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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
2024 2024

Lecture (2)

(3) Quantitative Data:

Continuous Variables

Example:
The following data represent a random sample of 25 Math. Scores for the students of the
Eng. Department in the faculty of commerce:

35 31 47 49 41 43 41 49 45 59 57 58 59

52 59 55 50 67 64 68 89 69 61 74 79

1- Organize the data into a suitable frequency distribution table (assuming that the
number of classes is 6 and begin the first class from 30).
2- Construct the Relative frequency distribution table (Rf).
3- Represent the frequency distribution graphically, using:
a) Histogram
b) Polygon
c) Frequency curve
4- Construct the Cumulative Frequency distribution table (CF).
5- Construct the Relative Cumulative Frequency distribution table (RCF).
6- Graph the Cumulative Frequency curve.
Solution:
1- The Frequency Distribution Table
The Frequency Distribution Table is a grouping of data into classes, showing the number
of observations in each class.
Step 1: Find the Range = max. − min. = 89- 31= 58.
𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝟓𝟖
Step 2: The class width = = = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟕 (rounded up) = 10,
𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝟔

Step 3: Set the limits of each class:

The first class from 30 and less than 40, the second from 40 and less than 50, ……,
and the last from 80 up to 90.
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Step 4: Tally the raw data into the classes and count the no. of tallies in each class.

class Tallies Freq.

30- // 2
40- //// // 7
50- //// /// 8
60- //// 5
70- // 2
80-90 / 1
Total 25
The frequency distribution table is:

Class 𝒇
(scores) (no. of students)

30- 2
40- 7
50- 8
60- 5
70- 2
80-90 1
Total 25

2- The Relative frequency distribution table (Rf):

𝒇
Class 𝑓 𝑹𝒇 =
∑𝒇
𝟐
30- 2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖
𝟐𝟓
𝟕
40- 7 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
𝟐𝟓
𝟖
50- 8 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐
𝟐𝟓
𝟓
60- 5 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
𝟐𝟓
𝟐
70- 2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖
𝟐𝟓
𝟏
80-90 1 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒
𝟐𝟓
Total 25 𝟏
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3- The Graphical presentation of a frequency distribution:

a) HISTOGRAM
A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies
on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the heights of the
rectangles, and the rectangles are drawn adjacent to each other.

Histogram
9

6
Frequency

0
30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00

class

b) POLYGON
It is similar to a histogram. It consists of line segments connecting the points formed by
the intersection of the class midpoints and the class frequencies.
𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒕+𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
Note: The class midpoint = 𝟐

Class 𝒇 𝐦𝐢𝐝𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭
𝟑𝟎+𝟒𝟎
30- 2 = 𝟑𝟓
𝟐
𝟒𝟎+𝟓𝟎
40- 7 = 𝟒𝟓
𝟐
𝟓𝟎+𝟔𝟎
50- 8 = 𝟓𝟓
𝟐
𝟔𝟎+𝟕𝟎
60- 5 = 𝟔𝟓
𝟐
𝟕𝟎+𝟖𝟎
70- 2 = 𝟕𝟓
𝟐
𝟖𝟎+𝟗𝟎
80-90 1 𝟐
= 𝟖𝟓
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The Polygon (on the Histogram) Polygon

9 9

8 8

7 7

6 6

frequency
Frequency

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
class midpoint

NOTE:
• The area under the Histogram equal the area under the Polygon.
c) FREQUENCY CURVE
It is similar to polygon, except connecting the midpoints by hand (not straight lines).
4- The cumulative Frequency distribution table (CF)
The cumulative Frequency distribution table (CF) shows the number of observations less
than the upper limit of each class.

Less than the Cum. F

Class f Found by meaning
upper limit (CF)

30- 2 Less than 30 0 0 0 students, less than 30

40- 7 Less than 40 2 0+2 2 students, less than 40

50- 8 Less than 50 9 2+7 9 students, less than 50

60- 5 Less than 60 17 2+7+8 17 students, less than 60

70- 2 Less than 70 22 2+7+8+5 22 students, less than 70

80-90 1 Less than 80 24 2+7+8+5+2 24 students, less than 80

Total 25 Less than 90 25 2+7+8+5+2+1 25 students, less than 90

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5- The Relative Cumulative Frequency distribution table (RCF):

Cum. Freq. 𝑪𝑭
Less than the upper limit 𝑹𝑪𝑭 = ∑
𝒇
(CF)
𝟎
Less than 30 0 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟓
𝟐
Less than 40 2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖
𝟐𝟓
𝟗
Less than 50 9 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔
𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟕
Less than 60 17 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟐
Less than 70 22 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖
𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟒
Less than 80 24 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔
𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝟓
Less than 90 25 = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝟐𝟓

6- The Cumulative Frequency Curve

Cumulative Frequency Curve

25

20

15
CF

10

0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
class limit

Notes:
1- To graph the Cumulative Curve, start the CF from zero.
2- The no. of students whose scores less than 65 is 19 students.
3- The no. of students whose scores greater than 65 is = (25- 19=) 6 students.
4- The no. of students whose scores less than 42 is 4 students.
5- The of students whose scores between 65 and 42 is = 19 – 4 = 15 students.
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Measures of Central Tendency

(locations or Averages)

1- MEAN 2- MEDIAN 3- MODE

1- Parameters:
Any measure calculated from a population is called a “parameter”. The mean of a
population “𝛍 “is a parameter.

2- STATISTICs:
Any measure calculated from a sample is called a “statistic” or an “estimator”. The
mean of a sample “𝒙
̅ “is a statistic.

Measures of central tendency describe the “General levels of phenomena”. The mean.
Median, and the mode are some measures of central tendency to be studied.

1- MEAN

∑𝒙 ∑𝒙
̅=
𝒙 𝝁=
𝒏 𝑵

̅ is the sample mean, and 𝝁 is the population mean.

Where 𝒙

∑ 𝒙 : The sum of all values.

𝒏 : The sample size.
𝑵: The population size.

Example (1):
The following data represent the daily wages of a random sample of 5 workers in a given
factory (22, 18, 19, 21, and 45).
Calculate the Mean of wages.
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Solution:
∑𝒙 𝟐𝟐+𝟏𝟖+𝟏𝟗+𝟐𝟏+𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
̅=
sample mean = 𝒙 = = = 𝟐𝟓
𝒏 𝟓 𝟓

Example (2):
The following are the ages of all eight employees of a small company:
53 32 61 27 39 44 49 57
Find the mean age of these employees.

Solution:
Because the given data set includes all eight employees of the company, it represents the
population. Hence, 𝑵 = 𝟖.

The population mean is

∑𝒙 𝟓𝟑 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟔𝟏 + 𝟐𝟕 + 𝟑𝟗 + 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟓𝟕 𝟑𝟔𝟐
𝝁= = = = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝑵 𝟖 𝟖

• Mean of a linear relationship:

If 𝒚 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙, then 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏(𝒚) = 𝒂 + 𝒃. 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏(𝒙), where 𝒂 and 𝒃 are constants.
Example (3):
If the values of the variable 𝒙 are: 12, 8, 5, 15, find the mean of the variable 𝒚 if:
1) 𝒚 = 𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙
2) 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙
3) 𝒚 = 𝟒
Solution:
∑𝒙 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟖 + 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝟎
̅=
𝒙 = = = 𝟏𝟎
𝒏 𝟒 𝟒
̅ = 𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙
1) 𝒚 ̅ = 𝟓 + 𝟐(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓
̅ = −𝟑𝒙
2) 𝒚 ̅ = −𝟑(𝟏𝟎) = −𝟑𝟎
̅=𝟒
3) 𝒚

• Properties of the Mean:

1. A set of data has only one mean. The mean is unique.
2. The mean is sensitive to extreme values (outliers); very large or very
small values.
3. Can be computed for quantitative data only.
4. All the values are included in computing the mean.
5. The sum of all deviations from the mean always equals zero, i.e.,
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙̅) = 𝟎