T RIGON OM ET RY
Trigonometry is the study of triangle [Link] everywhere tri-
angles are hidden so trigonometry has wide range of applications.
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM AND PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES:
Pythagoras theorem is applicable on just right angle triangle.
i.e, (pythagoras theorem)
(hyp)2 = (base)2 + (perp)2
and drive trignometric rations from right angle triangle.
per base per
i.e, sin θ = hyp , cos θ = hyp , tan θ = base
but as we said earlier that we can apply trignometry almost everywhere but
it is not necessary that all triangles are right angle [Link],thats why
we generalized these trignometric ratios drive from right angle triangle with
the coordinates of a unit circle. i.e,
(x, y) ≡ (cos θ, sin θ)
where θ is angle between the positive x − axis and a line drawn from the
origin to a point (x, y) on the circle.
PYTHAGORIAN IDENTITIES: As we know that the equation of area of
the unit circle is,
x2 + y 2 = 1
and as we also know that x ≡ cos θ and y ≡ sin θ.So,subsituting in above
equation we get,
(cos θ)2 + (sin θ)2 = 1
dividing above equation with (cos θ)2 and then (sin θ)2 we will get two more
pythagoran identities.
1 + (tan θ)2 = (sec θ)2
1
and
(cot θ)2 + 1 = (csc θ)2
COMPLEMENT IDENTITIES: Did you notice that ”cosine” is basically
the complement of ”sine”. i.e,
sin θ = cos(90◦ − θ)
likewise,
sin θ = cos(90◦ − θ)
tan θ = cot(90◦ − θ)
COMPOUND ANGLES:
We can prove the following formula by using a geometry,but here just write
it.
sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
then sin(α − β) can be wriiten by just replacing β with −β in above for-
mula and then using the fact that cos is even function and sin is odd func-
[Link],we get
sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
by using complement identities,we have
cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
and
cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
we can drive other identities by using these,if put β = α in sin(α + β) we
get,
sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α
and now putting β = α in cos(α + β) we get another important identity, i.e,
cos 2α = (cos α)2 − (sin α)2
THERE IS NO GREATER SATISFACTION FOR A JUST AND WELL
MEANING PERSON THAN THE KNOWLEDGE THAT HE HAS DE-
VOTED HIS BEST ENERGIES TO THE SERVICE OF A GOOD CAUSE.
ALBERT EIN ST EIN
T HAN KY OU
