DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
III ECE I SEM
PREPARED BY
Dr T CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO, PROF
UNIT - 2
SYLLABUS
Baseband Pulse Transmission: Introduction, Matched filter, Properties of Matched filter,
Matched filter for rectangular pulse, Error rate due to noise, Inter-symbol
Interference(ISI), Nyquist’s criterion for distortion less baseband binary transmission,
ideal Nyquist channel, Raised cosine filter & its spectrum, Correlative coding – Duo
binary & Modified duo binary signaling schemes, Partial response signaling, Baseband
M-array PAM transmission, Eye diagrams, Illustrative Problems.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems,” Wiley India Edition, 4th Edition, 2011.
2. B.P. Lathi & Zhi Ding, “Modern Digital & Analog Communication Systems”, Oxford
University Press, International 4th edition, 2010.
REFERENCES
1. Sam Shanmugam, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, John Wiley, 2005.
2. A. Bruce Carlson, & Paul B. Crilly, “Communication Systems – An Introduction to
Signals & Noise in Electrical Communication”, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 5th
Edition, 2010
3. Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Prentice-Hall PTR, 2nd edition, 2001.
INTRODUCTION
▪ The transmission of digital data over a baseband channel is discussed in this unit.
▪ Digital data have a broad spectrum with a significant low frequency content.
▪ Baseband transmission of digital data requires use of low-pass channel with a band
width large enough to accommodate the essential frequency content of data.
▪ Channel is dispersive – its frequency response deviates from that of an ideal low pass
filter. Data transmission over such channel results in Inter Symbol Interference which is
a major source of bit errors in the reconstructed data stream at receiver output.
▪ Channel noise is another source of bit errors.
▪ This unit discusses about the pulse shaping.
MATCHED FILTER
▪ The device for the optimum detection of a pulse signal of known waveform that is
immersed in additive white noise (Channel Noise) involves the use of a linear time
invariant filter known as Matched filter.
▪ Basic task – detecting transmitted pulses at the front end of the receiver (corrupted by
noise)
▪ Receiver model
▪ The output signal component is required to be greater than output noise component.
This is done by making the instantaneous power in output signal measured at t = T as
large as possible than power of output noise.
▪ This is equivalent to maximizing the peak pulse signal to noise ratio defined as
▪ The requirement is to specify impulse response h(t) of the filter such that output SNR
is maximized. We have for signal g(t)
g(t) H(f) g0(t)
G(f) G0(f)
▪ The effect on the filter output due to noise w(t) acting alone
w(t) H(f) n(t)
SW(f) = N0/2 SN(f)
▪ Then the peak signal to noise ratio is
▪ Schwarz’s inequality
equality holds if and only if , we have
▪ If and then numerator of PSNR
Then,
⟹
▪ Then
▪ The maximum value of PSNR is at which
H(f) is optimum denoted by Hopt(f) given by
▪ Then
▪ We have
▪ Then
▪ The impulse response of the optimum filter, except for scaling factor k, is a time
reversed and delayed version of the input signal g(t), that is , it is matched to input
signal. The linear time invariant filter defined in this way is called a Matched filter.
Matched Filter for rectangular pulse
▪ g(t) is rectangular pulse of
amplitude A and duration T.
▪ The maximum value of
output signal go(t) is kA2T,
which is energy of g(t)
multiplied by k.
▪ The maximum value occurs
at t=T
▪ The output waveform of Integrate and
Dump circuit for 0 ≤ t ≤ T, has the same
waveform as that at the output of matched
filter.
▪ For the special case of rectangular pulse,
the matched filter is implemented using the
Integrate and Dump circuit
ERROR RATE DUE TO NOISE
▪ Consider a binary PCM system based on polar non return to zero(NRZ) signalling.
▪ Channel noise is additive white gaussian noise w(t) with zero mean and PSD N0/2.
▪ In the signal interval 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb, the received signal is
▪ Given the noisy channel x(t), the receiver is required to make a decision in each
signal interval as to whether the transmitted symbol is 1 or 0. The structure of
receiver used to perform the decision-making process is shown below
Let
INTER SYMBOL INTERFERENCE
ISI
NYQUIST’S CRITERION FOR
DISTORTIONLESS BASEBAND BINARY TRANSMISSION
--- Fourier transform expression
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For the pulse
p(t)
For i = k, we have
IDEAL NYQUIST CHANNEL
Ideal Nyquist channel solves the problem of zero ISI with the minimum bandwidth possible.
RAISED COSINE SPECTRUM
The practical difficulties of ideal Nyquist channel can be overcome by extending the
bandwidth from the minimum value W = Rb/2 to an adjustable value W and 2W.
RAISED COSINE SPECTRUM
Roll-off factor
For α = 0, 0.5, 1
CORRELATIVE LEVEL CODING
By adding inter-symbol interference to the transmitted signal in a controlled
manner, it is possible to achieve a signalling rate equal to the Nyquist rate of 2W
symbols per second in channel of bandwidth W hertz. Such schemes are called
Correlative level coding schemes or Partial response signaling schemes
(or
)
-2, 0, and +2
The effect of the transformation is to change the input sequence {a k}
of uncorrelated two level pulses into a sequence {ck} of correlated
three level pulses.
This correlation between the adjacent pulses may be viewed as
introducing inter symbol interference into the transmitted
signals in an artificial manner.
The ISI so introduced is under designer’s control is the basis of
correlative coding.
DECODING
The technique of using a stored estimate of previous symbol
is called Decision Feedback
Errors tend to propagate through the output.
PRECODED DUOBINARY SCHEME
bk dk-1 dk
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
MODIFIED DUOBINARY SIGNALING
The PSD of the transmitted pulse is non-zero at the origin, which
undesirable in some applications.
ak-2
Correlation span of two binary digits
Pre-coder output
The output of Modified duo-binary coder
Table illustrating example on Modified duo-binary coding
Binary sequence { bk } 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
Pre-coded sequence { dk } 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
Two level sequence { ak } +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1
Modified Duo-binary coder
0 0 -2 0 +2 -2 0
output { ck }
Binary sequence obtained
by decision rule 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
GENERALIZED FORM OF CORRELATIVE – LEVEL CODING
(PARTIAL-RESPONSE SIGNALING)
BASEBAND M-ary PAM TRANSMITTER
Design of Pulse amplitude modulator and decision making device are more
complex in M-ary PAM.
ISI, Noise and imperfect synchronization cause errors to appear at the receiver
output. The transmit and receive filters are designed to minimize these errors.
EYE
PATTERN
END OF UNIT - II
