Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

Course Instructors:
Dr Syeda Sultana Razia
Dr Nafisa Islam

24th June, 2023

coefficient
LiquidphaserconcesoledBeen
transfer
-mass

3
mass transfer a concentration
gradiant
:. NAG (CA, -(A2)
=>
NA= K (CA-CA2) -

(i)

Already we have seen,

NA=DAB -his
how equ is and isdiffers?
But

where
equis is like,
q=hAT,
but
there is no presence of ,
equeis GA=
is like
K presence
of his seen there.

When the equipment is very eig

their is no
way of considering
collumn, in
These constants are found x, like distillation
Those cases, we consider the first
through empirical column. equation, which is similar to heat
transfer by convection.

1
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

are
↑Important Inter-phase Mass
Transfer
diffuiity
mum diffusivity
mentum
mass
diffusivity thermal
diffensivity

11
A
---

2
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

eddy form TE,

so, eddy stat because the nature of bounderies
But
rapidly move interphases turbulentlayer 2this it,
rather we'll see there a laminer region.
RERI Turbulent->

turbulent region
▪ turbulent flow of a gas past a liquid/solid
consia dering the
boundary (eg. a volatile liquid evaporates into
->gas
is flowing
flowing gas stream) past liquid.
y mass transfer
Ari 2E!
▪ CA2 at boundary; CA1 in the bulk of the flowing
fluid
(This gas is soluble in liquid)
semilar phenomenon ▪ Laminar sublayer, or boundary layer,
we saw on
heat adjacent to-the interface. (Mass transfer
rate high/low?)
Arcauster.
▪ In the main body/fully turbulent region ,

E
eddies moving rapidly from one position to
During mass transfer, the another, including the direction toward and
mass transfer rate is away Wfrom the boundary. (Mass transfer I
generally higher in the rate high/low?) Laminer sublayer
turbulent region compared to Hess mass transfer stient low
▪ Mass transfer in both the transition zone is seen here than the
resistance high ->

the laminar region. Turbulent and the fully turbulent region is relatively bulk situations similarly,
flow enhances mixing and rapid and contributes much less to the
in this duggish part,
high-masstransfer
low.
overall transport resistance than the resistance
increases the contact between
the fluid phases, leading to laminar sublayer 5

more efficient mass transfer. This statement means that during mass transfer, both the transition zone (where the flow
This is why processes transitions from laminar to turbulent) and the fully turbulent region (where the flow is
involving turbulent flow, such fully turbulent) exhibit fast mass transfer rates. However, compared to these regions, the
as industrial mixing, laminar sublayer (a thin layer close to the surface where the flow is laminar) contributes
chemical reactions, or heat more to the overall resistance against mass transfer. In simpler terms, while mass
transfer, often result in faster transfer is still occurring in the transition zone and turbulent region, the slower mass
mass transfer rates. transfer in the laminar sublayer has a more significant impact on the overall process.

Two-filmtoItTheory
states that diffusion is a steady
▪
mass transfer lies in two films
state
It states
massontransfer
-
that,process
diffusionand
both sides
lies in of
twothe
the resistance
is a steady state process and the resistance to
filminterface. It isof the interface. It is
of both sides
described by Fick's first law, described by Fick’s first law.

It helps us understand how molecules or particles move between

liquid and gas g
these phases. According to the two-film theory, there are two main
not
mass transfer type layers or films that control the mass transfer process.
similar zit!
necessarily
The first film is the "gas film". This film refers to the layer of gas
surrounding the liquid phase. It is responsible for transferring mass
𝐷𝐴𝐵
from the liquid phase to the𝑁gas𝐴 = phase
− or
𝐶 −vice
𝐶𝐴 versa. In this film, the
𝐿2 𝑖
concentration gradient of the substances being transferred drives the
mass transfer process. The second film is the "liquid film". This film
For
gas,
Do YOURSELF:
For ligs refers to the layer of liquid that is in contact with a solid surface or
interface. It acts as a barrier through which mass must pass. The
What is the liquid film controls the mass transfer by providing a pathway for the
correlation of k
1st substances to move between the liquid and gas phases. These films
and DFick's
? What is law
work together to facilitate the movement of substances between the
the Sh here?
two phases.

The gas film is responsible for the actual transfer of mass, while
the liquid film acts as a barrier that controls the overall process.
CA
PA
CA
3
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23
For NA KGCPA-PAi) Ke (CA-(Ai)
=
=

gases:
(CA-(Ai
again, NA=AAB (PA-PAi) LAB
=

ka = K ik DA
=
=
=
k
=

=
film thickness
p CRT
= =
=
c

Accumulation = In – Out + generation – consumption

Accumulation = In (conv) – Out (conv) + In (diff) – Out (diff) +(r)

Enitysitsi
𝜕 ~
𝑐 = ∇. 𝑗1 − ∇. (𝐯𝑐) + 𝑟1
𝜕 𝜕𝑡 1
𝑐 = ∇. 𝐷∇𝑐1 − ∇. (𝐯𝑐) + 𝑟1
𝜕𝑡 1

Assumptions: steady state is NOT achieved

• convection is negligible convection is
• Mass transfer is in z direction
• No reaction
negligible, only
diffesion

-
not 0,
cause
𝜕 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑐𝐴
𝑐 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧
state-𝜕𝑡 𝐴 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 O
steady
not acheived

"
𝜕𝑗𝐴 𝜕𝑗𝐴 𝜕𝑗𝐴
=− + + + 𝑟𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕𝑗𝐴
𝜕𝑡
=−
𝜕𝑧 mass sector reaction
𝜕𝑐AE A 𝐴𝐵 𝜕𝑐𝐴 )
=> -

𝐴
𝜕(−𝐷 𝜕𝑧
=−
A
𝜕𝑡
=>

𝜕𝑧 )
) DAB=
-
-

jA -
=

DAB
I𝜕𝑐𝐴 =DAB 𝜕 2𝑐𝐴
=>

𝜕𝑡
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵
𝜕𝑧 2
(t)
Fick'ssecond law

4
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

many
conditions:

7
t0
Allover they
=

▪ It states that diffusion is unsteady state process and the molecules of the solute are in CAFCAU ot

constant random motion, where clusters of these molecules arrive at the interface, remaining
-
there for a fixed period of time, and some of them penetrate while the rest mixes back into Ar3 y-and
the bulk of the phase. The process is described by Fick's second law with the boundary
conditions: Change 22 E!
A CA C;
=

y =0, + timew+3550
back a
Do YOURSELF:
5.5-
I interface
𝜕𝑐𝐴 𝜕 2𝑐𝐴 At t=0, concentration to to
= 𝐷𝐴𝐵 C;2E!
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 2 at all y, CA = Cao (can be 0) What is the correlation
contact time
of k and D ?

At all other t,
According to the penetration theory, when a substance from a gas phase encounters a solid or liquid
at y=0, CA = Ci
surface, it forms a thin layer or film of gas known
at y=∞, CA =asCthe stagnant gas film. This film acts as a barrier that
Ao= (can be 0)
the gas molecules must penetrate to transfer into the solid or liquid phase. Small t

Large t
The penetration theory suggests that the rate of mass transfer is determined by the resistance offered by
the stagnant gas film. The diffusion of the gas molecules through this film is the limiting step in the mass
transfer process. The thickness and composition of the gas film, as well as the properties of the substance
being transferred, influence the rate of mass transfer.

In simpler terms, the penetration theory states that when a substance from a gas phase wants to enter a
solid or liquid phase, it forms a gas film that acts as a barrier. The rate at which mass transfer occurs
depends on how easily the gas molecules can penetrate this film. The thickness and characteristics of the
gas film play a significant role in determining the rate of mass transfer.

INT to constant
it sits change 25!
▪ For the mass transfer in liquid phase,
▪ For the mass transfer in liquid
Danckwert (1951) phase,
modifiedDanckwert
the Higbie’s
(1951) modified the Higbie’s
penetration penetration
theory. theory.
He stated that Heof
a portion
New mass transfer surface generate 22!
the mass transfer surface is replaced with a
stated that a portion of the mass transfer surface is
new surface by the motion of eddies near the
replaced with a new surface
surface by thethe
and proposed motion of eddies
following Do YOURSELF: WHY?
near the surface andassumptions:
proposed the following
assumptions: ▪ 1) The liquid elements at the interface are
being randomly swapped by fresh elements
from bulk
▪ 1) The liquid elements at the interface are being
▪ 2) At any moment, each of the liquid elements
randomly swapped by fresh elements from bulk
at the surface has the same probability of
being substituted by fresh element
▪ 2) At any moment, each of the liquid elements at
~concentrationdifferencechangesareinthe
▪ 3) Unsteady state mass transfer takes place to
the surface has theansame probability
element ofatbeing
during its stay the interface.
substituted by fresh element Because of the concentration gradient between the two phases. Due to this, there is a driving force
for mass transfer to occur. The molecules at the interface move from an area of high concentration to

-
▪ 3) Unsteady state mass transfer takes place to an
element during its stay at the interface.
an area of low concentration, leading to the transfer of mass between the phases. This process of
mass transfer continues until equilibrium is reached, where the concentration of the element at the
interface becomes equal to that of the bulk phase. Therefore unsteady state mass transfer takes place
Do YOURSELF: WHY? unsteady -> rate of massover transfer to establish this equilibrium condition. Unsteady state mass transfer occurs at the interface because of
time. the concentration gradient between the bulk phase and the interface, which drives the movement of
changing molecules or particles from one phase to another.

Surface renewal theory is a concept used to explain mass transfer at a fluid interface, such as a liquid-gas interface. It is
based on the idea that the interface is constantly being renewed or refreshed due to the turbulent mixing in the bulk fluid.
5
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

Contd…

According to surface renewal theory, the interface between two phases experiences continuous disruption and reformation
due to the turbulent motion of the fluid. As a result, fresh and uncontaminated surface area is constantly exposed, which
facilitates mass transfer processes.

The theory suggests that theThe

rate of mass
Film transfer at the interface depends on the frequency and extent of these surface
Theory
renewals. When a fresh interface is created, the molecules or particles involved in mass transfer have an opportunity to
participate in the process, enhancing the overall efficiency.

Surface renewal theory is particularly applicable in cases where the bulk fluid motion is turbulent. Turbulence promotes
mixing, which in turn leads to more frequent and vigorous surface renewals, maximizing the opportunities for mass transfer
to occur.

The Penetration/Surface Renewal Theory

Summary:
K(CA-CA)
=

▪ The mass transfer theories are not especially successful

▪ Film thickness, fixed retention time or surface renewal rate are

unknowns transfer
Predict atie mass

3
▪ The penetration and surface-renewal theories do predict that mass 50 saut 5%
Diffusion coefficient -

transfer does vary with the square root of the diffusion coefficient, a buteight
other vary
consistent with many correlations However, neither the film theory
nor the surface renewal theory predicts how mass transfer varies with mass transfer 275, or predict
flow. 245 4Hi!

▪ Boundary layer theory and other theories have been developed to

include effect of flow

6
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

i) Film thickness?(Two film theory)

Which theory is it?
ii) contact time? (Penetration theory)
iii) surface resistancetime? (Surface renewal theory)

S
Henry’s Law coefficient can
have several different types of
unit.
?
𝑁1 = (𝑐1𝑖 − 𝑐1 )
?
I
10-mol/msec
NA 2.3 x
K- (i)
=

Film thickness, I =

Pcoz atm
10
=

We'll need the value of K

HCO2600 atm
=

Dcoz 1.9 x10 chise

=
Mass flex, 15

NA k(C1i-(1)
= -
(i)
1cm3 (0)
we'll need the value of Ci (1g
=

Total concentration

Pcoz Hao, x 2CO2

waters
weak
only considering
=

water here, as He has

=10 atm
600 atmy
enginegreaterone
=

8
=HC02X

i9.25 N04 movem

=0
=
=>

.. From equite
film formation cold,
k[9.25x154- 03
cause
=
23x10 gas to lig
2Tex, 155 5025

= mem x
H px9 0 ; BRT CTC GET
=
C02

concentration 0 215, or 55jE

9-

k (m/s
=> = => K 2.484x10-3cm/s
=

basically film length.

... From equ (i)

1 OS(n 0.00 e
=

x = p/H = c1i /c 1 = =

(i) contacttime to =

N1 = 2.3x10-6 mol/cm3
CANs)
From penetration theory,
c1i ?
c1= , k = ?,
2 to time ts
(Cai-ci)D = 1.9x10 (iii) surface resistance
=

= 1
=

WA2 =

-5 3 cm /sec
L =? from surface renewal theory,
23x186 2/*x[925x189- 0]
is xD vE
Alternative question type:
=
=>

c= cH20+cCO2 ~= cH20
=

Find contact time τo (which theory)

=

ES
I=3.91s Find fraction of surface renewed per unit16

=
=>

A
time s
I
=> =

want? We know, K
=
2
man sec
ts 3.08
25x
=

=>

2.484x10
=>
=

=>
Vmax=342
7
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

xAi or yAi is generally unknown. 𝑁𝐴 = −? 𝐶𝐴𝑖 − 𝐶𝐴

𝑁𝐴 =? 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐴𝑖

= 𝐾𝐺 (𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐴∗ ) 𝐷𝐴𝐵

𝑁𝐴 = − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐴
= 𝐾𝑦 (𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴∗ ) 𝐿2 𝑖
= 𝐾𝐿 (𝑐𝐴∗ − 𝑐𝐴 ) CAi
= 𝐾𝑥 (𝑥𝐴∗ − 𝑥𝐴 )

↑
Buk pAi interface

phase resistance -
liquid
gaseous phase resistance a :

Overall resistance

Bythatthe
it,
a => ky=ka;Gasfilm controls
it, 5* ik => k=K2, liquid film controls

Related to

E
overall mass
transfer coefficient
->
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑦 (𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴𝑖 ) = 𝐾𝑦 (𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴∗ )
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑥 (𝑥𝐴𝑖 − 𝑥𝐴 ) = 𝐾𝑥 (𝑥𝐴∗ − 𝑥𝐴 )

Related to overall
mass transfer coefficient

18

8
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

Kx, Ky

Ky
yAi

Ky Kx

overall data

E
USGE LLE 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑦 (𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴𝑖 ) = 𝐾𝑦 (𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴∗ )
eque data
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑥 (𝑥𝐴𝑖 − 𝑥𝐴 ) = 𝐾𝑥 (𝑥𝐴∗ − 𝑥𝐴 )
use at 20

rather than Only for liquid overal

data
interface

(pB)LM (pB)LM (pB)LM (cB)LM

(yB)LM

(cB)LM
(xB)LM (xB)LM
C

9
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

Egases -
For liquid

(PB) 1M
ka=kae k=

ka k() =

By'=ky M ky (is) im
= kn= kx(xB) (m kx(1 xA) Im
=
-

(CB) im
Ka KM
=
K
= -

2
4)
PT
For equimolar *
counter diffusion
for stagnant film.

P2-PI
Pim
pi)
=

[Link]
from conversion charts
App, Page 18

=*m
𝑘𝑦 ′
𝑘𝐺 ′ = =ky mPimx
=

𝑃
xe
=

29x153x8 22 8.314x317

=00012 Kyed/n DY

10
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

𝑘𝑦 ′

ko'to kyl k162x10kmol/mY-s-KPa

𝑘𝐺 ′ =
𝑃
Unit (hT2 KNTW
convent K is
actually ky
I so, usened to find the
ky, to use [is used to express ECD]
22
OT (WBWT ...
a=

the formula
nT(!
162x18-
=>
NA ky
=

(yi-yA)
1.64x10-3kmol/ns
=
ky
=>

NA ky (yi -yA)
=>
=

↓Bulk concentilation
Interface concentration
o

=>

NA= 1.64x183[0.707-0656]
8.39 x105 kmol/ms
=

-o -

isti,for,
For, equimolar counter diffusion,

NA ky (YAn-YAi)
=

NA kx(XAi-xAL)
=

For stagnant film,

ky (YAn-YA) B-(YAg-yAi)
ancras
NA=
(1 -YA)(m
=

kuCxAiteAn)
NA= A (XAG-2Ai)
=

(I-xA)LM

10
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23

GP, Page -

955

altlrainerin
⑧o

At first,
𝑘𝐺 ′ =
𝑘𝑦 ′
𝑃
Seamware 22

assuming (1 YA)im= 1
-

10.1,038)
(1 xA) im 1
- =
(Bulk concentration)
·

sope=ensim=0e =

-
1342
0.197
I

0.1834

Drawing this slope from pintersects the eque curve at M1.

gets XAi 0.247

equ
We =

sea;and YAi TT
curve rest are
concentration
YAi 0.183 they basically interface
=
are

0.2474.257
For the second trial,

D-YA)im=w() 8030)
=0e
=

Again, using xAi =0.257, yAi 0197

=

D-2A)im-ta)=a
0824
=

0.8203
(1 YA)im 0.709
-

1 162
gives slope
=

(1 -0.1)
11-xA)im =

same as the previous

1967x103 one.

sope-sim- interface, 2A, 0.297

0.829 =
-
1.163 :at
=

e
YAi 0.197
=

Drawing this slope from pintersects the eque curve at M.

The flux, NA=
(Ai-HAL)
(1 -2A)im
gets 0.257 for stagment
We 2Ai
=x105(0.257 0.
=
-

medium)
YAi 0.197
=

0.820

3.766x10-kmol/ms
=

10
Lecture - Particulate solids 03-Jul-23
GP, 362
Page

4.I

HAL (01) is in eqm with yA* 0.032

=>

⑧
YAL (0.38) is in eqm with 2A* = 0.25
0.38

We know, ⑧
0.197 A

yy x i)
yAi-YA*
-
+
=

imo
Goi
𝑘𝑦 ′

I
𝑘𝐺 ′ = =2.006x103 =0.05
𝑃
xky=
22

Kim3
·
2.398x18
=

-HAi-CALY
ky'
Ky =-

(1 -YA)*M work with the

our work is to

-yA)xm=a eginaon
coordinates of the point ESM
34

= resistance in the gas film

i)
484x180%55.7%
=
x100i.=558
e

iyA*
70052 0.92
-

4
=

m =

XAi-KAL %resistance film

in the big

From equ (i)

[kyresistanceinthepasttimien
-

vros-byoyo
=+
or Ky (YAa-YA*)
exion
Flux, NA=
overall mass transfer coefficient
=>

Fri it interface soit eac

point (n2z 8!
888x154 8x10(0.38-005
-4
= )
ky :NA
->

-
WA 3.78x18-4 kymolls
=

=>

10