Ukraine Issue

Intro

The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity,
Russia occupied and annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian separatists fighting the
Ukrainian military in the Donbas War. These first eight years of conflict also included naval incidents and
cyberwarfare.

The war escalated dramatically in February 2022 when Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
This invasion has led to widespread international condemnation, significant military and civilian
casualties, and a humanitarian crisis.

Since the start of the full-scale invasion, Ukraine has received military and humanitarian support from
various countries, and the situation has prompted a re-evaluation of security policies in Europe and
beyond. The conflict has also had global economic repercussions, affecting energy supplies, food
security, and international relations.

Effects

The war in Ukraine has also resulted in significant loss of

Human capital.

Destruction of agricultural trading infrastructure.

Huge damage to production capacity.

Including through the loss of electricity.

and a reduction in private consumption of more than a third relative to pre-war levels.

Political Effects: Increased NATO Cohesion.

Increased Military Spending.

Reasons

Soviet Legacy.

NATO Expansion.

Ukraine’s desire to align with the European Union and adopt Western democratic values conflicts with
Russia’s vision of maintaining its influence in the region.

Energy Resources: Ukraine is a key transit route for Russian gas to Europe.
Global Power Struggle: The conflict is seen as part of a larger struggle between authoritarianism (led by
Russia) and democratic values (supported by the West).

Impact

Over 5.1 million have been internally displaced. There has been catastrophic damage to civilian
infrastructure, including hospitals and schools. The recent dam explosion in the Kherson region has
dramatically worsened the situation of people who have survived over a year of intense hostilities.

Inflation.

Sanctions on Russia.

National Identity and Unity increased

Abuses and Violations: Both sides have faced allegations of human rights abuses, with international
organizations calling for investigations and accountability.

Impact on Civil Liberties: The conflict has led to crackdowns on dissent and freedom of expression in
some areas, particularly in Russia.

Solution

1. Diplomatic Negotiations: Ceasefire Agreements, Mediation by Third Parties (like international ORG)

2. Addressing Root Causes; Cultural and Political Autonomy, Dialogue on Historical Grievances:

3. Security Guarantees

4. Accountability and Justice

5. Grassroots Initiatives

People-to-People Programs: Fostering initiatives that promote interaction and cooperation between
Ukrainian and Russian citizens, building empathy and understanding

Educational Exchanges: Encouraging educational and cultural exchanges to bridge divides and promote
peace-building efforts.

6. Long-Term Strategies: Sustainable Peacebuilding, Monitoring and Implementation

PALESTINE AND ISRAEL ISSUE

Intro

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about land
and self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine.
The war began when Hamas-led militant groups launched a surprise attack on Israel on 7
October, which involved a rocket barrage and a few thousand militants breaching the Gaza–
Israel barrier and attacking Israeli civilian communities and military bases.

An armed conflict between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups has been
taking place in the Gaza Strip and Israel since 7 October 2023.

It has been nine months since Hamas launched its deadly attack on Israel on October 7,

2023, prompting the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to engage in aerial campaigns and

ground operations within the Gaza Strip. On June 8, the IDF undertook an operation in

central Gaza to rescue four hostages while Gazan authorities reported that 274

Palestinians were killed, and hundreds of others were injured. Other efforts to free the

more than one hundred remaining Israeli and foreign hostages taken by Hamas on

October 7 have been largely unsuccessful, and their location and health status are

unknown. Almost two million Gazans—more than 85 percent of the population—

have fled their homes since October 2023. Recent casualty estimates from th e Hamas-run

Gazan Health Ministry place the death toll in Gaza at around 34,000, though such

numbers are challenging to verify due to limited international access to the strip. On June

9, Benny Gantz, an important member of Israel’s war cabinet, resigned from Prime

Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s emergency government over the progression of military

operations in Gaza and the absence of post-war planning by Netanyahu; Netanyahu later

dissolved the six-member war cabinet. On July 13, Israel conducted a major strike on

south Gaza targeting two top Hamas commanders that killed at least seventy-one people.

Meanwhile, neither Hamas nor Israel have agreed to the terms laid out by U.S. President

Joe Biden for a ceasefire and hostage release.

The conflict has sparked increased regional tensions across the Middle East. Hezbollah

fighters in Lebanon have engaged in cross-border skirmishes with the IDF, Yemen’s

Houthi rebels have shot missiles at Israel and commercial ships in the Red Sea, and other

Iran-backed groups have launched dozens of attacks on U.S. military positions in Iraq and

Syria.

Concerns
Following the outbreak of war between Israel and Hamas on October 7, 2023, President

Joe Biden made a strong statement of support for Israel. On the same day that Israel

declared war against Hamas, the United States announced that it would send renewed

shipments of arms and move its Mediterranean Sea warships closer to Israel. While the

UN Security Council called an emergency meeting to discuss the renewed violence, the

members failed to come to a consensus statement. Given the history of brutality when

Israel and Palestinian extremist groups have fought in the past, international groups

quickly expressed concern for the safety of civilians in Israel and the Palestinian

territories as well as those being held hostage by militants in Gaza. In the first month of

fighting, approximately 1,300 Israelis and 10,000 Palestinians were killed. Increasing

loss of life is of primary concern in the conflict.

While the United States said there was “no direct evidence” that Iranian intelligence and

security forces directly helped Hamas plan its October 7 attack, Iran has a well-

established patronage relationship with Hamas and other extremist groups across the

Middle East. Israel has exchanged artillery fire with Iran-backed Hezbollah almost daily

and struck Syrian military targets and airports, prompting concern that the war could
expand north. To the south, Yemen’s Houthi rebels have launched multiple rounds of

missiles at Israel as well. Meanwhile, the Islamic Resistance of Iraq, a coalition of

Iranian-backed militias, has claimed responsibility for dozens of attacks on U.S. military

targets in Iraq and Syria since the war began.

A 2023 effort by the United States to help broker a normalization accord between Israel

and Saudi Arabia was thrown into chaos by the October conflict. Saudi Arabia has long

advocated for the rights and safety of Palestinian Arab populations in Israel, the West

Bank, and Gaza. Especially in Gaza, those populations are now in the path of IDF

operations, jeopardizing the progress the Israelis and Saudis made tow ard a common

understanding. However, the United States says the Saudis have indicated they are still

interested in the deal.

Recent Developments
In early October 2023, Hamas fighters fired rockets into Israel and stormed southern

Israeli cities and towns across the border of the Gaza Strip, killing more than 1,300

Israelis, injuring 3,300, and taking hundreds of hostages. The attack took Israel by

surprise, though the state quickly mounted a deadly retaliatory operation. One day after

the October 7 attack, the Israeli cabinet formally declared war against Hamas, followed

by a directive from the defense minister to the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to carry out a

“complete siege” of Gaza. It is the most significant escalation of the Israeli -Palestinian

conflict in several decades.

Israel ordered more than one million Palestinian civilians in northern Gaza to evacuate

ahead of a ground invasion that began on October 27th. The ground invasion began in the
north in conjunction with Israel’s continued aerial assault. The first stage of the ground

invasion ended on November 24 with the hostage-for-prisoner swap that also allowed

more aid into Gaza. After seven days, the war resumed—particularly in Khan Younis, the

largest city in southern Gaza that Israel claims is a Hamas stronghold.

Under pressure from its principal ally, the United States, Israel announced it would begin

to withdraw soldiers from the Gaza Strip in January 2024. Since then, military analysts

speculate that the IDF has pulled out at least 90 percent of the troops that were in the

territory a few months ago, leaving one remaining brigade. Israel’s Prime Minister

Benjamin Netanyahu, however, is unwavering in his position that an Israeli offensive in

Rafah, the southernmost city in the Gaza Strip where over one million Palestinians have

taken refuge, is essential to eradicating Hamas.

In mid-March, Israel conducted a two-week raid on al-Shifa Hospital, the largest medical

center in Gaza. Israel claimed Hamas was operating out of al -Shifa, and it reportedly

killed 200 fighters and captured an additional 500. The U.S. intelligence community

later determined that Hamas had used al-Shifa as a command center and held some

hostages there, but the Islamist group evacuated the complex days prior to the Israeli

operation. In late April, two mass graves were discovered at al-Shifa and Nasser Hospital

in Khan Younis, another target of an Israeli operation. More than 300 bodies were found

among the two sites; the United Nations has called for an independent investigation.

On April 1, Israel launched an airstrike on an Iranian consular building in Damascus,

Syria, killing multiple senior Iranian military officers. In response, Iran engaged directly

in the war by launching over 300 drones and missiles at Israel on April 13. Though Israel

was able to ward off the attack and only sustained minor damage to an air base, the
escalation marked Iran’s first-ever direct attack on Israel. As Israel weighed an extensive

counterstrike on multiple military targets in Iran, the United States and other

allies advised against actions that they feared would further widen the war. Israel

ultimately launched a more limited aerial strike on military bases in Isfahan and Tabriz

on April 19. Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi later downplayed the response, suggesting

Iran aimed to avoid further escalation.

Gaza is desperately low on water, fuel, and supplies as Hamas has rejected th e most

recent cease-fire proposals mediated by the United States and Egypt, while Israel

has limited the amount of aid that can enter. Many humanitarian agencies suspended their

operations after Israel killed seven World Center Kitchen employees in an airstrike. The

World Food Programme warns famine is now imminent in Gaza. Only eleven out of

thirty-five hospitals in the strip remain partially functional due to attacks on medical

infrastructure and a lack of basic supplies. The World Health Organization has warned of

disease spread in addition to mounting civilian casualties.

The displacement of millions more Palestinians presents a challenge for Egypt and

Jordan, which have absorbed hundreds of thousands of Palestinians in the past but have

resisted accepting anyone during the current war. They fear that Gazans, many of whom

were already displaced from elsewhere in Israel, will not be allowed to return once they

leave. Egypt also fears that Hamas fighters could enter Egypt and trigger a new war in the

Sinai by launching attacks on Israel or destabilizing the authoritarian regime of Abdel

Fattah el-Sisi by supporting the Muslim Brotherhood. So far, negotiations have resulted

in only 1,100 people exiting Gaza through the Rafah border crossing to Egypt. The other

1.5 million displaced Gazans—70 percent of the territory’s population—

remained confined to southern Gaza and face increasingly dire living conditions and

security risks.

What is the impact of the Israel-Palestine war

Airstrikes have destroyed food infrastructure, such as bakeries, mills, and food stores,
and there is a widespread scarcity of essential supplies due to the blockade of aid. This
has caused starvation for more than half a million Gazans and is part of a broader
humanitarian crisis in the Strip.

IMPACT
The Israel-Palestine conflict of 2023 had significant repercussions that reverberated across the
globe, sparking intense reactions and debates. The conflict not only affected the immediate
region but also had a profound impact on international relations, geopolitics, and humanitarian
concerns worldwide.

One critical aspect of the conflict's global impact was the polarization it generated among
nations and communities. Countries around the world took sides, either supporting Israel or
Palestine, leading to diplomatic tensions and strained relationships. This polarization
highlighted existing geopolitical fault lines and alliances, reshaping the dynamics of
international politics.

Furthermore, the conflict fueled increased activism and awareness on a global scale. Protests,
advocacy campaigns, and social media movements emerged worldwide, calling for peace,
justice, and a resolution to the long-standing conflict. The humanitarian crisis resulting from the
conflict also drew attention to the plight of civilians caught in the crossfire, prompting
international aid efforts and calls for humanitarian intervention.

In conclusion, the Israel-Palestine conflict of 2023 underscored the interconnectedness of

global issues and the far-reaching consequences of regional conflicts. Its impact on diplomacy,
activism, and humanitarian efforts demonstrated how events in one part of the world can
resonate globally, emphasizing the importance of fostering dialogue, understanding, and
peaceful resolutions to conflicts for the betterment of all nations and people.

SOLUTIONS
Finding a lasting solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict is a complex and challenging task that
requires careful consideration of the historical, political, and humanitarian aspects of the issue.
Here are some potential solutions that have been proposed by various parties to address the
conflict:

1. Two-State Solution: One of the most commonly discussed solutions is the establishment of
two separate states, Israel and Palestine, coexisting side by side in peace and security. This
solution involves defining borders, addressing the status of Jerusalem, and finding a resolution
to the issue of Palestinian refugees.

2. Negotiations and Diplomacy: Engaging in meaningful negotiations and diplomatic efforts is

crucial for resolving the conflict. Direct talks between Israeli and Palestinian leaders, supported
by the international community, can help build trust, find common ground, and work towards a
mutually acceptable agreement.

3. International Involvement: International mediation and involvement from organizations like

the United Nations, the European Union, and the Arab League can play a vital role in facilitating
peace talks, providing support, and overseeing the implementation of any agreements reached
between the parties.

4. Addressing Core Issues: Addressing core issues such as security, borders, settlements,
refugees, and the status of Jerusalem is essential for reaching a comprehensive and sustainable
solution. Finding mutually acceptable compromises on these contentious issues is key to
resolving the conflict.

5. Building Trust and Reconciliation: Fostering trust, understanding, and reconciliation between
Israelis and Palestinians is crucial for achieving lasting peace. Initiatives that promote people-to-
people interactions, cultural exchanges, and economic cooperation can help bridge divides and
build a foundation for peaceful coexistence.
6. Humanitarian Assistance and Development: Addressing the humanitarian needs of
Palestinians, promoting economic development, and improving living conditions in the region
can help build trust and create a more conducive environment for peace.
7. Security and Confidence-Building Measures: Establishing mechanisms to ensure the security
of both Israelis and Palestinians, as well as implementing confidence-building measures to
foster trust and cooperation, are essential components of any peace process.

In conclusion, resolving the Israel-Palestine conflict requires a multifaceted approach that

addresses the root causes of the conflict, promotes dialogue, and seeks to create a future
where both Israelis and Palestinians can live in peace, security, and dignity. It will require
commitment, courage, and cooperation from all parties involved to work towards a just and
sustainable resolution.

UNO

The United Nations has consistently advocated for a peaceful and negotiated resolution to the
Israel-Palestine conflict. The UN's viewpoint on the conflict emphasizes the need for respecting
international law, upholding human rights, and addressing the legitimate aspirations of both
Israelis and Palestinians.

The UN has called for an end to violence and hostilities, the protection of civilians, and the
restoration of calm in the region. The organization has also stressed the importance of
dialogue, diplomacy, and political negotiations as the primary means to achieve a just and
lasting solution to the conflict.

Furthermore, the UN has reiterated its support for the two-state solution, with Israel and
Palestine living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders. The organization
has urged all parties to refrain from actions that undermine the prospects for peace and to
engage constructively in efforts to resolve the core issues of the conflict.

In summary, the United Nations' stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict underscores the
importance of international cooperation, adherence to international law, and a commitment to
achieving a comprehensive and sustainable peace agreement that addresses the legitimate
concerns and aspirations of both Israelis and Palestinians.
The United States has historically been a strong ally of Israel, providing significant political,
economic, and military support to the country. The U.S. has often expressed its commitment to
Israel's security and right to exist within secure borders.
However, the U.S. government has also been involved in diplomatic efforts to facilitate peace
negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians. The U.S. has supported the two-state solution
as a way to achieve lasting peace in the region, with Israel and Palestine living side by side in
peace and security.
Overall, the United States' position on the Israel-Palestine conflict is complex, balancing its
support for Israel with efforts to promote a peaceful resolution to the conflict that addresses
the legitimate aspirations of both Israelis and Palestinians
What specific actions has the U.S. taken to support peace negotiations?

The United States has taken various actions to support peace negotiations between Israel and
Palestine. These actions include diplomatic initiatives, facilitating talks between the parties,
providing financial aid to support peace-building efforts, and advocating for a two-state
solution.

The U.S. has often played a mediating role in peace negotiations, encouraging direct talks
between Israeli and Palestinian leaders to address key issues such as borders, security,
refugees, and Jerusalem. Additionally, the U.S. has supported confidence-building measures
and initiatives aimed at promoting mutual trust and understanding between the two sides.

Furthermore, the United States has provided economic and humanitarian assistance to
Palestinians to improve living conditions in the region and promote stability. By engaging in
diplomatic efforts, supporting peace-building programs, and advocating for a negotiated
settlement, the U.S. aims to contribute to a peaceful resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

CPEC

(OBOR) initiative, acts as a vital bridge that connects China with

Central Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. By linking China with
the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf, CPEC will expand trade
potential and enhance energy security of the region.
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project since its
launch on April 20, 2015, by President Xi Jinping during his visit to
Islamabad has become a topic of much discussion and debate.

China initially had earmarked $46 billion investment for the project with its
target completion date by 2030. Since the initial announcement, the amount
has increased few times already and as of 2022, Chinese total investment has
reached $65 billion. After its completion, CPEC will contribute 20% to
Pakistan’s GDP.

Since its debut, the CPEC has become the framework and platform for
comprehensive and substantive cooperation between China & Pakistan. CPEC
is termed the “Flagship” project of the BRI and sometimes it is also called as
the “Crown Jewel” of the BRI. During the signing ceremony speech in 2015,
President Xi had said that the CPEC is a “gift” to Pakistan.

CPEC is a long-term project with one of the major aims to connect China’s
western region to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port through a network of highways,
bridges, tunnels, railways, and pipelines.

This will transform the landlocked cities of China into robust and vibrant
economic centers like the coastal cities of the country. For Pakistan, the
project has been hailed as a game changer. Now, China refers to this project as
revival of the Silk Road!

To-date, the CPEC has made remarkable success in several of its fast-track
projects, namely power generation, infrastructure (roads, bridges, tunnels,
port, economic zones, etc.), transportation, and telecom.

With the speedy progress of several projects over the years, the CPEC has
undoubtedly brought significant benefits to Pakistan’s economy. It has created
numerous job opportunities, increased foreign investment in the country, and
improved infrastructure.

The project has also helped address Pakistan’s energy crisis by adding
thousands of megawatts of electricity to the national grid. According to State
Bank of Pakistan report, the CPEC has already contributed about 2% growth
to the country’s GDP.
One of the most significant benefits of CPEC for Pakistan has been the
investment in infrastructure. The project has helped build new highways,
railways, bridges, tunnels, and ports, which have improved connectivity within
the country and with China. This has led to increased trade and investment
opportunities, which have boosted economic growth and created new higher
paying jobs.

Another benefit of the CPEC for Pakistan has been the investment in energy
projects. The project has helped address Pakistan’s chronic energy shortages
by building new power plants and upgrading existing ones. This has led to a
significant increase in electricity generation, which has improved the quality
of life for millions of Pakistanis and boosted economic activity.

However, there have been concerns about the debt burden on Pakistan due to
this mega development project. According to reports, Pakistan’s external debt
has increased by $25 billion since the start of CPEC, with most of it being
owed to China.

While there are concerns about the long-term sustainability of this debt, it is
important to note that CPEC has also accrued significant economic benefits to
Pakistan. The challenge for Pakistan is how to manage this debt while
continuing to reap the benefits of this project.

Gwadar port through its network of maritime logistics ecosystem will provide
connectivity to Eurasia with vast untapped natural resources and consumers.
The port will be the perfect gateway to these markets and beyond all the way
to central China.

This is a golden opportunity for the Eurasian countries to expand their trade
and commerce, particularly with the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) member
countries. Many of them like Iran, Turkey, Russia, Oman, the UAE,
Afghanistan, and other Middle Eastern countries have already expressed their
interests in joining the CPEC.

There are several potential benefits for these countries that the CPEC will
bring to them such as making their transit time significantly shorter to reach
the faraway markets and making maritime & inland transportation costs much
less than their current cost structures.
According to maritime research, trading through Gwadar port to Asia will
reduce maritime voyage by 3000 kilometers compared to current voyage of
12,000 kilometers through the Strait of Malacca.

This confirms that by using CPEC maritime ecosystem the overall costs will be
reduced, including the voyage time. This will make the bilateral trade &
commerce more robust, resilient, and sustainable for all the CPEC members.

It means that Pakistan’s BRI member neighbors will be able to offer their
products and services more competitively and reaping the benefits
immediately. For example, Iran could benefit from improved access to the
Chinese market through the Gwadar port.

Russia and Afghanistan could also benefit from increased trade with China
and Pakistan, while Oman, the UAE, Turkey and others could benefit from
improved connectivity with Central Asia.

According to an International Monetary Fund (IMF)

report, if all these countries join the CPEC, it could
add up to $38 billion to Pakistan’s foreign exchange
reserves by 2030 and up to $90 billion by 2050. This
would be a significant boost to Pakistan’s economy
and would help to address some of the concerns
about the debt burden on the country. That is why
CPEC is called a “game changer” for Pakistan!
However, it is important to note that joining CPEC is not a silver bullet for
these countries. They will need to address their own economic challenges and
ensure that they can take advantage of the opportunities presented by CPEC.

In terms of Pakistan’s debt repayment, in one of its reports, IMF projects that
by 2050 Pakistan will be able pay-off its debt.

However, this will require sustained economic growth and prudent

management of the country’s finances. Pakistan will need to continue to
attract foreign investment, boost exports, and implement structural reforms to
ensure steady economic growth.
In conclusion, CPEC has brought significant benefits to Pakistan’s economy,
including investment in infrastructure and energy projects, increased trade
and investment opportunities, and job creation.

While there are concerns about the debt burden on Pakistan, it is important to
note that the CPEC has also brought significant economic benefits. By joining
the CPEC, other countries in the region can also benefit from improved
connectivity and increased trade and investment opportunities.

However, sustained economic growth and prudent management of finances

will be crucial for Pakistan to ensure long-term sustainability and payoff its
debt by 2050.

The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), presently under construction at a cost
of $46 billion, aims to improve Pakistani infrastructure and deepen the economic and
political ties between China and Pakistan.

CPEC is advantageous to Pakistan but also carries substantial economic and strategic
benefits for China.

Its importance for China is evident from the fact that it is part of China’s 13th five-
year development plan.

CPEC will boost ties between China and Pakistan, which share a history of congenial
strategic relations, over a versatile canvass of mutual interest extending over six
decades.

In the past 65 years, both countries have developed strong bilateral trade and
economic collaboration.

China is Pakistan’s largest trading partner in imports and exports. And CPEC is going
further to enhance the lucrative economic cooperation between the two countries.

If realized, the plan will be China’s biggest splurge on economic development in

another country to date.

It aims over 15 years to create an economic corridor between Gwadar Port to China’s
northwestern region of Xinjiang through the 2,700 km long highway from Kashgar to
Gwadar, railway links for freight trains, oil and gas pipelines and an optical fiber link.
The project will create nearly 700,000 new jobs and add up to 2.5 percent to
Pakistan’s annual growth rate.

CPEC has undeniable economic and strategic importance for Pakistan and China. It
has been called a game-changer for Pakistan because it will link China with markets
in Central Asia and South Asia. Presently China is some 13,000 km from the Arabian
Gulf with a shipping time of about 45 days.

CPEC will shrink this distance to merely 2,500 km (an 80 percent reduction).

The shipping time will reduce to 10 days (a 78 percent reduction). The bulk of
China’s trade is through the narrow sea channel of the Strait of Malacca.

Top security analysts say that in the event of a future war in Asia, the US Navy could
block the Strait of Malacca, which would suffocate China’s trade route. CPEC,
besides providing an alternate route, will reduce the shipping time from China to
Europe.

The largest part of the project would provide electricity to energy-thirsty Pakistan,
badly affected by hours of daily scheduled power cuts because of electricity-
shortages, based mostly on building new coal-fired power plants.

The plans envisages adding 10,400 megawatts of electricity at a cost of $15.5 billion
by 2018. And after 2018 a further 6,600 megawatts, at an additional cost of $18.3
billion, will be added, doubling Pakistan’s current electricity output.

The CPEC brings many benefits for China and Pakistan, but it is also challenged by
security-related and political threats.

There are two major sources of threat: Indian involvement, and the separatist rebellion
in Baluchistan where the port of Gwadar is situated.

Both dimensions of threat are interconnected because recent arrests of Indian spies by
Pakistan reveal that the Indian government is spending a huge amount of money and
resources on sabotaging the CPEC project.

Apart from espionage activities, India is also supporting the Baloch rebels.
Nevertheless, Pakistan is well-equipped, with adequate security and infrastructure
support to effectively deal with such challenges. Operation “Zarb-e-Azb,” which has
received international recognition, has flushed out the major chunk of extremists from
Pakistan’s soil.
The political side of the project for Pakistan is also not rosy.

It is always difficult to achieve political consensus on an issue. The Kalabagh dam

project, for example, which is considered to be extremely important in addressing
Pakistan’s water-shortage problems, has been subjected to political controversy and
still awaits construction.

Similar formulas are being applied to CPEC. Drums of provincialism are being beaten
loudly to make CPEC another Kalabagh dam.

However, this time sanity has prevailed in the political leadership and controversies
were nipped in the bud at an early stage. Besides the efforts of political leaders, the
contribution of the Army chief should not go unappreciated.

He took a special interest in this project and provided — and ensured for the future —
the Pakistan Army’s full support for the mega-economic project.

CPEC has the potential to carry huge economic benefits for the people of Pakistan and
the region. According to a recent estimate, CPEC will serve three billion people,
nearly half of the global population. Thus a huge economic bloc is about to emerge
from this region.

On completion of the CPEC, Pakistan will become a connecting bridge to three

engines of growth: China, Central Asia, and South Asia.

It will create many jobs and elevate Pakistan to high growth rates, which will ensure
Pakistan’s stability and serve as a deterrent to extremism and violence.

The completion of CPEC is not going to be an easy task because it has attracted
international conspiracies, against which it must be protected.

The economic dividends of this project, by connecting all the economies of the region,
are going to be so high that once this project is in full-operation even our neighbor
India might ultimately join the club for greater economic benefits.

CPEC 2024

In 2024, substantial progress is anticipated in the development of

several under-construction Special Economic Zones (SEZs) under the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). These zones are poised
to play a pivotal role in the economic growth of the respective regions.

As the year 2024 unfolds, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor emerges as a key driver of
transformative and all-round developments in Pakistan, with several groundbreaking initiatives
poised to redefine a fresh face of progress and growth.
A highlight among these is the Mainline-I (ML-I) project, set to commence early in the year, representing
a monumental leap in rail infrastructure. The two-phase plan involves laying a 930-km rail track from
Karachi to Multan in the first phase, addressing infrastructure damage causd by the 2022 floods.
Subsequently, the second phase extends the rail track from Multan to Peshawar, aligning with future
demands.

PEC’s influence extends to socioeconomic development, with initiatives in

agriculture, education, healthcare, and poverty reduction. The establishment
of under-construction Special Economic Zones (SEZs) further underlines the
commitment to diverse industrial growth. Gwadar’s development, including
infrastructure enhancements and energy projects, positions it as a key
regional hub. As CPEC continues to shape Pakistan’s future, the collective
impact of these initiatives reflects a comprehensive approach towards
fostering sustainable growth, economic prosperity, and regional integration
In parallel, the inauguration of the Gwadar International Airport is expected in mid-2024.
Spanning 4,300 acres, this airport boasts a runway accommodating large aircraft and a modern
terminal building. With an estimated cost of $246 million, its completion will not only mark a
new era for air travel in Pakistan but it also solidifies the enduring partnership between China
and Pakistan.

Transport Infrastructure

In 2024, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is set to achieve notable milestones
other than the groundbreaking of ML-1 in the realm of transportation infrastructure, contributing
to enhanced connectivity and economic development. The completion or significant progress of
several key projects is anticipated to reshape the region’s transportation landscape. The Zhob-
Quetta (Kuchlak) (N-50) project, spanning 305 km, promises to improve connectivity between
Zhob and Quetta, facilitating smoother movement of goods and people. Likewise, the Khuzdar-
Basima Road (N-30), covering a distance of 106 km, is expected to enhance accessibility and
connectivity in the Khuzdar region. The Hoshab-Awaran Road Section (M-8) project, stretching
over 146 km, will contribute to the development of infrastructure in the Awaran district,
fostering economic growth.
Additionally, the KKH Alternate Route Shandur-Chitral Road, spanning 153 km, holds the
promise of improved connectivity and accessibility to the picturesque Chitral region. The
completion or progress of the Nokundi-Mashkhel Road, covering 103 km, will bolster
transportation links in the Nokundi and Mashkhel areas, promoting economic activities in these
regions. As these projects advance, they not only signify improvements in transportation but also
reflect the broader impact of CPEC in fostering economic development, regional integration, and
improved connectivity throughout Pakistan.

Socioeconomic Development

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has played a pivotal role in propelling social
and economic development in Pakistan, and there are high expectations for significant
advancements in various ongoing projects in the year 2024. One noteworthy endeavor is the
China-Pakistan Joint Agricultural Technology Laboratory, poised to make strides in enhancing
agricultural practices through collaborative research. The provision of agricultural equipment
and tools is anticipated to witness notable progress, contributing to increased productivity in the
agricultural sector.

The commitment to advancing the country’s academic infrastructure is exemplified by the

establishment of smart classrooms for higher education. Furthermore, the targeted maintenance
and renovation efforts focusing on 50 schools in newly merged districts are expected to make
substantial headway in improving educational facilities. The deployment of solar-powered
lighting equipment aligns with sustainable energy goals, while the overseas student scholarship
program signals continued dedication to human capital development.

In the healthcare sector, the expected progress in providing medical equipment and materials,
along with the ongoing Gwadar hospital project, underscores the focus on healthcare
improvements. Initiatives like the Brightness Journey in Pakistan, coupled with projects
addressing drinking water equipment and the Gwadar Desalination Plant, are poised to meet
crucial needs of the population. Lastly, the Gwadar Vocational and Technical Project aims to
equip the local workforce with essential skills for the evolving job market. Together, these
initiatives under CPEC reflect a comprehensive approach to fostering social progress and
economic prosperity in Pakistan, with a focus on anticipated developments in the year 2024.

In 2024, the CPEC is poised to initiate a range of projects, furthering its commitment to
comprehensive development in Pakistan. Among these ventures, the China-Pakistan Joint
Agricultural Demonstrations stand out, signalling advancements in agricultural practices through
collaborative showcases. The Bacterial Grass (JunCao) Technology Training and Promotion
Project aims to disseminate innovative agricultural techniques, contributing to sustainable
farming methods. The Pakistan Agricultural Vocational Training initiative is set to equip
individuals with the skills necessary for a thriving agricultural sector.

Moreover, the provision of teaching equipment for primary and secondary schools underscores a
dedication to enhancing the education system. The establishment of burn centres reflects a focus
on healthcare infrastructure, addressing critical needs in emergency medical services. The China-
Pak Joint Telemedicine Network and the Medical Emergency Center in Balochistan represent
significant strides in healthcare accessibility and emergency response capabilities. The Rural
Poverty Reduction Joint Research Project highlights efforts to uplift marginalized communities
through targeted research and interventions

The Cooperative Project with the Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and
Technology exemplifies international collaboration for educational advancement, fostering
expertise and knowledge exchange. Lastly, the Punjab-Tianjin University of Technology Project
is expected to contribute to technological innovation and academic excellence. These diverse
projects collectively showcase CPEC’s commitment to fostering sustainable development,
improving healthcare services, elevating education standards, and addressing key socio-
economic challenges in Pakistan.

Special Economic Zones

In 2024, substantial progress is anticipated in the development of several under-construction

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). These
zones are poised to play a pivotal role in the economic growth of the respective regions. The
Rashakai Special Economic Zone, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa near Peshawar, is expected to
become a hub for various industries, including processing and manufacturing, home appliance,
pharmaceuticals, home building materials, automobile and parts, agriculture and horticulture,
wholesale market/ specialty mills. Similarly, the Allama Iqbal Industrial City in Faisalabad is set
to house textile, packaging, automobiles, building materials, pharmaceuticals, food processing,
chemical and paints, electrical and electronic, and engineering industries.

The Dhabeji Special Economic Zone in Thatta, Sindh, will contribute to the development of warehousing,
building material, steel foundries, consumer electronic engineering, chemical and pharmaceuticals, light
engineering, automative and auto parts. Meanwhile, the Bostan Special Economic Zone in the Pishin
district is poised to foster growth in fruit processing, agriculture machinery, pharmaceuticals, motorbikes
assembly, chromite, ceramic industries, ice and cold storage, electric appliance and halal food industry.
These zones signify a strategic effort to diversify the industrial landscape of Pakistan, promoting sectors
ranging from agriculture and textiles to pharmaceuticals and construction. The development of these
SEZs is a testament to CPEC’s commitment to regional economic integration, job creation, and fostering
a conducive environment for diverse industries to thrive.

Gwadar Development

Under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), Gwadar is undergoing a significant

transformation through various uplift programmes aimed at enhancing the city’s infrastructure
and facilitating sustainable development. Significant advancements in the growth of Gwadar are
expected in 2024. The ongoing construction of necessary facilities for fresh water treatment,
water supply, and distribution underscores a commitment to addressing essential needs, ensuring
a reliable and sufficient water supply for the growing city. As part of this initiative, the Pak-
China Friendship Hospital is a key project that will contribute to the healthcare sector in Gwadar,
providing accessible and quality medical services to the local population.

Simultaneously, the 300 MW Coal-Fired Power Project in Gwadar is a crucial component to

meet the region’s energy demands, promoting industrial growth and economic activities. To
overcome water scarcity challenges, the 1.2 MGD and 5 MGD Desalination Plants in Gwadar are
being developed, offering sustainable solutions for freshwater supply. These projects not only
address immediate water needs but also lay the foundation for long-term resilience against water
shortages. Collectively, these initiatives reflect the comprehensive approach of CPEC in
fostering the economic and social development of Gwadar, contributing to its emergence as a
key hub in the region.

Energy Projects

Furthermore, the energy landscape is poised for transformative advancements with a notable
focus on hydro power projects. Among the key developments, the 700.7 MW Azad Pattan Hydro
Power project, the substantial 1,124 MW Kohala project, and the impactful 300 MW Gwadar
Coal Power Project are currently underway, symbolizing a strategic commitment to diversifying
the energy mix. Anticipated to make significant strides, these projects are projected to achieve
notable progress or even completion by the year 2024.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stands as a catalyst for transformative

development across various sectors in Pakistan. The groundbreaking Mainline-I (ML-I) project,
the inauguration of the Gwadar International Airport, and substantial progress in transportation
infrastructure signify significant milestones.

Moreover, CPEC’s influence extends to socioeconomic development, with initiatives in

agriculture, education, healthcare, and poverty reduction. The establishment of under-
construction Special Economic Zones (SEZs) further underlines the commitment to diverse
industrial growth. Gwadar’s development, including infrastructure enhancements and energy
projects, positions it as a key regional hub. As CPEC continues to shape Pakistan’s future, the
collective impact of these initiatives reflects a comprehensive approach towards fostering
sustainable growth, economic prosperity, and regional integration.
 U.S.-Taliban Peace Deal:
What to Know
The United States and the Taliban signed an agreement aimed at ending the
eighteen-year war in Afghanistan, but many factors could still disrupt the
peace process.
Summary
 Signed in early 2020, the agreement addresses four issues: reducing violence,
withdrawing foreign troops, starting intra-Afghan negotiations, and
guaranteeing Afghanistan won’t again become a refuge for terrorists.

 The agreement is only the first step to ending the more than eighteen-year war
that has killed more than 157,000 people and is estimated to have cost the
United States $2 trillion.

 The bigger challenge is achieving a peace agreement between the Taliban and
the Afghan government. Continued Taliban violence, a weak Afghan
government, and objections by outside countries could spoil negotiations.

Introduction
After more than eighteen years of war in Afghanistan, the United States
and the Taliban reached an agreement in what were both sides’ most
intensive efforts yet to end the war. Central to the deal is a significant
drawdown of U.S. troops and guarantees from the Taliban that the country
will not become a safe haven for terrorists.
 However, experts stress that the deal between U.S. President Donald J.
Trump’s administration and the Taliban leadership is only the first step to
achieving lasting peace. The bigger challenge, they say, will be
negotiating an agreement between the Islamist fundamentalist group and
the Afghan government on Afghanistan’s future. Many Afghans,
exhausted by a war that has killed thousands of people and forced millions
to flee as refugees, fear that a U.S. withdrawal could spark new conflict
and eventually allow the Taliban to regain control.

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What did the United States and the Taliban

agree to?
Following nine rounds of discussions, negotiators signed a peace
agreement in February 2020 that addresses four main issues:

 Cease-fire. Negotiators agreed to a temporary reduction in violence and

said that a lasting cease-fire among U.S., Taliban, and Afghan forces will
be part of intra-Afghan negotiations.
 Withdrawal of foreign forces. The United States agreed to reduce its
number of troops in the country from roughly 12,000 to 8,600 within
135 days. If the Taliban follows through on its commitments, all U.S. and
other foreign troops will leave Afghanistan within fourteen months.
Experts have cautioned that pulling troops out too quickly could be
destabilizing.

 ntra-Afghan negotiations. The Taliban agreed to start talks with the

Afghan government in March 2020. Throughout the negotiating
process, the Taliban had resisted direct talks with the government,
calling it an American puppet. But the Taliban has more recently
indicated that talks are possible, with deputy Taliban leader
Sirajuddin Haqqani writing in a New York Times op-ed, “If we can
reach an agreement with a foreign enemy, we must be able to resolve
intra-Afghan disagreements through talks.”

 Counterterrorism assurances. The United States invaded

Afghanistan following the September 11, 2001, attacks largely to
eliminate the threat of terrorism, so it seeks to halt terrorist activities
in the country, including by al-Qaeda and the self-proclaimed
Islamic State. As part of the agreement, the Taliban guaranteed that
Afghanistan will not be used by any of its members, other
individuals, or terrorist groups to threaten the security of the United
States and its allies.
U.S. officials have also stressed protecting women’s rights. Prior to the
2001 overthrow of the Taliban, the group shuttered girls’ schools and
prevented women from working, among other abuses. This issue could be
discussed during intra-Afghan talks.

What are challenges to the peace process?

While the peace process is supported by a vast majority of Afghans, many
issues remain to be worked out during intra-Afghan negotiations,
including sharing power, disarming and reintegrating [PDF] Taliban
fighters into society, and determining the future of the country’s
democratic institutions and constitution. These negotiations were already
off to a precarious start following the U.S.-Taliban deal in February. The
United States and the Taliban agreed to the release of up to five thousand
Taliban prisoners in exchange for up to one thousand Afghan security
forces, but the Afghan government said it had not committed to such a
swap.

The process could be complicated by a weak central government, afflicted

by ethnic, sectarian, and tribal differences. The country’s 2019 election
was marred by many problems: only 1.8 million out of 9 million registered
voters cast ballots, polling stations were attacked, and results weren’t
released for months. When incumbent President Ashraf Ghani was
announced the winner, his challenger, Chief Executive Abdullah
Abdullah, contested the results and said he would form his own
government.

At the same time, experts say the Taliban is stronger now than at any point
in the last eighteen years. With an estimated sixty thousand fighters,
it controls many districts throughout the country and continues to launch
major attacks, including in Kabul and on Afghan security bases. It earns
millions of dollars from opium poppy cultivation [PDF] and the illegal
drug trade, which pose further problems for the peace process. Some
analysts are also worried that rank-and-file Taliban fighters might not
abide by a peace deal.

Countries on Afghanistan’s borders, including Pakistan, which serves as

the home base for the Taliban leadership, could feel excluded from talks
and mobilize opposition against them. Additionally, the threat of
terrorism is still present, with more than twenty terrorist groups
operating inside the country, according to Afghan officials. Many of the
groups are aligned with the Taliban or al-Qaeda, and the resurgence of
the Islamic State is a concern.

Why are U.S. troops in Afghanistan?

The United States invaded Afghanistan in response to the 9/11 attacks,
which were carried out by al-Qaeda. The Taliban, a predominantly
Pashtun, Islamist fundamentalist group that had ruled Afghanistan since
1996, provided refuge to al-Qaeda and refused to hand over terrorist
leader Osama bin Laden. At the start of the war, in October 2001, U.S.
President George W. Bush said the U.S. mission was to “disrupt the use of
Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations and to attack the military
capability of the Taliban regime.”

U.S.-led forces quickly ousted the Taliban, which retreated to Pakistan.

From there, it has continued to wage an insurgency against the U.S.-
backed government in Kabul, whose president was democratically elected
in 2004. The United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s
(NATO) mission then worked to bolster the Kabul government’s authority
and reconstruct Afghanistan, in addition to fighting the Taliban
insurgency.

In 2014, U.S.-led NATO forces ended their combat mission and passed on
security responsibilities to the Afghan army and police. However, around
seventeen thousand NATO troops, including U.S. service members, stayed
in the country to train, advise, and assist Afghan security forces.

What’s been the toll of the war?

More than 157,000 people have died in the war [PDF] since 2001,
according to researchers for the Costs of War Project at Brown University.
More than 43,000 civilians have died, and by 2018 there were almost 2.5
million Afghan refugees worldwide, according to the UN refugee agency.
More than 2,400 Americans have been killed and another 20,000 injured.
Over 1,100 NATO troops have died. Analysts estimate that about 45,000
Afghan troops and police officers were killed in the past five years. Tens
of thousands of Taliban fighters are believed to have been killed since
2001.

The war is estimated to have cost the United States around $2 trillion,
including money spent on counternarcotics efforts, development projects,
and support for Afghan security forces. Billions of dollars have been spent
on medical and disability care for U.S. veterans.

What’s the role of other outside powers?

The U.S.-Taliban peace process has received wide support, including from
NATO partners and from China and Russia.

Pakistan. The Taliban formed in Pakistan in the 1990s following the

Soviet Union’s departure from Afghanistan. Many of its original fighters
were Pashtuns who studied in Pakistani madrassas. After the U.S.
invasion, Pakistan granted the Taliban safe havens and its Inter-Services
Intelligence, which was thought to have some degree of control over the
Taliban for years, provided military expertise and fundraising assistance.
Experts say Pakistan now desires an Afghan government that includes the
Taliban and is friendlier toward Islamabad than it is to New Delhi.
(Officials in Islamabad have long feared Pakistani rival India gaining
influence in Afghanistan). Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan has
denied that the country has provided support to the Taliban and he has
supported negotiations. Pakistani officials opened up a channel for U.S.
negotiators to initially reach the Taliban.
India. New Delhi is a strong supporter of the Afghan government and
has given $3 billion to develop infrastructure and cultivate business in
Afghanistan since 2001. Its main goals are to minimize Pakistan’s
influence and prevent Afghanistan from becoming a safe haven for anti-
India militants. The Indian government did not back U.S. efforts to reach
an agreement with the Taliban and disagreed with legitimizing the group
as a political actor.

Iran. Shiite-majority Iran has long viewed the Taliban, a Sunni group, as a
foe, especially since it has received support from Iranian rivals Pakistan,
Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Iran accepted U.S. efforts to
overthrow the Taliban in 2001 and supported the Afghan government.
Iranian leaders have since acknowledged that the Taliban will continue to
maintain some power in Afghanistan, so they have started working to
improve ties. The trafficking of drugs from Afghanistan through Iran and
opium addiction in Iran are problems in the two countries’ relationship.

Russia. Moscow hopes to rekindle ties with Afghanistan that were frayed
when it withdrew from the country in 1989 following its decade-long
occupation. Experts say Russia wants to take a lead role in the peace
process and grow its influence in Afghanistan to counter the U.S. and
NATO presence in the region. It has hosted several meetings between
Taliban delegations and Afghan representatives in the past year.
China. Beijing’s interests in Afghanistan are primarily economic, as it
hopes to integrate it into the Belt and Road Initiative, a collection of
development and investment projects. China is the country’s largest
source of foreign investment and it is interested in tapping into
Afghanistan’s vast natural resources. Additionally, Beijing is concerned
that terrorists could use Afghanistan to establish links within China. In
late 2019, Afghan and Taliban officials attended a conference in Beijing,
and Chinese leaders supported a U.S.-Taliban agreement.

International aid. Dozens of countries continue to provide assistance to

Afghanistan, with 75 percent of the government’s public expenditures
currently covered by grants from international partners, according to a
World Bank report. The report warned that Afghanistan will continue to
require billions of dollars in aid for years to come. Some experts believe
that aid could be used as leverage to keep the Taliban in negotiations with
the Afghan government.