nisi, conj., if not, unless, except nunc, adv., now
nix, nivis, /., snow nuntio, 7., I announce, report; nuntiatum
nobilis, -is, -e, noble, high-born, famous the announcement was made
est,
noceo, -ere, nocul, nocitum, I injure, nuntius, -I, m., messenger; message,
harm, hurt, with dat. news
noctu, adv., in the night nuper, adv., lately, recently
nocturnus, -a, -um, nocturnal, at night nuptiae, -arum, /. pL, wedding
nolo, n511e, n51ul, , (M), I am un- nusquam, adv., nowhere
willing, do not wish, refuse nutrix, -tricis, /., nurse
n5men, ndminis, n., name; noun; repu-
tation; nomine, by name, named
nomind, 7., I name, call
non, adv., not, no
nondum, adv., not yet O
nonne, interrog. adv., introducing a
question expecting the answer Yes O, interjection, O! oh!
nonnulll, -ae, -a, indef. adj. or pron., ob, prep, with ace, on account of, be-
some few, few, quite a few cause of

Vocabulary I 175
obicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectum, I hurl in the opto, 7., I wish for, desire {trans.)
way of, nirh dal. opus, operis, n., work, task
oblitus, -a, -um, forgetful ( of, with gen.) opus est, with abl., there is need of
obllvlscor, -I, oblitus sum, I forget {with ora, -ae, /., shore, coast
gen.) oraculum, -i, «., oracle
obsecro, /., I beg, pray oiatio, orationis, /., speech; orationem
obses, obsidis, /?/. or /., hostage habeo, I make a speech
obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, I besiege, orator, oris, m., orator
blockade orbis, -is, m., (orbium), circle; orbis
obsidio, obsidionis, /., siege, blockade terrarum, the world
obtined, -ere, -ui, -tentum, I hold orbus, -a, -um, childless; orbus, -I, m.,
obviam, adv., in the way of, to meet, orphan
with dat. ordo, ordinis, m., rank, order, class; line
occasio, occasionis, /., opportunity, Oriens, -entis, m., the East
chance; occasionem dimitto or amitto, origo, -inis, /., origin, beginning
I lose (miss, let slip) an opportunity orior, orlri, ortus sum {fut. part.,
{with gen.) oriturus), I rise, arise, break out
occido, -ere, occidi, occisum, I cut down, omamentum, -i, n., work of art, show-
kill piece, adornment; jewel
occido, -ere, occidi, occasum, I fall, fall omo, /., I furnish; adorn, honour, praise
in battle oro, 7., I pray, entreat, beg
octavus, -a, -um, eighth OS, oris, n., mouth; face
oct5, indecl. adj., eight OS, ossis, n., bone
octoginta, written LXXX, eighty osculum, -i, n., kiss
oculus, -i, m., eye ostendd, -ere, ostendi, ostentum, I show,
odi, odisse, I hate point out; declare
odium, -i, n., hate, hatred, grudge Ostia, -ae, /., Ostia, seaport of Rome at
odor, -oris, m., smell, scent the mouth of the Tiber
officina, -ae, /., workshop otiosus, -a, -um, at leisure, free of busi-
officium, -I, «., duty, function; ceremony ness
oleum, -i, n., olive oil, oil otium, -i, «., ease, peace and quiet,
olim, adv., once, long ago leisure, freedom from worry
omen, -inis, n., omen
omnino, adv., altogether, wholly; on the
whole; with a negative, at all
omnis, -is, -e, all, every
oner5, l.,l burden, load
onus, oneris, n., weight, burden P., abbreviation for Publius
opera, -ae, /., attention, service; effort, paedagogus -I, m., a slave whose special
exertion; operam dare, pay heed, take task was to take charge of children,
pains, pay attention, give service especially to and from school
opini5, -onis, /., expectation, notion, paene, adv., almost, nearly
guess; belief, opinion paenula, -ae, /., travelling-cloak
oportet, -ere, -uit, impersonal, it is palatium, -i, n., palace
necessary, it is fitting; freely, should, palla, -ae, /., wrap, cloak
ought {with ace.) pallium, -I, n., cloak
oppidum, -i, n., town paludamentum, -i, n., military cloak
opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, I pando, -ere, pandi, passum, I spread
overpower, overwhelm, crush, surprise open, open wide
oppugno, i., I attack panis, -is, m., bread, loaf
ops, opis, /., help, power; plur., riches, papyrus, -I, m. {or /.), papyrus
power, forces par, par, par, (paris), equal; par sum
optime, adv. superl. of bene, very well, plus dat., I am equal to
excellently paratus, -a, -um, prepared, ready; for,

optimus, -a, -um, superl. of bonus, best ad plus accus.

176 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

parco, -ere, peperci, {or parsi), parsum, pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, I drive,

I spare, with dat. defeat

parcus, -a, -um, frugal, sparing Penates, -ium, m. pi., household gods
parens, parentis, m., or /., parent pendeo, -ere, pependi, I hang, am
pared, -ere, -ui, -itum, with dat., I am suspended; linger
obedient, obey, give obedience pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum, I weigh,
parid, -ere, peperl, partum, I bear, give weigh out; pay; estimate
birth to; sire, beget; produce; acquire per, prep, with ace, through; by way of,
Paris, Paridis, m., Paris over, along; by reason of
Parisiensis, -is, -e, of Paris {the city) perdo, -ere, didi, -ditum, I destroy; lose
paro, 7., I prepare, make ready (M); pereo, -ire, perii, peritum, I perish, die
procure, acquire; bellum paro, I pre- perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, I carry
pare for war through, report; bring; endure
pars, partis, /., (partium), part, portion; perficio, -ere, feci, -fectum, I accom-
direction; side; part of speech; una ex plish; complete, bring to an end
parte, from, in one direction; in pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum, I pro-
omnes partes, in all directions ceed, continue
Partlius, -i, m., a Parthian periculum, -i, n., danger, peril
panim, adv., also used as neut. pron., peritus, -a, -um, experienced, skilled; in,

with gen., too little, not enough with gen.

parvulus, -a, -um, very small, tiny permaneo, -ere, -mansi, -mansum, I

parvus, -a, -um, little, small; trivial, un- remain

important permitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, I entrust;
passus, -us, m., pace, step allow, permit; commit
pastor, pastoris, f7t., shepherd permutatio, -onis, /., exchange, change
pateo, -ere, -ui, I lie open, am open, perpetuus, -a, -um, endless, perpetual;
exposed in perpetuum, forever
pater, patris, m., father; patres, patrum, Persa, -ae, m., Persian
m. pi., city fathers, senators; patres persona, -ae, /., person
conscript!, city fathers persuadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasum, I per-
patior, pati, passus sum, I allow, let; suade, induce, with dat.
endure (M) pertinacia, -ae, /., stubbornness, obstinacy
patria, -ae, /., native land, native city pertineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, I reach,
patrius, -a, -um, of one's native land extend; pertain to, have reference to
patronus, -i, m., patron, advocate, pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, intrans.,
lawyer I come to, arrive at, reach, with ad

patruus, -i, m., paternal uncle plus ace.

pauci, -ae, -a, a few pervius, -a, -um, passable
paulatim, adv., little by little, gradually pes, pedis, m., foot
pauIo, abl. meas. of diff., a little, slightly, pessime, superl. adv., (see male), very
somewhat badly, worst
paulum, adv., a little pessimus, -a, -um, superl. of mains,
paulus, -a, -um, small, slight worst
pauper, -eris, poor, destitute; as a noun, pestilens, -entis, pestilential, unhealthy
poor man peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum, I seek, seek out
pax, pacis, /., peace search for; make for, head for, (trans.)
pectus, -oris, n., chest, breast; heart; make for; ask (a favour)
feelings, spirit, understanding petulantia, -ae, /., sauciness, pettiness
pecunia, -ae, /., money
pharetra, -ae, /., quiver
pecus, -oris, n., cattle, a head of cattle
Philippus, -i, m., Philip, father of
pedes, peditis, m., infantryman, foot-
Alexander and conqueror of Greece
soldier; pedites, -um, m. pi., the
philosophia, -ae, /., philosophy
infantry
pelagus, -i, n., (a Greek decln.), the philosophus, -i, m., philosopher
open sea, the ocean pica, -ae, /., magpie

Vocabulary I 177
pietas, -tatis, /., sense of responsibility, pondus, -eris, n., weight, burden; im-
dutifulness, goodness portance
pilleus, -i, m., a felt cap pono, -ere, posui, positum, I put, place;
pilum, -1, n., javelin castra pono, I pitch camp
pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictum, I paint, stain p5ns, pontis, m., (pontium), bridge
pinus, -I, /., pine-tree pontus, -I, m., sea; Pontus, the Black
pirata, -ae, m., pirate Sea; the Roman province called
piscat5rius, -a, -um, relating to fishing; Pontus, or Bithynia, or Pontus-
navis piscatoria, fishing-smack Bithynia
piscina, -ae, /., fishpond populus, -I, m., people, nation
pius, -a, -um, loyal, faithful porta, -ae, /., gate
placeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, I please, give portions, -i, m., portico, colonnade,
pleasure, with dat. covered walk
placidus, -a, -um, calm, kindly portd 7., I carry, bring
placitus, -a, -um, pleasing, agreeable portus, -us, m., harbour, port
placo, 7., I make quiet, calm posco, -ere, poposcl, , I ask for,
plaga, -ae, /., a blow demand (trans.) [witJi ah.)
plagosus, -a, -um, fond of flogging possum, posse, potui, — (M), I am able,
plane, adv., plainly, clearly; entirely, can
thoroughly post, prep, with ace, after; behind
Plato, -onis, the celebrated
m., Plato, post, adv., afterwards
philosopher and pupil of Socrates postea, adv., thereafter, later
plausus, -us, m., clapping, applause posterns, -a, -um, next, following;
plebs, plebis, /., the common people, the poster!, poster5mm, m. pi., descend-
masses (plebeian) ants
plenus, -a, -um, full of, filled with, with postis, -is, m., door-post;door
gen. postquam, conj., after, when
plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, very many, postremo, adv., lastly, finally
almost all, most postremus, -a, -um, last, final
plerumque, adv., usually, mostly, com- postridie, adv., on the next day
monly postulo, 7., I demand
pluit, -ere, pluit, it is raining posui, from p5n5
plures, -es, -a (plurium), more, more potens, potens, potens, (potentis), power-
numerous ful, strong
plurimus, plurima, plurimum, very potestas, potestatis, /., power, oppor-
much; most, very many
plur., tunity
plus, used as a neiit. pron. gen., and + potius, adv., preferably, rather
sometimes as an adv., more potui, from possum
Pluton, -onis, m., Pluto, King of the praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, I supply,
dead furnish, afford; me praebeo, I prove
poena, -ae, /., penalty, punishment; myself, show myself, behave (as)
poenam or poenas do, I am punished; praecedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, I go in
poenam peto de with abl., I demand front
satisfaction from praeceptor, -oris, m., teacher
Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian; m., as praeceptum, -i, n., precept, rule, teach-
ing
noun, a Carthaginian
praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, I advise,
poeta, -ae, m., poet
instruct, order {with dat.)
polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, I promise
praecSarus, -a, -um, very famous, illustri-
Pompeii, -5rum, m. pi., Pompeii ous, splendid
Pompeius, -i, m., Pompey praeda, -ae, /., plunder, loot
Pomp5nia, -ae, /., Pomponia, wife of praeficid, -ere, feci, -fectum, I place (put)
Quintus Cicero, and sister of Titus in charge of, witli ace. of person
Pomponius Atticus appointed and dat. of unit commanded
ponium, -I, n., apple, fruit praegnans, -antis, with child

178 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

praeniium, -I, n., prize, reward privatus, -a, -um, private, belonging to
praesens, gen. praesentis, immediate, an individual, unofficial; as a noun,
present; freely, in one's presence; in privatus, privati, m., a private citizen
praesens, temporarily pro, prep, with abl., before, in front of;
praesento, 7., I present on behalf of, in defence of, for; in-

praesertim, adv., especially, particularly stead of, in place of

praesidium, -i, /;., protection; garrison proavus, -i, m., great-grandfather
praestd, -are, -stiti, -stitum, I surpass; prob5, 7., I approve; prove; justify
show; discharge, make good; exhibit, procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, intrans.,
display; praestat, it is preferable, with I move forward, advance

in fin. proconsularis, -is, -e, proconsular

praesuni, -esse, -fui, I am in charge; of, procul, adv., from a distance, from afar;
with dot. at a distance, far away
praeter, prep, witli ace, beyond, past; proditor, -oris, m., traitor
except pr5dd, -ere, -didi, -ditum, I betray, sur-
praeterea, adv., moreover, besides, render; bequeath; publish
furthermore proelium, -i, n., battle, engagement,
praetered, -Ire, praeteril, praeteritum, I fighting, fight
go by, pass profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, I bring
praetextatus, -a, -um, wearing the toga forth, bring out; reveal, quote; post-
praetexta, worn by certain magistrates pone, defer
and by Roman boys before they proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum, I set out,
assumed the toga virilis depart (for; with ad plus ace.)
praetor, praetoris, m., praetor, in charge profugus, -a, -um, in flight, exiled
of law-courts progredior, -i, -gressus sum, I advance,
prandeo, -ere, prandi, I have lunch proceed
prandium, -i, n., lunch prohibed, -ere, -ui, -itum (M), I prevent,
preces, -um, /. pi., prayers, entreaties hinder; from, with present infin.
(plur. of rare sing, prex) proles, -is, /., offspring, child; descendant
precor, -ari, precatus sum, I pray, prologus, -i, m., prologue
entreat, beg promined, -ere, -ui, jut out, stand out
premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, I burden, promittd, -ere, misi, -missum, I promise,
weigh down, press hard set before, assure
pretium, -I, n., price, value prope, prep, with ace, near, at
prex, see under preces prope, adv., (propius, proxime), nearly,
Priamus, -I, m., Priam almost, about
pridie, adv., on the day before, on the propero, 7., I hasten, am in a hurry
preceding day propinquus, -a, -um, near, neighbouring;
primo, adv., at first related (to, with dat); as noun, relative,
primum, adv., first, in the first place; kinsman
cum or ubi primum, as soon as; propior, propior, propius, comp. adj.,

quam primum, as soon as possible nearer

primus, -a, -um, superlative of prior, propius, comp. adv., nearer
proprius, -a, -um, one's own, special,
first, foremost, senior; prImo vere, at

the beginning of spring

personal
propdno, -ere, -posui, -positum, I place
princeps, -cipis, m., leading man, chief-
before, post; display; reveal; publish;
tain, civil leader, senior senator
set forth; propose, declare
prlncipium, -I, n., beginning, origin
propter, prep, with ace, on account of,
prior, prior, prius, comp. adj., former,
because of, for
earlier, first {of two) am of
pr5sum, prodesse, profui, , I
priscus, -a, -um, old-fashioned, old-time service, benefit, with dat.
prius, adv., first, beforehand provincia, -ae, province
/.,

priusquam, conj., before provoco, 7., I appeal (to a higher legal

privatim, adv., privately, unofficially authority)

Vocabulary I 179
proxime, adv., very recently quam, conj. with comparatives, than
proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next; next- quamdiu, adv., how long; conj., as long
door as, while (all the time that)
prudens, prudens, prudens (prudentis), quamquam, conj., although
far-seeing, sensible; wise, shrewd quamvis, adv., exceedingly, very; conj.,
prudentia, -ae, /., foresight, wisdom, far- however much, no matter how
sightedness, common sense quando, interrog. adv. and conj., when?
psittacus, -I, m., parrot quantus, -a, -um, how great, how large
Ptolemaeus, -I, m., Ptolemy, ruler of quarto, adv., fourth in line
Egypt quartum, adv., for the fourth time
publice, adv., official, in the name of quartus, -a, -um, fourth
the state; at public expense quasi, conj., as if, just as if
publicus, -a, -um, public, official, be- quattuor, indecl. adj., four
longing to the state, national quattuordecim, fourteen
pudet, -ere, -uit, or puditum est, im- -que, enclitic conj., and
personal, it shames one, one is querela, -ae, /., complaint
ashamed queror, -I, questus sum, I complain (of,
pudor, pudoris, m., shame; self-respect with ace. or de with abl.); bewail
puella, -ae, /., girl qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which,
puer, -1, m., boy what, that; as co-ordinating relative,
pueriliter, adv., childishly he, this; after idem, as
pugio, -onis, m., dagger qui, quae, quod, interrogative adj.,
pugna, -ae, /., fight, fighting, battle which? what?
pugno, 1., I fight, completed by cum quia, conj., because, since, as
with abl. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque,
pugnus, m., fist
-I, indef, rel. pron. and adj., whoever,
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful, fine, whatever; everyone who
splendid quid? interrog. pron., what?
pullus, -I, m., chicken quidam, quaedam, quiddam, indef. pron.,
pulto, /., I strike, knock a certain one; quidam, quaedam,
Punicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian quoddam, indef. adj., a certain
punio, -Ire, -IvI, -itum, I punish quidem, adv., certainly, in fact, at least,
purpura, -ae, /., purple, purple cloth indeed; ne quidem, not even
. . .

purpureus, -a, -um, crimson, purple quidquid, indef. pron., whatever

purus, -a, -um, pure, clean, unstained quies, quietis, /., rest, quiet, repose, inac-
pusillus, -a, -um, tiny, petty tivity
PuteoII, -drum, m., seaside resort town quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etum, I rest, am
west of Naples inactive, quiet
puteus, -I, m., well quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred
puto, /., I suppose, imagine, think, deem quinquaginta, indecl. adj., fifty
quinque, indecl. adj., five
quintus, -a, -um, fifth
Quintus, -i, m., Quintus
Quirites, -ium, m. plur., citizens
Q quis, quis, quid, interrog. pron., who;
what
quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum, I ask quis, quis, quid, indef. pron., anyone,
(a question), with a, ab, plus abl.; seek, somebody, anything; qui, qua (quae),
look for, ask for {trans.) quod, indef. adj., some, any
quaestor, -oris, m., quaestor quisquam, quisquam, quidquam {or
quadraginta, indecl. adj., forty quicquam), indef. pron., anyone, some-
qualis, -is, -e, what kind, what kind of body; anything, something
quam, adv., how, how much, with super- quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.,
latives, as ... as possible; tam . . . everyone, each one, each {of more
quam, as much ... as than two)

180 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

quoad, conj., while, as long as (all the refero,-ferre, rettuli, relatum, I carry
time that); until back; restore; bring back word; refer;
quo, interrog. adv., where, to what place, me refero, I go back, return; pedem
whither refero, I retire, retreat; relatum est,

quod, con}., because, that, in that; on the word was brought back
ground that; the fact that refectus, -a, -um, repaired, restored
quomodo, or quo modd, adv., in what referid, -Ire, I strike back
way, how, as reficio, -ere, feci, -fectum, I repair; re-
quondam, adv., formerly, once; some- fresh
times reglna, -ae, /., queen
quoniam, conj., because, since, as regio, regionis, /., district, area, region
quoque, adv., also, too, as well regius, -a, -um, royal
quot, indecl., how many? tot . . . quot, regnd, l.,l rule, have royal power
as many ... as regnum, -i, n., reign, rule, kingdom
quotiens, adv., how often? as often as rego, -ere, -rexl, rectum, I rule; direct
religio, -onis, /., religious scruple;
sanctity; religion
relinquendus, -a, -um, to be left alone
relinquo, -ere, rellqui, relictum, I leave,
leave behind; abandon, give up
R reliquus, -a, -um, the other, the remain-
ing, the rest of
raeda, -ae, /., carriage remitto, -ere, -misl, missum, I send back
raedarius, -i, m., driver (of a carriage) removeo, -ere, -raovi, -motum, I re-
ramus, -i, w., branch move, move back
rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum, I carry oflf, Remus, -I, m., Remus
kidnap reor, rerl, ratus sum, I think
rams, -a, -um, thin, with gaps, scattered, repente, adv., suddenly
straggling reperio, -Ire, repperl, repertum, I find,
ratid, rationis, account, calculation,
/., discover, learn
reckoning; business affair, matter (c/. repet5, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, I seek again, go
res); method, fashion, manner (c/. back to; repeat
modus); reason, motive, cause (c/. reprehendd, -ere, -prehendl, -prehensum,
causa); judgment, understanding; plan I hold back; blame, criticize
{cf. consilium); reasoning, theory requies, requietis, {ace. requiem), /., rest,
ratis, -is, /., raft; boat repose
recens, recens, recens, {gen. recentis), requiesco, -ere, -quievi, , I rest
recent; fresh, new res, rel, /., thing, matter, state of affairs,
recipio, -ere, recepi, receptum, I take
circumstance, fact, action, property;
back, get back, recover; me recipio, I
res gesta, exploit, deed, achievement;
retreat, retire
res publica, the state, constitution,
recito, 7., I recite, read aloud government
recreo, /., I make anew, revive
rescrib5, -ere, -scrlpsi, -scrlptum, I
recte, adv., rightly
write back
rectus, -a, -um, straight, upright, direct;
resisto, -ere, restiti, , I resist,
correct, appropriate, proper, just, right
recurro, -ere, -curri, , —
I run back
oppose, with dat.
-ectum, I look back,
respicio, -ere, -exi,
reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum, I give
back, restore, return; translate look back at; have regard for {trans.)
redeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, I go back, return responded, -ere, -spondl, -sponsum, I
redimo, -ere, -emi -emptum, I buy back, reply, answer; responsum est, a reply
ransom was made
reditus, -us, m., return restitud, -ere, -stitui, -stitutum, I re-
reduco, -ere, reduxi, reductum, I lead store, rebuild
back, withdraw; I escort back rete, -is, n., net

Vocabulary I 181
retineo, -ere, retinui, retentum, I detain, salutatio, -onis, /., greeting
hold back, check; cling to (trans.); saluto, 7., I greet, salute
memoriam retined, I remember (with salve, imper. of salveo, I am well; greet-
gen.) ings, hail (plur., salvete)
rettuli, from refero Samnltes, -um, m. pi., the Samnites
reus, -I, m., defendant, accused person sanctus, -a, -um, sacred; august, vener-
reverter, -i, reversus sum, I return, turn able
back sane, adv., truly, certainly, indeed
revivisco, -ere, -vixi, -victum, I come sanguis, -inis, m., blood; vigour
alive again sanus, -a, -um, sound, healthy; sensible,
revoco, /., I call back, recall discreet
rex, regis, m., king sapiens, sapiens, sapiens, (sapientis),
Rhenus, -I, m., Rhine (river) wise; able to reason
rideo, -ere, risi, risum, I laugh, laugh sapientia, -ae, /., wisdom
at (trans.) sat, see satis
ripa, -ae, /., bank of a stream satis, adv. and neat. pron. with gen.,
risus, -us, m., laugh enough, sufficient
rogo, 7., I ask, invite, ask for saxum, -i, n., rock, stone; cliff

Roma, -ae, /., Rome scaber, -bra, -brum, decayed

Romanus, -a, -um, Roman; as a m. scaena, -ae, /., stage, theatre
noun, a Roman Scamander, -dri, m., Scamander (river)
Romulus, -I, m., Romulus scelus, sceleris, crime, sin; scelus
n.,

rosa, -ae, /., rose committ5, I commit a crime

rdstra, -orum, n. pL, speaker's platform scelestus, -a, -um, wicked, accursed
ruber, -bra, -brum, red scientia, -ae, /., knowledge, science
rubor, -oris, m., blushing, shame scilicet, adv., you may be sure, of course,
rulna, -ae, /., destruction, ruin; disaster, no doubt; doubtless (in irony)
collapse scio, scire, scivi, scitum (M), I know,
rumor, -oris, m., talk, rumour know how
rumpo, -ere, riipi, ruptum, I break, Scotia, -ae, /., Scotland
smash scriba, -ae, m., secretary
ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, I fall, tumble; rush scrlbo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum, I write
rursus, adv., back again, again scriptor, -oris, m., writer, scribe
scutica, -ae, /., lash, whip
scutum, -i, n., shield
se, sese, secum, see reflex, pron. sul
secreto, adv., secretly
secretum, -i, n., secret
secundum, with ace, according to
secundus, -a, -um, second; favourable,
successful
securicula, -ae, /., a little axe
Sabinus, -a, -um, Sabine; Sablnus, -I, securus, -a, -um, free from care, un-
m., a Sabine troubled, fearless
saccus, -1, m., sack, bag sed, conj., but
sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred; Via Sacra, sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, I sit; linger,
Sacred Way tarry
sacerdds, -dotis, m. /., priest, priestess sedes, -is, /., seat, abode, dwelling
saeculum, -i, n., generation; age, epoch segnities, -ei, slowness, sluggishness
/.,

saepe, adv., (saepius, saepissime), often semel, adv., once, once for all
saevus, -a, -um, savage, cruel semen, -minis, n., seed
sagitta, -ae, /., arrow semianimis, -is, -e, half-dead
sagulum, -i, n., small cloak semper, adv., always
salus, salutis, /., health, greetings; safety, senator, -oris, m., senator, member of
welfare upper class in Rome

182 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

senatus, -us, m., senate, an audience sign5, 7., I sign
with the senate signum, -i, n., signal; military standard;
senatus consultum, -i, n., decree of the sign, portent; statue, monument; evi-
senate dence
senectus, -tutis, /., old age silentium, -i, n., silence
senex, senis, m., old man silva, -ae, /., forest, wood
sensus, -us, m., sense, meaning similis, -is, -e, like, similar; to, with dat.
sententia, -ae, /., opinion; sentence, simul, adv., at the same time (ac, as)
judgment; sententiam dlc5, I express simul atque, conj. sometimes written
an opinion; eum sententiam rogo, I simul ac before a consonant, as soon
ask him his opinion; sententiam rogor, as
I am asked my opinion simulacrum, -i, n., likeness, portrait,
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, I feel, per- statue, phantom, ghost
ceive simulo, 7., I pretend
sepeli5, -ire, -ivi, -itum, I bury sine, prep, with abl., without
septem, indecl. adj., seven singillatim, adv., separately, one at a time
Septimus, -a, -um, seventh singuli, -ae, -a, one by one, separate
septuagesimus, -a, -um, 70th singultus, -us, m., sobbing, choking, pant-
sepulcrum, -I, n. (or sepulchrum), tomb ing
sepultura, -ae, /., burial sinister, -tra, -trum, left (hand); slander-
sequor, -I, secutus sum, I follow, pursue ous, on the left; inauspicious; a
sermo, -onis, m., speech, talk, rumour, sinlstr5, on (from) the left
utterance, remark sinistra, -ae, /., left hand
sero, adv., late, too late sinus, -us, m., hollow, fold; breast; gulf,
serpens, -ends, m., snake bay
serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, I creep; sive, {or sen), conj., or if; sive . . . sive,
freely, steal over if ... or if, whether ... or
semila, -ae, /., little saw socius, -i, m., ally; friend, comrade
serva, -ae, maid-servant
/., Socrates, -is, m., Socrates
servio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, I serve, am de- S5craticus, -a, -um, of Socrates
voted to; I am a slave, servant, with sun
sol, solis, m.,
dat. solacium, -i, comfort, solace
n.,

servitus, -tutis, /., slavery solarium, -i, n., sun-balcony

servo, i., I save, keep soleatus, -a, -um, wearing slippers

servolus, -i, m., diminutive of servus, soleo, -ere, solitus sum, I am ac-
poor little slave customed
servus, -i, m., slave sollicitus, -a, -um, distracted by cares,
sestertius, -i, m., sesterce, a small silver in a state of unrest, anxious
coin s51um, adv., only
severitas, -tatis, /., gravity, seriousness solus, -a, -um, alone, sole, only
severus, -a, -um, stem, harsh solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, I loosen,
sex, indecl. adj., six untie; navem solvo, I set sail, weigh
sexaginta, indecl, sixty anchor
sextus, -a, -um, sixth somnus, -i, m., sleep, dream
si, conj., if, even if; si quis, if someone sonitus, -us, m., sound
Sibylla, -ae, /., Sibyl, prophetess and sono, are, -ui, -itum, I roar, resound,
priestess of Apollo echo
Sibyllinus, -a, -um, Sibylline Sophocles, -is, m., Sophocles
sic, adv., thus, in this way; as follows; sorbeo, -ere, -ui, I suck in
yes {in answers) sordidus, -a, -um, mean, stingy
siccus, -a, -um, dry; vigorous, solid soror, sororis, /., sister
Sicilia, -ae, /., Sicily sors, sortis, /., (sortium), lot, fate; por-
sicut (also sicuti), as, exactly as, just as tion, due; oracle; response {of an
sidus, -eris, n., star, constellation oracle); the principal (sum)
signifer, -i, m., standard-bearer spatiosus, -a, -um, roomy, spacious

Vocabulary I 183
spatium, -I, «., interval, space; distance; suffuco, 7., I choke
period {of time) sui, sibi, se, se (or sese), reflex, pron.,
species, -ei, /., appearance; beauty himself, itself, themselves; him, it,

spectaculum, -i, n., display, spectacle them

spectator, -oris, m., spectator sum, esse, fui, I am, exist; with gen.,
specto, 1., I look at (trans.), behold, belong to
watch, observe; keep in mind, aim at summa, -ae, /., sum, sum-total, chief
spero, 7., I hope, hope for point
spes, spei, /., hope summus, -a, -um, superl. of superus,
splro, breathe
7., I highest, topmost; supreme, greatest
splendor, -oris, m., splendour sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, I take;
spolia,-orum, n. pi., spoils eat, consume
sponsus, -a, -um, promised, betrothed sumptuosus, -a, -um, extravagant
sponte, abl. of spons, spontis, /., of one's sumptus, -us, m., expense, expenditure,
own accord, freely, willingly cost; extravagance
squalor, -oris, m., squalour; filthy gar- super, adv. and prep, with ace, above,
ments over
statim, adv., at once, immediately superbus, -a, -um, haughty, proud
statua, -ae, /., statue superior, -ior, -ius, comp. of superus,
statuo, -ere, -ui, -utum CM), I decide, higher, upper; former, previous
fix, set, establish supero, 7., I conquer, defeat; surpass
statOra, -ae, /., stature supersum, -esse, -fui, I survive, am left,
Stella, -ae, /., star with dat.
stemo, -ere, stravi, stratum, I lay low; superus, -a, -um, higher, above; upper;
spread
scatter, di super!, the gods above (gen. pt.,

stemumentuiii, -i, n., sneeze superum)

steti, from sto supra, adv., above, over; prep, with ace.
stilus, m.,-1, stilus, writing instrument over, above, beyond
stipendium, -i, n., tax, tribute; pay supremus, -a, -um, superl. of superus,
sto, stare, steti, statum, I stand; endure, highest, topmost, last
last surdus, -a, -um, deaf
strepitus, -iis, m., noise, din; rattle, surgo, -ere, surrexl, surrectum, I rise,

clanking get up, stand up

studeo, studere, studui, (M), I am suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, I under-
eager, desire; study, go to school, pay take
attention to suspectus, -a, -um, suspected, under
studiose, adv., eagerly suspicion
studiosus, -a, -um, enthusiastic; de- suspendo, -ere, -pendl, -pensum, I hang
voted, careful (trans.)
studium, -I, n., enthusiasm; study; suspicio, -onis, /., suspicion
eagerness, devotion; application
suspicio, -ere, suspexi, suspectum, 1
stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid
look up at, gaze at; admire
suavitas, -tatls,/., sweetness
suspicor, suspicarl, suspicatus sum, I
sub, prep. (1) with abl. (involving no
suspect
motion), under, beneath; at the foot
sustineo, -ere, sustinui, sustentum, I hold
of, close by, near to; (2) with ace.
out against, withstand
(involving motion), under, close to; (of
time), just before, close to sustuli, from toUo
subed, -ire, -ii, -itum, I go under; ap- sutor, -oris, m.,shoemaker
proach; undergo, encounter; dive suns, -a, -um, his, her, its, their, his
subito, adv., suddenly own, her own, its own, their own,
sublatum, from toUo reflex.; m. pi., as noun, sui, suorum,
Suetonius, -I, m., Suetonius, writer of his (their) friends, comrades, men,
prose living in the first and second countrymen; n. plur. as noun, sua,
cent. A.D. suorum, his (their) possessions

184 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

 terred, -ere, -ul, -itum, I frighten, alarm,
terrify, terrorize
T., abbr. for Titus terror, -oris, m., terror, panic, dread,
tabema, -ae, /., shop alarm
tabula, -ae, /., writing tablet; painting tertio, adv., a third time, thirdly
taceo, -ere, tacui, taciturn, I am silent tertium, adv., for the third time
-um, silent,
tacitus, -a, still tertius, -a,-um, third
tactum, from tango testamentum, -i, n., will
taedium, -i n., boredom; weariness testis, -is, m. /., (testium), witness

talentum, -i, n., a talent of gold tetigi, from tangd

talis, -is, -e, such, of such a kind; talis tlieatrum, -I, n., theatre
. . . qualis, such ... as thesaurus, -I, m., treasure
tam, adv., so; tam . . . quam, as much Tiberis, -is, -I, im, -is, -I, m., Tiber
... as tigillum, -I, n., beam of wood
tamen, adv., however, yet, nevertheless, timeo, -ere, timul, (M), I fear, feel
just the same or have fear, am anxious, am afraid
tametsi, conj., although of (with ace.)
tamquam, adv., as, just as; as if; so to timor, timoris, m., fear, terror, panic
speak Tiro, Tironis, m.. Tiro
tandem, adv., at length, at last, finally; toga, -ae, /., toga
pray tell (in impatient questions) togatus, -a, -um, wearing a toga
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, I touch, influ- tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, I raise, lift

ence tonitruum, -I, n., clap of thunder

tanto . . . quanto, as much ... as tono, -are, -ul, thunder
tantum, adv., so much; only, merely tot, indect. adj., so many; tot . . quot, .

tantus, -a, -um,so great, so big; tantus as many ... as

. . . quantus, as great ... as totiens, adv., so many times, so often
tardus, -a, -um, slow, sluggish totus, -a, -um, whole, entire, all; freely,
taurus, -1, m., bull, ox entirely, altogether
tectum, -i, n., covering, roof; ceiling; trabs, trabis, /., beam
house, dwelling tractd, handle, treat
/., I

tego, -ere, texl, tectum, I cover, protect; trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum, I give up,
adorn, crown; conceal surrender; hand down
tellus, telluris, /., earth, land, country traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, I drag, pull;
telum, -1, n., missile, weapon attract
temere, adv., rashly, recklessly Traianus, -i, m., Trajan, Roman emperor
tempestas, tempestatis, /., weather; storm from about A.D. 98-117
templum, -I, n., temple traicio, -ere, iecl, -iectum, I take across;
tempto, 1., I touch, feel; try, attempt I cross
(M); disturb, tamper with (trans.) tranquillus, -a, -um, quiet, calm
tempus, -oris, n., time; opportunity trans, prep, with ace, across

tenebrae, -arum, /. pi., darkness, gloom, transed, -ire, -ii, -itum, I go across,
shade cross; desert, defect
transgredior, -I, -gressus sum, I cross,
teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, I hold
cross over
tener, era, -erum, tender, delicate
transmarinus, -a, -um, overseas
tenuis, -is, -e, fine, slender; exact;
trecentr, -ae, -a, three hundred
trifling
trepidus, -a, -um, eager
ter, adv., three times tres, tres, tria, three
Terentia, -ae, /., Terentia (a feminine tribunal, -alis, n., platform, tribunal
name) tribunus, -i
m., a tribune; tribunus
tergum, -I, n., back, rear; terga verto, militum, a military tribune (army
I turn tail, turn and flee; a terg5, from, officer); tribunus plebis, a tribune of
in the rear the people (civil officer, one of ten
terra, -ae, /., land, earth, country officials elected annually, originally

Vocabulary I 185
 intended to protect the plebeians); umbra, -ae, /., shadow, shade, protec-
tribuDus militaris, military tribune tion; a "shade," spirit of the dead
triginta, indecl., thirty umerus, shoulder
-i, m.,
tristis, -is, -e, gloomy, sad, dejected umquam, adv., ever
triumphd, 1., I celebrate a triumph, I unda, -ae, /., wave, water
triumph, exult, am glad unde, interrog. adv., from what place,
triumphus, -i, m., victory parade, from where, whence
triumph; io triumphe, voc, hurray for undecimus, -a, -um, eleventh
the triumph! undique, adv., from, on all sides, from
triumviri, -orum, m. pi., triumvirs all quarters, everywhere
Troia, -ae, /., Troy unguentum, -I, m., perfume
Troianus, -a, -um, Trojan universus, -a, -um, all together,
in a
Troianus, -i, m., a Trojan body, general
truncus, -I, w., trunk unus, -a, -um, one, a single; alone, only
tu, tui, you (sing.) urbs, urbis, /., (urbium), city
tueor, -eri, tuitus sum and tutus sum, I urgeo, -ere, ursi, I hang heavy over,
watch over, guard, protect press, press hard, urge on
tuli, from fero uro, -ere, ussi, ustum, I burn, burn up,
TuUia, -ae, /., Tullia (a feminine name) annoy
turn, adv., then, at that time usque, adv., all the way, continuously
tumuitus, -us, m., uproar, disorder, con- usus, -us, m., use, practice; usefulness,
fusion; revolt, rebellion experience; advantage, service; usui
tunc, adv., then sum, I am of service
tundo, -ere, tutudi, tunsum, I beat, strike ut, conj., with indie, when, exactly as,
tunica, -ae, /., under garment, tunic just as, as; with subj., that, in order
tunicatus, -a, -um, clad in a tunica that, often best translated by English
turba, -ae, /., crowd, throng, brawl, in fin. witli to; with verbs of fearing,
quarrel, disturbance that . not
. .

turbulentus, -a, -um, restless; muddy uter, -tra, -trum, which? (of two)
Turnus, -i, m., Turnus, King of the uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of
Rutuli, an Italian tribe two), both; ?n. pinr., both sides
turpis, -is, -e, disgraceful, foul -e, useful, advantageous
utilis, -is,
turris, -is, /., (turrium), tower utinam, adv., would that! I wish that! if

tus, turis, n., incense, frankincense only!

Tusculanum, -i, n., the Tusculan estate -usus sum, I use, have the use
utor, -T,
owned by Cicero, S.E. of Rome employ, show, display, with abl.
of,
tussis, -is, /., cough utrum ... an (or -ne . an), used in . .

tutus, -a, -um, safe alternative questions

tuus, -a, -um, your, your own, address- uxor, uxoris, /., wife; uxorem duco, I

ing one person marry

U
ubi, adv., where; conj., when vacillans, -antis, faltering
ubique, adv., everywhere vacuus, -a, -um, empty, free from; idle
Ulixes, -is, m., Ulysses vado, -ere, go, walk
, , I
ullus, -a, -um, some, any vae, interjection, alas! woe! too bad!
ulterior, -ior, -ius, farther, on the vagus, -a, -um, wandering, straying
farther side vale, valete, farewell! good-bye!
ultimus, -a, -um, farthest, most distant; valeo, -ere, valui, , I am well, am
earliest, latest; last strong; am influential
ultra, adv., beyond, farther valetud5, -dinis, /., health, state of health

186 / DOLPHIN LATIN READER

validus, -a, -um, strong, mighty vicinus, -I m., neighbour
vallum, -I, n., rampart, wall, earthwork vicissim, adv., in turn
vanus, -a, -um, empty, vain, pointless victor, -oris, m., victor; as an adj., vic-
varius, -a, -um, different, changeable, torious
fickle, untrustworthy victoria, -ae, /., victory
vas, vasis, n., vessel, dish, vase; pi., victus, -us, m., manner of life, standard
equipment, baggage of living
vastus, -a, -um, huge, vast video, -ere, vidi, visum, I see; in pass., I
vates, -is, m. /., bard; prophet, prophetess am seen, seem, appear; videtur, it
-ve, enclitic conj., or seems good or best
veheraenter, adv., earnestly, eagerly, videor, videri, visus sum, I seem
strongly vidua, -ae, /., widow
veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, I carry (as a vidulus, -i, m., strongbox
passenger); have on board Viennenses, -ium, m. pi., people of
vel, conj., or if you like (where the
or, Vienna, the modern Vienne, a com-
choice is a voluntary one) munity in Gallia Narbonensis, a pro-
velle, from void vince in Southern France
velut (also veluti), conj., just as, as if -ae, /., lack of sleep; watch, one-
vigilia,
venalis, -is, -e, for sale fourth of the night-time
venatid, -onis, /., hunt, hunting vigilo, 7., I am watchful
venator, -oris, w., hunter viginti, indecl. adj., twenty
vendo, -ere, vendidl, venditum, I sell villa, -ae, /., villa, country home, farm-

venenum, -I, /;., poison house

venia, -ae, /., forgiveness, indulgence vinco, -ere, vici, victum, I conquer, de-
venio, -ire, veni, ventum, I come feat, overcome
ven5, 1., (or venor, 7.), I hunt vinculum, -i, n., bond, fetter
venter, ventris, stomach /?!., vinum, vini, n.,wine
ventus, -1, m., wind vir, viri, m., man, husband
Venus, -eris, /., Venus, goddess of Love vires, virium, /. pL, from vis, strength
and Beauty virga, -ae, /., rod, switch; cane
Venusia, -ae, /., Venusia, a town in virgo, virginis, /., maiden
Apulia, the birthplace of Horace virilis, with toga, 'toga of manhood',
ver, veris, n., spring; primo vere, at the assumed at about 16 years of age
beginning of spring virtus, virtutis, /., manliness, courage;
verbum, -i, n., word; verb ability, merit, virtue
vere, adv., truly vis, vim, vi, /., force; violence, fury; in
vereor, -eri, veritus sum (M), I fear, am plur., vires, virium, strength, powers;
afraid summis viribus, with all one's strength
Vergilius, -T, m., Vergil vita, -ae, /., life; vitam agere, to live
vero, adv., to be sure, in truth, indeed, vltium, -i, n., fault, flaw, blemish; vice,
certainly crime
versor, 7., I busy myself; play a part vitulus, -i, m., calf
verto, -ere, -ti, -sum, I turn, overturn, vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, I live, am alive
overthrow; terga verto, I take to flight vivus, -a, -um, alive, living
verum, conj., but, but truly vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with difficulty
verus, -a, -um, true voco, 7., I call, summon, invite
vester, -tra, -trum, your, your own, Volcanus, -i, m., Vulcan, the blacksmith
addressing more than one person god
vestigium, -i, n., footprint vol5, 7., I fly

vestis, -is, /., clothing, garment, robe void, velle, volui, , I wish, am will-
veto, -are, vetui, vetitum, I forbid, ing, want
order . . . not volumen, -minis, n., roll; book
vetus, -eris, old, ancient; veteran; former voluntas, -tatis, /., willingness, goodwill
via, viae, /., road, way, street voluptas, -tatis, /., pleasure, enjoyment,
vicem, adv., in turn, mutually delight

Vocabulary I 187
volvo, -ere, volvi. volutum. I roll viiltus, -us, m.. face, countenance, fea-
vos,vestnim or vestri, plur. of tu tures, expression
votum, -I. II.. prayer, vow
vox, vocis, /., voice, utterance, cry
vulgus, -i, n. {a Greek declension), the
common people; crowd
vulnero /..I wound Z
vulnus. -eris, n., wound
vulturius, -i, m., vulture zona, -ae, /., belt; zone

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188 / DOLPHIN LATIN RE.\DER

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GERMAN
• Lutetia Parisiorum

GALLIA

PYRENAEI
PROVINCIA
MONTES .Massilia
J^..

HISPANIA
Sagunturrii

O BALEARES
MARE TYRRHES
iCorduba
I AEOLIA
Carthago Nova

Gades'
PILLARS OFYHERCULES

THE ROMAN WORLD

100 200 300 400 500
I I I I 1 1

MILES

WANDERINGS OF AENEAS.
 Fidena
Romai
•Tusculanum

FROM ROME TO THE

BAY OF NAPLES
10 20 30 40 50
I I I I i I

MILES

.Formianum

Caieta

SAMNIUM

'/] Brundisium

STROPHADES

CRETA ,Sidon

^ R A N E U M MARE 'Tyrus

PHOENICIA

Alexandria^

LIBYA A E G Y P T/U S

L^//^

MARE
RUBRUM