-




 Θ

 I
 C
  n

𝑣
ρ

𝑑𝑢
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝜏 = 𝜇
𝜕𝑦

𝑀 1 𝑀 𝜇 𝐿
= [𝜇] [𝜇] = [𝜈] = =
𝐿𝑇 𝑇 𝐿𝑇 𝜌 𝑇

𝐴
V
𝐼
𝑈
𝑎
𝜃
𝜔
𝑄
𝑚̇
𝐹
𝑇
𝐸 𝑊
𝑃
𝑝 𝜏
𝜌
𝜇
𝜈
𝜎
𝑘 Θ
𝑐𝑝 𝑐𝑣 Θ
𝐾
 𝑝 𝑣
+ + 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
[]

kg m-1s-2 = [ML-1T-2]


 [M L-3]

𝑀𝐿 𝑇 (𝐿𝑇 )
+ + 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑀𝐿 𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑇
𝑀𝐿 𝑇 𝐿𝑇
+ + 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑀𝐿 𝑇 𝐿𝑇
𝐿 𝐿
+ + 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 + 𝐿 + 𝐿 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝜌𝑣𝑙
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝜇 𝜌𝑣𝑙

𝜇 𝜌 𝑣 𝑙
•

• 𝑅 = 𝐶 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 ……𝑅

•
•




 

𝑓(𝛱 , 𝛱 , … 𝛱 )=0 𝛱 = 𝑓(𝛱 , … 𝛱 ) 𝛱 = 𝑓(𝛱 , … 𝛱 )

𝑓
Π

 ρ

𝑑𝑝
, 𝜌, , 𝐷, 𝜀, 𝜇
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑝 [𝜌] = 𝑀𝐿 [] = 𝐿𝑇
= 𝑀𝐿 𝑇
𝑑𝑥

[𝐷] = 𝐿 [𝜀] = 𝐿 𝜇 = 𝑀𝐿 𝑇

 ρ

  ρ

𝑑𝑝
Π = 𝐷 𝑣 𝜌
𝑑𝑥

𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 = (𝑀𝐿 𝑇 )(𝐿) (𝐿𝑇 ) (𝑀𝐿 )

𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑝
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, Π = 𝐷𝑣 𝜌 = 𝐷 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜌𝑣

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, Π = 𝑒 𝐷 𝑣 𝜌

𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿 (𝐿) (𝐿𝑇 ) (𝑀𝐿 )

Π =𝜀 𝐷

Π =𝜇 𝐷 𝑣 𝜌

𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 = (𝑀𝐿 𝑇 ) (𝐿) (𝐿𝑇 ) (𝑀𝐿 )

𝜇
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 Π =
𝜌𝑣𝐷

Π = 𝑓(Π Π ) 𝑑𝑝
𝐷
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝜀 , 𝜇
𝜌𝑣 𝐷 𝜌𝑣𝐷

  

  ′ 

𝑝 𝑥 𝜌𝑔 ℎ𝑓 𝐿

𝑔ℎ 𝐷 𝜀 𝐿 𝑣 𝜀
=𝑓 , 𝑅𝑒 ℎ = × ×𝑓 , 𝑅𝑒
𝐿𝑣 𝐷 𝐷 𝑔 𝐷

𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝝀
𝑫𝟐𝒈
 
𝜆

1 2 1
s
Π ,Π / Π

𝑅𝑒 = 𝜌𝑢𝑙/𝜇 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑢/ 𝑔𝑙

𝑊𝑒 = 𝜌𝑢 𝑙/𝜎

𝑈𝑐

- -
𝐿 = 𝑓(𝑉, 𝛼, 𝑐, 𝜌, 𝜇)
 𝑣 𝑣
𝐹𝑟 = = = 𝐹𝑟
𝑔𝐿 𝑔𝐿

𝑣 𝐿
= =∝
𝑣 𝐿

𝐿
𝑇 𝑣
= = √∝
𝑇 𝐿
𝑣
   

 

 
 Δ𝑝 ℎ
𝑑  𝜌 𝜇

Δ𝑝 ℎ 𝑑  𝜌 𝜇

Δ𝑝 ML−1T−2

ℎ L

𝑑 L

 LT−1

𝜌 ML−3

𝜇 ML−1T−1

 𝑛 𝑚

 𝑑
 
 𝜌

Δ𝑝 ℎ
𝜇
 Δ𝑝  Δ𝑝 𝑑𝑎𝑏𝜌𝑐

a 𝑏 𝑐

𝑐  𝑐
𝑏  𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐  𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Δ𝑝
Π = Δ𝑝 𝑣 𝜌 =
𝜌𝑣
ℎ 𝑑

h
Π =
d
𝜇

Π = 𝜇𝑑 𝑣 𝜌

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝑐  𝑐
𝑏  𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐  𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Π = (Π ) =
𝜇

Π = 𝑓(Π , Π )
Δ𝑝 ℎ 𝜌𝑣𝑑
=𝑓 ,
𝜌𝑣 𝑑 𝜇

Δ𝑝 Δ𝑝
Π = =
𝜌𝑣2 𝜌𝑣2

h h
Π = =
d d

𝜌𝑣𝑑 𝜌𝑣𝑑
Π = =
𝜇 𝜇

𝜇
𝑑 0.002
𝑣 𝜌
= 𝜇 = 800 × 1 = 0.5
𝑣 𝑑 1.0 × 10 5
𝜌

𝑣 3.0
𝑣 = = = 6.0 𝑚𝑠
0.5 0.5

𝑄 (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) 𝑣 𝑑
= = = 0.5 × 5 = 12.5
𝑄 (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) 𝑣 𝑑

∆𝑝 ∆𝑝 (∆𝑝) 𝜌 𝑣 800
Π = = ⇒ = = × 0.5 = 0.2
𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑣 (∆𝑝) 𝜌 𝑣 1000

∆𝑝 = 0.2 × ∆𝑝 = 0.2 × (60 𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 12.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎







Inertial forces 𝜌𝑣𝐷

𝑅𝑒 = =
Viscous forces 𝜇

 

Characteristic velocity 𝑣
𝐹𝑟 = =
Gravitational wave velocity 𝑔𝑙

Inertia force 𝜌𝑑𝑣

𝑊𝑒 = =
Surface tension 𝜎
 


Inertial force 𝑣
𝑀 = =
Compressibility force 𝑐

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
𝐸 = =
Inertia force 𝜌𝑣 𝑙

 