Discovery and colonial Era

- Discovery of America by Christophe Columbus in 1492.

- Christopher Columbus: Italian explorer (1451-1506) was one of the greatest and
most celebrated explorers of all time. In 1492, his voyage to the New World
expanded our view of the world and permanently linked Europe with the
Americas. His discovery and the age of exploration that followed forever changed
the course of history.
 Spanish settlements
- Spanish settlements: Beginning in 1508, Spanish settlements sprang up on the
mainland of Central and South America.
 What was the rational (motivation) for emigration?
- Economic reasons: obtaining profit from the new lands, owning some land.
Search of wealth, search for the abundant gold.
- Religious reasons: Indigenous inhabitants of the America to Christianity.
- Political reasons: To escape religious and political prosecution. Seeking Refugee
from persecution.
- Individual reasons: Thirst for adventure and the prospect of new life.
- Seeking a better life, adventure, religious freedom and political autonomy.
 English settlements
- English settlements: The English came late to colonization of the Americas,
establishing stable settlements in the 1600s after several unsuccessful attempts
in the 1500s. After Roanoke Colony failed in 1587, the English found more
success with the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and Plymouth in 1620.
- Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, first successful English colony.
- Of 105 colonists, 73 died of hunger and disease.
- The Virginians discovered a way to earn money by growing tobacco.
- Several settlements were established by English Puritans.
- Puritans: Believed that the Church of England had adapted too many practices
from Roman Catholicism. The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and
17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic
practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed
and should become more Protestant.
- Came to America to escape persecution in England.
- Searching for a country based on their own religious ideals.

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- The “Pilgrims”: One group of puritans. The Pilgrims were the English settlers who
came to North America on the Mayflower ship and established the Plymouth
Colony.
- The mayflower (a ship): carried 192 passengers, (pilgrims), on the ship they
made an agreement that created the first ever American constitution, the
mayflower compact.
- Hoped to build “a city upon a hill”, an ideal community, a worthy model for other
nations.
- The mayflower compact: (1620) a covenant in that the settlers agreed to form a
government and be bound by its rules. It’s described as America first
constitution.
- A city upon a hill: The phrase "a city upon a hill" refers to those who are forging a
new path and are examples to others in the way they live and function. The
words are often used to describe people of faith but are also used in politics.
- The American Creed: is a statement of the defining element of American
identity, first formulated by Thomas Jefferson and elaborated by many others,
that includes liberty, equality, individualism, populism, and laissez-faire.
 Colonial Era
- A mixture of different cultures.
- Commercial agriculture
- Worked on small farms.
- Used slaves
- By 1770, merchants and craftsmen
- The opportunity to achieve economic independence.
- By 1733, English settles had occupied 13 colonies.
- Worked by representative government, rule in cooperate with an elected
assembly.
 The United States was based on the myth of the U.S Exceptionalism,
explain?

- Over the last two centuries, prominent Americans have described the United
States as an "empire of liberty," a "shining city on a hill," the "last best hope of
Earth," the "leader of the free world," and the "indispensable nation."
- Most statements of "American exceptionalism" presume that America’s values,
political system, and history are unique and worthy of universal admiration. They
also imply that the United States is both destined and entitled to play a distinct
and positive role on the world stage.

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- Declarations of American exceptionalism rest on the belief that the United States
is a uniquely virtuous nation, one that loves peace, nurtures liberty, respects
human rights, and embraces the rule of law. Americans like to think their country
behaves much better than other states do, and certainly better than other great
powers.
- The United States has enjoyed remarkable success, and Americans tend to
portray their rise to world power as a direct result of the political foresight of the
Founding Fathers, the virtues of the U.S. Constitution, the priority placed on
individual liberty, and the creativity and hard work of the American people. In
this narrative, the United States enjoys an exceptional global position today
because it is, well, exceptional.
- Describe the impact of the routes on the current American society?
- A mixture of different cultures.
- Multicultural, people from around the world.
- Different ideas of freedom.
- A voluntary society.

Revolution and independence

 The road to independence
 What was the rational for the American Revolution
- The French and Indian War (1754-1763): is one of the most significant, yet
widely forgotten, events in American history. It was a conflict that pitted two of
history’s greatest empires, Great Britain and France, against each other for
control of the North American continent.
 Britain left in debt from war, Great Britain looks to colonies for revenue to
pay for future colonial protection.
- Treaty of Paris: (February 10, 1763), treaty concluding the Franco-British
conflicts of the Seven Years’ War (called the French and Indian War in North
America) and signed by representatives of Great Britain and Hanover on one side
and France and Spain on the other, with Portugal expressly understood to be
included. The peace of Paris gave the British victors title to Canada and all of
North America east of the Mississippi River.
 Britain’s victory led directly to a conflict with its American colonies, as the
former opted for a new colonial system rejected by most colonial.
- The Quartering Act: forced the colonies to house and feed British soldiers.
- The Proclamation of 1763: (October 7, 1763) was issued by the British Board of
Trade under King George III of England after the French and Indian War in order

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 to accomplish several main goals. The goals were to establish governments for
their new territories gained after the war, to encourage peace between colonists
and remaining Indians tribes and to keep colonists confined to the coasts for
purposes of easier taxation and trade with the mother country.
 The act infuriated colonists who saw the vast new territory between the
Appalachians and the Mississippi as theirs for the taking.
- Sugar act: (April 5, 1764) sugar act imposes stricter trade regulation and duties
on sugar and molasses.
- The Currency Act: was passed by the British Parliament on September 1, 1764 as
part of Prime Minister George Grenville's plan, along with the Sugar Act and the
Stamp Act, to reduce the British national debt, pay the costs of having 10,000
troops stationed in the American colonies and rev up the British economy.
 The new financial policy. It was quite fair to the British politicians as they
had spent a lot of money during the war but the colonies feared that the
new taxes would make trading difficult, and that this may encourage them
to crush civil liberties.
 These acts caused the American colonists to ban together to protest
"taxation without representation" and the violating of their rights as
British citizens, ultimately culminating in the American Revolutionary War.
- The Stamp Act: (March 22, 1765) was one of the leading causes of the
Revolutionary War. It required that many documents such as licenses, diplomas,
contracts and even playing cards be printed on embossed (or stamped) paper
that had a tax on it. Parliament intended to use the tax to help pay the expenses
of British troops on the frontier, but instead the colonists reacted with fury as
they torched the homes of stamp distributors, captured stamps and destroyed
them and completely refused to comply with the act.
 The British Parliament was ultimately forced to repeal the Stamp Act.
- Townshend revenue act: (June 29, 1767) create new import duties for the
colonists.
- The Boston Massacre: was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in which British
soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston.
 All Townshend duties removed except for tax on tea.
- The Boston Tea Party: was an American political and mercantile protest by the
Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The target was
the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell
tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those

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 imposed by the Townshend Acts. The Sons of Liberty strongly opposed the taxes
in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. Protesters, some disguised as
American Indians, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India
Company.
- The Coercive Acts (the intolerable acts): (March-June 1774) close port of Boston,
bring Massachusetts’s government under crown control, and allow for quartering
of British troops on private property.
- The first Continental Congress: (September- October 1774) held in Carpenter's
Hall, Philadelphia, met to define American rights and organize a plan of
resistance to the Coercive Acts imposed by the British Parliament as punishment
for the Boston Tea Party.
 Declare common grievance and adopt comprehensive boycotts of British
goods.
 Colonists started preparing for armed rebellion.
 Revolution
- Rage militare: 1775 on the eve of the Revolution the patriots succeeded in
organizing a home defense, militias stood mobilized and ready. Fighting broke
out at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19. At the battle of
Bunker Hill in June, the patriots lost, but learned that they could stand against
British regulars. Soon after, George Washington assumed command of the newly
created Continental Army.
- On April 19, 1775: the American War of Independence began.
- The Second Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from the Thirteen
Colonies in America that united in the American Revolutionary War. It convened
on May 10, 1775, with representatives from 12 of the colonies in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, shortly after the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Second
Congress functioned as a de facto national government at the outset of the
Revolutionary War by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats,
and writing petitions such as the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of
Taking Up Arms and the Olive Branch Petition.
- July 2, 1776: All thirteen colonies were represented by the time the Congress
adopted the Lee Resolution which declared independence from Britain on July 2,
1776, and the congress agreed to the Declaration of Independence two days
later.
- Common Sense: was a timely work delineating the reasons for the American
colonies to declare independence from Great Britain. Many colonists were not

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 convinced that independence was the best route. They believed they could still
get the king and parliament to reason with them. Thomas Paine's Common Sense
was so clear and powerful that it persuaded many colonists that it was time to
break the yoke of the King's oppression. It was first published on January 10,
1776, only six months before the Declaration of Independence. Common Sense is
a fairly long work, but if you will invest the time to read it you will have a very
thorough understanding of the reasons for the Revolutionary War.
- This act, along with others, such as the Molasses Act, the Sugar Act, the Currency
Act and the Stamp Act encouraged the anti-British attitude that eventually
culminated in the American Revolutionary War.
 The Declaration of Independence
- What is the declaration of independence?
- It’s one of the pillars of the United State.
- It’s the first statement, document written by the nation people.
- A beacon of democracy, a symbol for future generations.
- The significant the landmark in its history. The mark of the successes of American
democracy.
- A summary view of the rights of British American, the eloquent voice for the
patriotic cause.
- The Declaration of independence consists of two parts: The first part the
preamble and another part, a list of grievances against the king of England in that
time.
- Who wrote the declaration of independence and when?
- The Continual Congress: The 13 British colonies that declared their independence
from the mother country (Britain).
- On June, 7, 1776, the congress appointed a committee to draft the document of
Independence, (the committee members were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,
Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, and Thomas Jefferson.)
- The declaration was written by Thomas Jefferson mostly, as he got advice from
the others.
- On July 2, congress discussed the declaration of independence and made some
changes.
- The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4th, 1776.
- Why this declaration was important?
- It’s more than just an announcement, it’s a reminder of how free people should
live, what form their government should take and what the mutual

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 responsibilities were between a government and its citizens n order that both
order and liberty could be sustained.
- What happened that push them to declare their independence?
- The French and the Indian wars had reached the new continent.
- The American Revolution 1775-1783.
- Efforts to impose taxes, led to the stamp act on papers in 1765.
- The tea act in 1773 this started everything where the Congress had enough from
the control of the king, and they domed all the tea in the heart of Boston. It was
the intolerable act.
- England tried to tighten its imperial controls, it found a strong vein of resistance
in the colonies. Efforts to impose taxes were met by protests, boycotts and
petitions, and for the most part the crown’s efforts proved futile.
- In the early 1770s, royal government in the colonies disintegrated, so that by
1775 the real ruling powers in the colonies were the locally elected legislatures.
- Accordingly in the spring of 1776 colony after colony instructed its delegates to
the continental congress to vote for separation.

The formation of a national government

 The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
- Was the first written constitution of the United States.
- Written in 1777 and stemming from wartime urgency.
- Its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by
states.
- It was not ratified until March 1, 1781.
- Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with
Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes.
- Significantly, The Articles of Confederation named the new nation “The United
States of America.”
- Congress was given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed
forces and coin money. However, the central government lacked the ability to
levy taxes and regulate commerce, issues that led to the Constitutional
Convention in 1787 for the creation of new federal laws under The United States
Constitution.
- The articles of confederation and perpetual union were effective from 1 March,
1781 to March, 1, 1789.
- The oldest democracy in the new world.

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- Achievements of articles:
- Established new national department for foreign communication.
- Survived the civil war from 1773 to 1786.
- Succeed to wage a war against the British even under a prototypal constitution.
- Signed some treaties of alliances, like the one with France in 1778 two years after
the Declaration of Independence.
- Passed the northwest ordinance of 1787, which allowed the Northwest
Territories to own their own government, to be formed and added to the 13
original states. It created an American territorial system.
- A new land policy for the West.
- Why did they fail?
- Two branches are missing only the legislative branch is established.
- Each state thinks that its problems are more important than the other states.
- The people are not willing to give money to the national governments so it
doesn’t have the power to control anything because of lack of funding.
- The issue of slavery, a disagreement between the states and how they will be
represented in the government, a problem between the southern and the
northern.
- Like the first president of the United States George Washington said “They were
united by a rope of sand.”
- They were not able to be political considered, or to pay taxes.
- No coercive power, a really weak central government.
- The legislative ruled by the congress, a unicameral, only one legislative chamber,
and represented by only one vote per state regardless of its size.
- The sharing of power, a really strong state power.
- 6 drafts of articles of confederation, in 1777 than it had to be ratified by the
states. The last state approved it in 1781.
- When they give power to one party they will mistreat the people so they decided
to create a union. This union was precarious, weak.
- No national navy or army.
- Each state develops its currency.
- No power to cohered money.
- Congress unable to regulate commerce under state and foreign.
- Unable to impose taxes, only can borrow from outside, the 1778 alliance with
France.
- No executive branch was established, to enforce the law, lack of leadership.

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- No court system was established to protect lives and rights of citizens.
- Each state has its own court.
- In order to change one of this articles you should have a 13 votes out of 13, all of
the votes agree, unanimous vote.
- To pass a law you need to get 9 out of 13, the mass majority.
- Shays’ Rebellion was a series of violent protests staged during 1786 and 1787 by
a group of American farmers who objected to the way state and local tax
collections were being enforced. Daniel shay’s, he found a mountain of debt, so
he gathered a lot of bitter farmers, and they want to change thing and in that
point they realize they have no president. So although it never posed a serious
threat to the still loosely organized post-war United States federal government,
Shays’ Rebellion drew lawmakers’ attention to serious weaknesses in the Articles
of Confederation and was frequently cited in the debates leading to the framing
and ratification of the Constitution.
- The trade channels that Britain after the war refuses to open it in Pennsylvania.
- The articles are really chaotic, are useless and try to build something else.
- All this limits made revision necessary.
 The Constitutional Convention
- The Constitutional Convention: took place in Philadelphia from May 25 to
September 17, 1787. Although the convention was intended to revise the league
of states and first system of government under the Articles of Confederation, the
intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James
Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York, was to create a new
government rather than fix the existing one.
- 1781-1789: The first two political factions to appear was the Federalist vs. Anti
Federalist. Anti federalists were against the ratification of the constitution
because they were afraid of a powerful government that would trample on the
liberties of the people while the federalists were in favour of it. After the promise
to add a bill of write these concerns disappeared and a new constitution was
built.
 The American Constitution
- What is a constitution?
- Is a set of fundamental principles according to a state is governed.
- It describe features, the power and the responsibility of the government and the
relationship between the government and the people, it guarantee the rights and
liberties of the citizens.

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- The central elements (instrument), the most important and the supreme law of
the land.
- It’s the oldest written constitution in use (in force), the briefest, and the
brainchild.
- An enduring document.
- The oldest constitution. The original constitution, the first running government.
- Who wrote the constitution and when?
- 1787 the United States constitution was written.
- 1788 the United States constitution was ratified.
- 1789 the United States constitution was effected.
- James Madison the father of the constitution.
- Written by the founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison…
- Delegates from the 13 original states.
- The constitution convention 1787, try to convince them of changes and try to
build something else and revive the old articles.
- James Madison, the father of the constitution, present 19 amendments to the
congress and the congress adopted 12 and need the approval of the 13 states
which only approved 10.
- Why did they write the constitution?
- Their concern that they recognized the power of the government and also limit it
powers so the aim is to find this balance.
- The oldest Democrats in the world, the mayflower compact, they put the seats of
federalism.
- Foetus, it’s about sharing power.
- The United States constitution sets the nation fundamental laws, it lists the aims
of the national government and the methods to achieving them.
- In this convention they tried to build something for their time and the coming
time.
- The framers of the constitution were especially concerned with limiting the
power of government and securing the liberty of the citizens of the United
States.
- The People believe that the country should provide a framework of law and
order in which they are left free to run their own lives.
- 6 basic principles:
- Representation, it will represent all the people and in no limited time.

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- Republicanism, all people are created equal and this constitution will serve the
public interest.
- The federalism, dividing powers they would have national, state government,
and local government.
- Separation of powers, into 3 independent branches: legislative, executive,
judicial.
- Checks and balances, the branches of government scrutinize and restrain each
other.
- The bills of right to protect their liberty.
- Has survived the civil war and many other things, it owes its staying power to its
simplicity and flexibility.
- The us constitution was the pure product of Political compromise after long and
bitter debate over issues such as slavery, state right, and representation for
example some southern delegate sought to abolish slavery and some northern
delegate threaten to abandon the convention if their demands to keep slavery
and slave trade legal, were not met.
- The methods they use to find the balance
- The separation of power.
- Checks and balances each branch has the power to check and limit the power of
other.
- The bills of right to protect their liberty.
- The principle (doctrine) of separation of power, checks and balances and the
explicit guaranties of individual rights, the bill of rights were designed to strike a
balance between liberties and authorities.
- The constitution consists of 3 parts: preamble, the main body consists of 7
articles, and the 27 amendments.
- Preamble, a strong phrase and the aims (the central objectives), 6 aims:
- To more perfect union
- To establish justice
- To insure domestic tranquility
- To provide for the common defense
- To promote the general welfare
- To secure the blessings
- 7 articles
- Vests the legislative power
- Vests the executive power

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- Vests the judicial power
- Relationships between states
- Prohibit religion
- This constitution will be taking into effect …
- 27 amendments
- Bill of rights the first 10 amendments added to the United States constitution and
they were ratified and became part of the constitution on December, 10, 1791.
The freedom of religion, speech and press, The right to bare guns, and own guns,
The right to peacefully assemble, The right to a speedy and public trial, an
impartial jury… The bill of rights, the sum of the ten amendments that have been
added to the constitution
- The 17 other amendments.
- The role of the constitution
- The constitution revise a Blueprint for government, it detailed a plan, and it’s an
enduring document, specify its function, stipulate the power of each power.
- It has the ability to grow and change through time.
- A pure product of this time and a document for all time, it has survived the civil
war and economic crisis, and the assassination.
- The whole system of the American government is based on the principles, tenets
established in the constitution and the bill of right of 1781.
- Frame work of law and order in which they were left free to run their own lives.
- One right is the Liberty from the start and balance between liberty and authority.
- The Declaration of Independence: A noble document.
- The articles of confederation: A first attempt.
- The constitution: A pure product of this time and a document for all time.

Territorial expansion
- The territorial expansion: In a relatively short period of seventy years, the United
States expanded dramatically from a modest seaboard settlement facing the
Atlantic Ocean into a massive transcontinental entity that also faced southward
to the Gulf of Mexico and westward to the Pacific Ocean. The total size of the
republic approximately tripled. After 1853 the expansion stopped almost as
abruptly as it had begun. Only Alaska and Hawaii (not on this map), which were
acquired later in the nineteenth century and recognized as states in 1959, have
been added since then to the United States.
- A new land policy for the west.

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- The northwest ordinance of 1787, which allowed the Northwest Territories to
own their own government, to be formed and added to the 13 original states. It
created an American territorial system.
 The Louisiana Purchase
- In 1803 the U.S bought all Louisiana territory from France. (Mississippi River to
the Rockies, New Orleans to the Canadian border)
 The war of 1812 with England
- In 1812 a dispute with British Canada ended with a treaty in 1846 and acquired
Oregon, Washington, and Idaho and finally reaching the Pacific Ocean and
becoming a continental power.
- Florida was acquired by treaty with Spain in 1819.
 The Mexican war (1864-1848)
- Mexican session, American Mexican war: The Mexican-American War was a
conflict that occurred as the result of Mexican resentment over the US
annexation of Texas and a border dispute. Fought between 1846 and 1848,. The
war was fought primarily in northeastern and central Mexico and resulted in a
decisive American victory. As a result of the conflict, Mexico was forced to cede
its northern and western provinces, which today comprise a significant portion of
the western United States. The Mexican-American War represents the only major
military dispute between the two nations.
- Manifest Destiny: An Expansionist Ideology, a phrase coined in 1845, is the idea
that the United States is destined—by God, its advocates believed—to expand its
dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North
American continent. The philosophy drove 19th-century U.S. territorial expansion
and was used to justify the forced removal of Native Americans and other groups
from their homes. The rapid expansion of the United States intensified the issue
of slavery as new states were added to the Union, leading to the outbreak of the
Civil War.
- Manifest destiny, first termed by journalist John O’Sullivan in the Democratic
Review (Democratic Party paper), argued that Americans had a god-given right to
expand democracy, by force if needed.
- Manifest destiny was accompanied by the idea that American prosperity needed
increased trade with Asia, which could occur far more easily if America owned
the west coast. Also for cheap available land and search for gold.
 The Gadsden Purchase in 1853

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- Gadsden Purchase, 1853–1854. The Gadsden Purchase, or Treaty, was an
agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the
United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion
of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.
 The consequences of the Territorial Expansion
- An expansion which stained and stimulated American society, economy and
government.
- The frontier Movement: a massive westward movement began with Vigor in the
1820s and increasing in scope after the Civil War. That ended at 1890 as there
was no more available land.
 Problem of Natives
- The removal of Indians to make way for settlement caused a lot of conflicts.
- Battle of Wounded Knee: Wounded Knee, located on the Pine Ridge Indian
Reservation in southwestern South Dakota, was the site of two conflicts between
North American Indians and representatives of the U.S. government. An 1890
massacre left some 150 Native Americans dead.

The civil war

The American Civil War was fought between southern and northern states of the
United States. The southern states didn't want to be part of the United States
any more and decided to make their own country. However, the northern states
wanted to stay one country. It started in April 1861 until 1865.
The south The north
1. Economical - Based on agriculture. - Were urban and
differences - Depend on slavery for the industrial.
production of cotton. - Needed cheap labor not
- Asked for free trade. slaves.
- Opposed high tariffs and - Immigration was
taxes because they rely encouraged.
mostly on trades. - Demanded high tariffs to
- Rejected a centralized protect their own
banking system. products.
- Wanted a good banking
and currency system.
2. Social - Build upon rules defined - More relaxed, flexible
differences by a minority of wealthy and democratic society.
planters and an aristocracy
of slave owners.
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 3. Political - Defended the right of - Needed a strong central
differences states and the doctrine of government to build an
popular or state infrastructure of roads
sovereignty. Feared that and railways, protect its
strong central government complex trading and
might interfere with their financial interests, and
business. control the national
currency.

- The South (Confederacy): When the southern states decided to break away, or
secede, they made their own country called the Confederate States of America,
or the Confederacy. They wrote their own Constitution and even had their own
president, Jefferson Davis. The Confederacy was made up of 11 southern states
including South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas,
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
- The North (Union): The North consisted of the remaining 25 states which were
located in the north. The North was also called the Union to symbolize that they
wanted the United States to remain a single country and union. The North was
bigger and had more industry than the South. They had a lot more people,
resources, and wealth giving them an advantage in the civil war.
- Why did the Southern states want to leave? The Southern states were worried
that as the United States expanded, they would gain less power. They wanted
the states to have more power and be able to make their own laws. One of the
laws they were worried about losing was the right to have slaves. Many northern
states had outlawed slavery and they were worried that the United States would
outlaw slavery in all the states.
- Abraham Lincoln: was the president of the United States during the Civil War.
He wanted a stronger federal government and was against slavery. It was his
election that triggered the southern states leaving and the Civil War. He was
determined that the country remain united.
 The road to secession
- The Road to Secession America’s path to civil war was long and tumultuous. The
pressures created through settlement, independence, expansion,
industrialization, sectionalism and the enslavement of African-Americans
eventually exploded into four years of national conflict and the death of over
600,000.
 The legacies of the war

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- The Fighting the Civil War was the deadliest war in American history. Over
600,000 soldiers died in the war. The fighting started at Fort Sumter in South
Carolina on April 12, 1861. The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865 when the south
was defeated and forced to surrender.
- The southern part economy was destroyed and the north had almost all of the
nation’s wealth and capacity for production.
- The war resolved the question of secession and created a more perfect union.
- The federal government emerged better reinforced with innovative imperative
powers.
- The war brought slavery to an end, by passing the 13th amendment to the
constitution.
- The north forged ahead with the building of a modern industrial state. And the
south took time to regain his position.

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