1.

INTRODUCTION

1
1

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
 Primary Mode
 Land Transportation
 Roads, Railways
 Air Transportation
 Domestic, International
 Water transportation
 Inland, Ocean and Costal
 Secondary Mode
 Ropeway (Cable based cabin, Gravity based)
 Pipeline (Water supply, Fuel, gas, Sewer)
 Canal (Irrigation water, storm water)
 Conveyor belt
2
3
1

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 Planning is the basic requirement for any new project or any
expansion program.
 Transportation planning is also basic need for
transportation development.
 For the developing country like Nepal, with limited funds,
transportation planning is the most important for best
utilization of available funds in systematic and planned
way.
 The provision and Operation of a transportation system
requires a continuous planning function to ensure that
mobility requirement of the community are supplied and
maintained at a level found to be acceptable to its member
at a economic, social and environmental cost within its
capabilities. 4
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS
In USA

5
1

OBJECTIVE OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

 To plan the transportation network for efficient
and safe traffic operation but at minimum cost.
 To plan for different transportation system and
its length providing maximum utility and could
be constructed within the available resources and
time.
 Prioritize the development of each transportation
link based on utility.
 To plan for future requirements and
improvements of transportation in view of
anticipated developments.
 To workout financing system
6
1
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 Short and medium term
 Less complex
 Less capital requirement
 Mostly concerned with obtaining maximal capacity or optimal
operation from existing facilities.
 In this case Planner deals with limited number of criteria.
 Long term (Strategic) Planning
 Very complex
 Based on long-term predictions
 Involves multiple levels of government and administration

CONSIDERATIONS
• Philosophy
• Concerned with value, goal, objectives and criteria.
• Operational Elements
• Focuses on alternative, resources, impact, evaluation, capital,
7
Planning and Implementation.
SPECIFIC EVALUATION METHODS IN TRAFFIC
PLANNING
 Cost-effectiveness (CE)
 This method compares the costs of different potential options for
achieving a specific objective, such as building a particular highway or
delivering a particular amount of airfreight, etc. The quantity of
benefits (outputs) are held constant, so there is only one variable, the
cost of inputs.
 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
 This method compares the total incremental benefits with the total
incremental costs for each of the potential options. This analysis is not
limited to a single benefit or objective, such as potential highway
routes which can differ in construction costs as well as quality of the
services offered.
 Lifecycle cost analysis (LCA)
 This method incorporates, in addition to CBA, the value of
investments at the respective schedule, which allows a comparison of
projects with regard to their cost and benefit milestones.
 Multiple accounts evaluation (MAE)
 This method considers quantitative and qualitative evaluation criteria
and can be used in cases where some impacts cannot be financially
benchmarked. Using this evaluation method each potential option is 8
rated for each potential criterion.
1

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
 It deals with the planning, designing, implementing
and maintaining the various modes of transportation
system and infrastructure that is required for
transporting goods and peoples from one place to
another.
Transportation is vital for the socio-economic
development of any region.

9
1.1 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING

10
1.1
TRANSPORTATION HISTORY
 1794, First toll road, the Lancaster Turnpike, PA
 1807, Fulton tested a steam boat on Hudson River

 1869, First transcontinental railroad

 1903, First flight of Wright brothers

 1956, Interstate highway system began

 1969, Men landed on the moon and returned

 1972, Bay Area Rapid transit (BART) completed

 1992, Intelligent Transport System (ITS)

 1998, Electric cars

Now
high speed rail, driverless car,
11
Automated Highway System (AHS), solar highway
1.1

NEPAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 Highways and Roadways- Serves more than 90%
movement of people and goods
 Railways- Not in Operation (29Km Janakpur
Kurtha will operate soon)
 Airport-1 international around 50 domestic
among which 33 in service and two more
international airport under construction.
 Ropeways – Cable car (2.77+2.5+0.9) overall
around 10km ropeways
 Waterways – Negligible (very few run by private
companies in certain place for certain time)
12
1.1

SCOPE
 Transportation planning and development.
 Modes and Location identification.

 Traffic operation and control.

 Transportation finance, economics and

administration.
 Will be the part of overall countries development
and planning.
 Balance between environment, society, finance
and infrastructure development.

13
1.1
DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTIONS
 Transportation System Characteristics
 System Component
 Fixed facility, flow entity, control system (flow vehicular)
 System hierarchy
 From Global to Local level
 Transportation System Purpose
 Mobility
 To travel from one location to another in a reasonable amount of
time and for acceptance of cost
 Accessibility
 The means by which an individual can accomplish some economic or
social activity through access to that activity.
 Transportation System Performance
 Level of service
 Transportation System capacity
14
 Person flow or vehicle flow per hour
1.1
 Transport system Impact
 Natural system impact
 Terrestrial ecology and aquatic ecology
 Physical Impact
 Air quality, Noise, vibration, water quality, energy consumption, erosion.
 Social and cultural impact
 Impacts on historic and archeological, resettlement, community fusion, resource
consumption, land use, aesthetics, accessibility of facility, services and jobs,
environmental justice, employment income and business activities.
 Demand analysis
 Predicting how many people, what type of people, what purpose of people,
what purpose they will use the transportation system for, and the
expected flow of goods in a metropolitan area, which is an important task
in transportation planning.
 Supply analysis
 The supply of transportation service can be characterized in terms of
performance of the transportation system (e.g. travel times, headway and
capabilities), the impact this system has on the environment and the cost
incurred in building, maintaining and using the system.
 Transport system evaluation
 It is the process of determining the relative value of individual
alternatives and the desirability of one alternative over another.
 Decision making
 After evaluation of transportation system and particular project,
implementing decisions are very important. Decision oriented planning 15
process depends very much on the type of decision making approaches.
1.1

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Classification
 Passenger transportation
 Freight transportation

Transportation system consists of

 Fixed facilities
 Physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitute
the network of links and nodes of transportation system.
 Flow entities
 Units that traverse the fixed facilities.
 Control system
 Vehicular control
 Refers to technological way in which vehicle are guided on the fixed facilities. It
may be manual or automatic.
 Flow control
 It consists of means that permit efficient and smooth operation of vehicle and
the reduction of conflict situation e.g. the traffic control system.
16
1.2 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND MODELING
 Model
 It is simplified representation of a part of real world, the
system of interest, which concentrates on certain element
considered for its analysis from a particular point of view.
 Model estimation
 It is the process by which numerical values of the
parameters of an assumed model are determined.
 Model Validation
 It refers to the testing of a calibrated model using
empirical data than those used to estimate the model in
the first place.
 It means to predict a situation from the past and to
compare this with actual situation in the present (back
casting). This is how scientific theories are tested,
modified or replaced. 17
1.4
 Classification of Models

Models

Physical Mathematical

Static Dynamic Static Dynamic

Numeric Analytic Numeric Analytic

System
Simulation
18
1.4

 Concept of Mathematical Model

Y=aXbZcWd
 Y is function of other three variables X,Z and W.
 Y is dependent variable.
 X,Z and W is independent variables.
 A,b and c are constants.

 Transportation Models
 Population Model
 Economic activity model
 Land Use Model
 Trip generation Model
 Trip distribution model
 Modal split modal
 Traffic assignment model
 Travel demand model
19
1.4

TRAVEL DEMAND MODEL

1. Trip generation
 This approach predicts the total trips that start and end in a
particular area of interest, the traffic analysis zone (TAZ),
based on factors such as the zone’s land use patterns;
number of residents and jobs; demographic factors;
transportation system features, such as number of roads,
quality of transit service, etc.; and the distance between two
zones.
2. Trip distribution
 This approach focuses on trips that are distributed between
pairs of zones, based on the distance between them.
3. Mode split
 This approach focuses on trips that are allocated among the
available travel modes.
4. Route assignment
 This approach focuses on trips that are assigned to specific
facilities included in the highway and transit transportation 20
networks.
TRIP GENERATION
 Relates the number of trips being produced from a
zone or site by time period to the land use and
demographic characteristics found at that location.
 Assumptions:
 Trip-making is a function of land use
 Trips are made for specific purposes
 Different trip types are made at different times of the day
 Travelers have options available to them
 Trips are made to minimize inconvenience
 System modeling is based on Traffic Analysis Zones and
networks
 Poisson model often used

21
TRIP GENERATION
 An example trip generation map:

TAZ (4) TAZ (2)

P=26,268 P=14,498
A=17,740 A=16,799
TAZ (5)
P=8,980
Suburbs City
A=23,696

TAZ (5) TAZ (3) CBD

P=33,255 P=13,461
A=18,190 A=19,774

Suburbs City

P = trips produced, A = trips attracted 22

TRIP DISTRIBUTION
 Connect trip origins and destinations estimated by the trip
generation models
 Different trip distribution models are developed for each of the
trip purposes for which trip generation has been estimated
 Most common model in practice is the "gravity model"
  c
 A j Fij K ij 
Tij  Pi   Fij  n
  A j Fij K ij  t
 all zones 
Tij = Number of trips produced in zone i and attracted to zone j
Pi = Number of trips produced by zone i
Aj = number of trips attracted by zone j
Fij = friction factor (the gravity part)
c is often 1 and n is often 2
t = travel time 23

Kij = socio economic adjustment (fudge) factor

GRAVITY MODELS
 Distribution of trips is:
 Proportional to the number of trips produced and attracted by each zone
 Inversely proportional to the separation between the origin and destination
zones
 Widespread use because of its simplicity, its reasonable accuracy
and support from the USDOT

24
MODE SPLIT
 Based on utility (level of attractiveness) of modes
 Logit model most commonly used

25
TRIP ASSIGNMENT
 Assigns trips to paths through the network
 Two most common methods
 All or nothing (shortest path) assignment
 Capacity restraint (incremental) assignment

26
27
SIMULATION TECHNIQUE AND THEIR
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO MODEL

 Development of Simulation Model

 Define the problem and the model objective
 Define the system to be studied
 Model Development
 Calibrate the model
 Model verification
 Model Validation
 Documentation

28
29
1.3. TRANSPORT RELATED PROBLEM IN CITIES

1. Traffic congestion
1. Increase roadways
1. New Roads
2. New Lanes
2. Control Passanger
1. High Occupancy Vehicle lanes (HOV lanes)
2. Carpooling
3. Fixed route transit
3. Reduce demand
1. Flexible time program
2. Lack of Mobility and Accessibility
1. Provide User friendly access to Quality transportation
service
1. Expand fixed route transit and para-transit services
2. Radio and TV traffic reports 30
3. Disconnected transportation modes
 Improve Inter-modality
 Construct Intermodal connections
4. Budgetary Constraints
 Use existing funding's sufficiently
 Leverage new funding source
 Existing funding and authorization and selection process.
5. Transportation following emergencies
 Improve disaster response plan
 Review and improve existing emergency plans
6. Crash injuries and facilities
 Improve safety
 Improve roadway geometry and sight distance.
 Grade separate crossing
 Drivers training
 Sobriety (alcohol) check points
 Install traffic signals
 Reduce speed limits
31
 Warning posts in problem areas
1.4 TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS: THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS
 It is a realization of a spatial network, describing a
structure which permits either vehicular movement or
flow of some commodity.
 Examples of transportation networks are land, sea
and air transportation networks which include roads,
street, railways, pipes etc.

32
 2 1
3 Modified Linear network
6 4 5
8
7
10 9
10
11
9
4
14 13 8
12
13
2

1
2 11
4 3 5 3 6
9

1 7
5 1 12
8
Branch network
6 33
7
Linear network
34
35