[Artificial Intelligence]

By: Kerlos Romany Wakeem 8/14/24 ICT Camp

Artificial Intelligent.
Definition
Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. Examples of AI applications
include expert systems, natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition and machine vision.

As the hype around AI has accelerated, vendors have scrambled to promote how their products and services incorporate it. Often, what they
refer to as "AI" is a well-established technology such as machine learning.

Programming AI systems focuses on cognitive skills such as the following:

Learning
This aspect of AI programming involves acquiring data and creating rules, known as algorithms, to transform it into actionable information.
These algorithms provide computing devices with step-by-step instructions for completing specific tasks.

Reasoning
This aspect involves choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.

Self-correction
This aspect involves algorithms continuously learning and tuning themselves to provide the most accurate results possible.

Creativity
This aspect uses neural networks, rule-based systems, statistical methods and other AI techniques to generate new images, text, music, ideas
and so on.
 legal document review and language
Advantages of AI translation.
The following are some advantages of AI:
Customization and personalization
Excellence in detail-oriented jobs AI systems can enhance user experience by
AI is a good fit for tasks that involve identifying personalizing interactions and content delivery
subtle patterns and relationships in data that on digital platforms. On e-commerce platforms,
might be overlooked by humans. For example, for example, AI models analyze user behavior to
in oncology, AI systems have demonstrated high recommend products suited to an individual's
accuracy in detecting early-stage cancers, such preferences, increasing customer satisfaction
as breast cancer and melanoma, by highlighting and engagement.
areas of concern for further evaluation by
Round-the-clock availability
healthcare professionals.
AI programs do not need to sleep or take
Efficiency in data-heavy tasks breaks. For example, AI-powered virtual
AI systems and automation tools dramatically assistants can provide uninterrupted, 24/7
reduce the time required for data processing. customer service even under high interaction
This is particularly useful in sectors like finance, volumes, improving response times and
insurance and healthcare that involve a great reducing costs.
deal of routine data entry and analysis, as well
Scalability
as data-driven decision-making. For example, in
AI systems can scale to handle growing amounts
banking and finance, predictive AI models can
of work and data. This makes AI well suited for
process vast volumes of data to forecast market
scenarios where data volumes and workloads
trends and analyze investment risk.
can grow exponentially, such as internet search
Time savings and productivity gains and business analytics.
AI and robotics can not only automate
Accelerated research and development
operations but also improve safety and
AI can speed up the pace of R&D in fields such
efficiency. In manufacturing, for example, AI-
as pharmaceuticals and materials science. By
powered robots are increasingly used to
rapidly simulating and analyzing many possible
perform hazardous or repetitive tasks as part of
scenarios, AI models can help researchers
warehouse automation, thus reducing the risk
discover new drugs, materials or compounds
to human workers and increasing overall
more quickly than traditional methods.
productivity.
Sustainability and conservation
Consistency in results
AI and machine learning are increasingly used to
Today's analytics tools use AI and machine
monitor environmental changes, predict future
learning to process extensive amounts of data
weather events and manage conservation
in a uniform way, while retaining the ability to
efforts. Machine learning models can process
adapt to new information through continuous
satellite imagery and sensor data to track
learning. For example, AI applications have
wildfire risk, pollution levels and endangered
delivered consistent and reliable outcomes in
species populations, for example.
Process optimization
AI is used to streamline and automate complex
processes across various industries. For
example, AI models can identify inefficiencies
and predict bottlenecks in manufacturing
workflows, while in the energy sector, they can
forecast electricity demand and allocate supply
in real time.
 Algorithmic bias
Disadvantages of AI AI and machine learning algorithms reflect the
The following are some disadvantages of AI: biases present in their training data -- and when
AI systems are deployed at scale, the biases
High cost scale, too. In some cases, AI systems may even
Developing AI can be very expensive. Building amplify subtle biases in their training data by
an AI model requires a substantial upfront encoding them into reinforceable and pseudo-
investment in infrastructure, computational objective patterns. In one well-known example,
resources and software to train the model and Amazon developed an AI-driven recruitment
store its training data. After initial training, tool to automate the hiring process that
there are further ongoing costs associated with inadvertently favored male candidates,
model inference and retraining. As a result, reflecting larger-scale gender imbalances in the
costs can rack up quickly, particularly for tech industry.
advanced, complex systems like generative AI
applications; OpenAI CEO Sam Altman has Difficulty with generalization
stated that training the company's GPT-4 model AI models often excel at the specific tasks for
cost over $100 million. which they were trained but struggle when
asked to address novel scenarios. This lack of
Technical complexity flexibility can limit AI's usefulness, as new tasks
Developing, operating and troubleshooting AI might require the development of an entirely
systems -- especially in real-world production new model. An NLP model trained on English-
environments -- requires a great deal of language text, for example, might perform
technical know-how. In many cases, this poorly on text in other languages without
knowledge differs from that needed to build extensive additional training. While work is
non-AI software. For example, building and underway to improve models' generalization
deploying a machine learning application ability -- known as domain adaptation or
involves a complex, multistage and highly transfer learning -- this remains an open
technical process, from data preparation to research problem.
algorithm selection to parameter tuning and
model testing. Job displacement
AI can lead to job loss if organizations replace
Talent gap human workers with machines -- a growing area
Compounding the problem of technical of concern as the capabilities of AI models
complexity, there is a significant shortage of become more sophisticated and companies
professionals trained in AI and machine learning increasingly look to automate workflows using
compared with the growing need for such skills. AI. For example, some copywriters have
This gap between AI talent supply and demand reported being replaced by large language
means that, even though interest in AI models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT. While
applications is growing, many organizations widespread AI adoption may also create new
cannot find enough qualified workers to staff job categories, these may not overlap with the
their AI initiatives. jobs eliminated, raising concerns about
economic inequality and reskilling.
Security vulnerabilities
AI systems are susceptible to a wide range of
cyberthreats, including data poisoning and
adversarial machine learning. Hackers can
extract sensitive training data from an AI model,
for example, or trick AI systems into producing
incorrect and harmful output. This is particularly
concerning in security-sensitive sectors such as
financial services and government.

Environmental impact
The data centers and network infrastructures
that underpin the operations of AI models
consume large amounts of energy and water.
Consequently, training and running AI models
has a significant impact on the climate. AI's
carbon footprint is especially concerning for
large generative models, which require a great
deal of computing resources for training and
ongoing use.

Legal issues
AI raises complex questions around privacy and
legal liability, particularly amid an evolving AI
regulation landscape that differs across regions.
Using AI to analyze and make decisions based
on personal data has serious privacy
implications, for example, and it remains
unclear how courts will view the authorship of
material generated by LLMs trained on
copyrighted works.
 Unsupervised learning trains models to sort
through unlabeled data sets to find underlying
AI types relationships or clusters.
What are examples of AI technology, and how is
Reinforcement learning takes a different
it used today?
approach, in which models learn to make
AI technologies can enhance existing tools' decisions by acting as agents and receiving
functionalities and automate various tasks and feedback on their actions.
processes, affecting numerous aspects of
There is also semi-supervised learning, which
everyday life. The following are a few
combines aspects of supervised and
prominent examples.
unsupervised approaches. This technique uses a
Automation small amount of labeled data and a larger
AI enhances automation technologies by amount of unlabeled data, thereby improving
expanding the range, complexity and number of learning accuracy while reducing the need for
tasks that can be automated. An example is labeled data, which can be time and labor
robotic process automation (RPA), which intensive to procure.
automates repetitive, rules-based data
Computer vision
processing tasks traditionally performed by
Computer vision is a field of AI that focuses on
humans. Because AI helps RPA bots adapt to
teaching machines how to interpret the visual
new data and dynamically respond to process
world. By analyzing visual information such as
changes, integrating AI and machine learning
camera images and videos using deep learning
capabilities enables RPA to manage more
models, computer vision systems can learn to
complex workflows.
identify and classify objects and make decisions
Machine learning based on those analyses.
Machine learning is the science of teaching
computers to learn from data and make
decisions without being explicitly programmed The primary aim of computer vision is to
to do so. Deep learning, a subset of machine replicate or improve on the human visual
learning, uses sophisticated neural networks to system using AI algorithms. Computer vision is
perform what is essentially an advanced form of used in a wide range of applications, from
predictive analytics. signature identification to medical image
analysis to autonomous vehicles. Machine
Machine learning algorithms can be broadly vision, a term often conflated with computer
classified into three categories: supervised vision, refers specifically to the use of computer
learning, unsupervised learning and vision to analyze camera and video data in
reinforcement learning. industrial automation contexts, such as
Supervised learning trains models on labeled production processes in manufacturing.
data sets, enabling them to accurately recognize Natural language processing
patterns, predict outcomes or classify new data. NLP refers to the processing of human language
by computer programs. NLP algorithms can
interpret and interact with human language, to avoid unexpected obstructions, including
performing tasks such as translation, speech pedestrians. Although the technology has
recognition and sentiment analysis. One of the advanced considerably in recent years, the
oldest and best-known examples of NLP is spam ultimate goal of an autonomous vehicle that
detection, which looks at the subject line and can fully replace a human driver has yet to be
text of an email and decides whether it is junk. achieved.
More advanced applications of NLP include
Generative AI
LLMs such as ChatGPT and Anthropic's Claude.
The term generative AI refers to machine
Robotics learning systems that can generate new data
Robotics is a field of engineering that focuses on from text prompts -- most commonly text and
the design, manufacturing and operation of images, but also audio, video, software code,
robots: automated machines that replicate and and even genetic sequences and protein
replace human actions, particularly those that structures. Through training on massive data
are difficult, dangerous or tedious for humans sets, these algorithms gradually learn the
to perform. Examples of robotics applications patterns of the types of media they will be
include manufacturing, where robots perform asked to generate, enabling them later to
repetitive or hazardous assembly-line tasks, and create new content that resembles that training
exploratory missions in distant, difficult-to- data.
access areas such as outer space and the deep
sea.

The integration of AI and machine learning Generative AI saw a rapid growth in popularity
significantly expands robots' capabilities by following the introduction of widely available
enabling them to make better-informed text and image generators in 2022, such as
autonomous decisions and adapt to new ChatGPT, Dall-E and Midjourney, and is
situations and data. For example, robots with increasingly applied in business settings. While
machine vision capabilities can learn to sort many generative AI tools' capabilities are
objects on a factory line by shape and color. impressive, they also raise concerns around
issues such as copyright, fair use and security
Autonomous vehicles that remain a matter of open debate in the tech
Autonomous vehicles, more colloquially known sector.
as self-driving cars, can sense and navigate their
surrounding environment with minimal or no 𝑛
𝑛
human input. These vehicles rely on a (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 = ∑ ( ) 𝑥 𝑘 𝑎𝑛−𝑘
combination of technologies, including radar, 𝑘
𝑘=0
GPS, and a range of AI and machine learning
algorithms, such as image recognition.

These algorithms learn from real-world driving,

traffic and map data to make informed
decisions about when to brake, turn and
accelerate; how to stay in a given lane; and how
What are the applications of AI?
AI has entered a wide variety of industry sectors and research areas. The following are several of the
most notable examples.

AI in healthcare
AI is applied to a range of tasks in the healthcare domain, with the overarching goals of improving
patient outcomes and reducing systemic costs. One major application is the use of machine learning
models trained on large medical data sets to assist healthcare professionals in making better and faster
diagnoses. For example, AI-powered software can analyze CT scans and alert neurologists to suspected
strokes.

On the patient side, online virtual health assistants and chatbots can provide general medical
information, schedule appointments, explain billing processes and complete other administrative tasks.
Predictive modeling AI algorithms can also be used to combat the spread of pandemics such as COVID-
19.

AI in business
AI is increasingly integrated into various business functions and industries, aiming to improve efficiency,
customer experience, strategic planning and decision-making. For example, machine learning models
power many of today's data analytics and customer relationship management (CRM) platforms, helping
companies understand how to best serve customers through personalizing offerings and delivering
better-tailored marketing.

Virtual assistants and chatbots are also deployed on corporate websites and in mobile applications to
provide round-the-clock customer service and answer common questions. In addition, more and more
companies are exploring the capabilities of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT for automating tasks
such as document drafting and summarization, product design and ideation, and computer
programming.

AI in education
AI has a number of potential applications in education technology. It can automate aspects of grading
processes, giving educators more time for other tasks. AI tools can also assess students' performance
and adapt to their individual needs, facilitating more personalized learning experiences that enable
students to work at their own pace. AI tutors could also provide additional support to students, ensuring
they stay on track. The technology could also change where and how students learn, perhaps altering
the traditional role of educators.
As the capabilities of LLMs such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini grow, such tools could help educators
craft teaching materials and engage students in new ways. However, the advent of these tools also
forces educators to reconsider homework and testing practices and revise plagiarism policies, especially
given that AI detection and AI watermarking tools are currently unreliable.

AI in finance and banking

Banks and other financial organizations use AI to improve their decision-making for tasks such as
granting loans, setting credit limits and identifying investment opportunities. In addition, algorithmic
trading powered by advanced AI and machine learning has transformed financial markets, executing
trades at speeds and efficiencies far surpassing what human traders could do manually.

AI and machine learning have also entered the realm of consumer finance. For example, banks use AI
chatbots to inform customers about services and offerings and to handle transactions and questions
that don't require human intervention. Similarly, Intuit offers generative AI features within its TurboTax
e-filing product that provide users with personalized advice based on data such as the user's tax profile
and the tax code for their location.

AI in law
AI is changing the legal sector by automating labor-intensive tasks such as document review and
discovery response, which can be tedious and time consuming for attorneys and paralegals. Law firms
today use AI and machine learning for a variety of tasks, including analytics and predictive AI to analyze
data and case law, computer vision to classify and extract information from documents, and NLP to
interpret and respond to discovery requests.

In addition to improving efficiency and productivity, this integration of AI frees up human legal
professionals to spend more time with clients and focus on more creative, strategic work that AI is less
well suited to handle. With the rise of generative AI in law, firms are also exploring using LLMs to draft
common documents, such as boilerplate contracts.

AI in entertainment and media

The entertainment and media business uses AI techniques in targeted advertising, content
recommendations, distribution and fraud detection. The technology enables companies to personalize
audience members' experiences and optimize delivery of content.
Generative AI is also a hot topic in the area of content creation. Advertising professionals are already
using these tools to create marketing collateral and edit advertising images. However, their use is more
controversial in areas such as film and TV scriptwriting and visual effects, where they offer increased
efficiency but also threaten the livelihoods and intellectual property of humans in creative roles.

AI in journalism
In journalism, AI can streamline workflows by automating routine tasks, such as data entry and
proofreading. Investigative journalists and data journalists also use AI to find and research stories by
sifting through large data sets using machine learning models, thereby uncovering trends and hidden
connections that would be time consuming to identify manually. For example, five finalists for the 2024
Pulitzer Prizes for journalism disclosed using AI in their reporting to perform tasks such as analyzing
massive volumes of police records. While the use of traditional AI tools is increasingly common, the use
of generative AI to write journalistic content is open to question, as it raises concerns around reliability,
accuracy and ethics.

AI in software development and IT

AI is used to automate many processes in software development, DevOps and IT. For example, AIOps
tools enable predictive maintenance of IT environments by analyzing system data to forecast potential
issues before they occur, and AI-powered monitoring tools can help flag potential anomalies in real time
based on historical system data. Generative AI tools such as GitHub Copilot and Tabnine are also
increasingly used to produce application code based on natural-language prompts. While these tools
have shown early promise and interest among developers, they are unlikely to fully replace software
engineers. Instead, they serve as useful productivity aids, automating repetitive tasks and boilerplate
code writing.

AI in security
AI and machine learning are prominent buzzwords in security vendor marketing, so buyers should take a
cautious approach. Still, AI is indeed a useful technology in multiple aspects of cybersecurity, including
anomaly detection, reducing false positives and conducting behavioral threat analytics. For example,
organizations use machine learning in security information and event management (SIEM) software to
detect suspicious activity and potential threats. By analyzing vast amounts of data and recognizing
patterns that resemble known malicious code, AI tools can alert security teams to new and emerging
attacks, often much sooner than human employees and previous technologies could.
AI in manufacturing
Manufacturing has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into workflows, with recent
advancements focusing on collaborative robots, or cobots. Unlike traditional industrial robots, which
were programmed to perform single tasks and operated separately from human workers, cobots are
smaller, more versatile and designed to work alongside humans. These multitasking robots can take on
responsibility for more tasks in warehouses, on factory floors and in other workspaces, including
assembly, packaging and quality control. In particular, using robots to perform or assist with repetitive
and physically demanding tasks can improve safety and efficiency for human workers.

AI in transportation
In addition to AI's fundamental role in operating autonomous vehicles, AI technologies are used in
automotive transportation to manage traffic, reduce congestion and enhance road safety. In air travel,
AI can predict flight delays by analyzing data points such as weather and air traffic conditions. In
overseas shipping, AI can enhance safety and efficiency by optimizing routes and automatically
monitoring vessel conditions.

In supply chains, AI is replacing traditional methods of demand forecasting and improving the accuracy
of predictions about potential disruptions and bottlenecks. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the
importance of these capabilities, as many companies were caught off guard by the effects of a global
pandemic on the supply and demand of goods.

The most percentage of using AI in some countries

The country The percentage

80%
USA

UK 60%

China
55%
AI's ethical challenges include the following:

Bias

due to improperly trained algorithms and human prejudices or oversights.

Misuse of generative

AI to produce deepfakes, phishing scams and other harmful content.

Legal concerns

including AI libel and copyright issues.

Job displacement

due to increasing use of AI to automate workplace tasks.

Data privacy concerns particularly in fields such as banking

healthcare and legal that deal with sensitive personal data.