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CHAPTER

14 Statistics

Statistics

Measures of central Tendancy

Mean Median Mode

Methods to find mean, median, mode

Step
Deviation
method For
Direct For
Short cut ungroup
method Grouped
method deta data

Graphical
Reporesen-
tation
No Graphical Histogram
Represen- For
tation For
ungroup Grouped
Data data

Graphical
Represen-
ation
Ogive

Less than More

ogive than
ogive

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LIST OF FORMULES

1. Mean x

 xi x + x + ... + xn
(a) For raw data x = = 1 2
n n

sum of observations
i. e. x = no of observations

(b) For Grouped data

(i) If small calculation then we apply Direct method

 f i xi
x =  fi

(ii) If calculations are tedius or observations are large then we apply short cut/
Assumed Mean method or step Deviation method
Short cut/Assumed Mean Method

 fi di
x = a +  f i , a → assumed mean

di = xi – a
Step Deviation Method

Σf i ui di
x = a + Σf × h , ui = , h → class size
i h
2. Median
(a) For ungrouped data we first arrange data in ascending or descending order.
th
 n + 1
Count number of times say n. If n is odd then Median =   observation
 2 

th th
n n 
  +  + 1
It n is even then Median =  2  2  obsevation
2

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 (b) For grouped data
n 
 – cf 
Median = l +  2 ×h.
fi
( f1 – fo )
(3) Mode = l + 2 f – f – f × h (For grouped data)
( 1 o 2)
For ungrouped data mode is the most frequent observation.

NOTES:
1. Empirical relationship between three measures of central tendency:
mode = 3 median – 2 mean.
2. It class interval is discontinuous then make it continuous by subtracting 0.5 from
Lower Limit and adding 0.5 to upper limit.

Upper Limit + Lower Limit

3. xi = class mark =
2
4. h = class size = Upper Limit – Lower limit
5. Modal class → A class interval having maximum frequency.
6. Median class → A class interval is which cumulative frequency is greater then and
n
nearest to
2
( n = Σfi )
7. The median of a group data can be obtained graphically as the x coordinate of the
point of intersection of more than and less than ogive.
Y
More than
ogive

Less than ogive

X
Median

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8. It mean of x1, x2, ..... xn is x then
(a) Mean of kx1, kx2 ....., kxn is k x

x1 x2 xn x
(b) Mean of , ..... is
k k k k
(c) Mean of x1 + k, x2 + k, ......, xn + k is x + k
(d) Mean of x1 – k, x2 – k, ..... xn – k is x – k
9. It mean of n1 observation is x 1 and mean of n2 observation is x 2 then their combined
n1 x1  n2 x2
Mean = n1  n2
10. xi = n x
11. Range of given data is given by
Highest observation – Lowest observation
12. Graphical Representation of Mode is a Histogram

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE(I) QUESTIONS

1. What is the mean of first 12 prime numbers?
2. The mean of 20 numbers is 18. If 2 is added to each number, what is the new mean?
3. The mean of 5 observations 3, 5, 7, x and 11 is 7, find the value of x.
4. What is the median of first 5 natural numbers?
5. What is the value of x, if the median of the following data is 27.5?
24, 25, 26, x + 2, x + 3, 30, 33, 37
6. What is the mode of the observations 5, 7, 8, 5, 7, 6, 9, 5, 10, 6.
7. The mean and mode of a data are 24 and 12 respectively. Find the median.
8. Write the class mark of the class 19.5 – 29.5.
9. Multiple Choice Question
(i) If the class intervals of a frequency distribution are 1 – 10, 11 – 20, 21 – 30, ....., 51
– 60 then the size of even class is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 5.5
(ii) If the class intervals of a frequency distribution are 1 – 10, 11 – 20, 21 – 30 ...., 61
– 70, Then the upper limit of 21 – 30 is

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 (a) 21 (b) 30
(c) 30.5 (d) 20.5
(iii) Consider the frequency distribution.
Class 0–5 6 – 11 12 – 17 18 – 23 24 – 29
Frequency 13 10 15 8 11
The upper limit of median class is
(a) 17 (b) 17.5 (c) 18 (d) 18.5
(iv) Daily wages of a factory workers are recorded as:
Daily wages in ` 121 – 126 127 – 132 133– 138 139 – 144 145 – 150
No. of workers 5 27 20 18 12
The lower limit of Modal class is
(a) ` 127 (b) ` 126 (c) ` 126.5 (d) ` 133
(v) For the following distribution
Class 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25
Frequency 10 15 12 20 9
The sum of Lower limits of the median class and modal class is
(a) 15 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 35
10. Fill in the blank
(a) Mode = 3_________ – 2 _________
(b) An ogive curve is used to determine _________
(c) If the point of intersection of more than and less than ogiven is (20. 5, 30.7) then
the median is _________
(d) The mode of a frequency distribution is determined graphically by _________
(e) If the mode is 8 and mean is also 8 then median will be _________
(f) The measure of central tendency which cannot be determined graphically is
_________
(g) If the class marks of a continuous frequency distribution are 22, 30, 38, 46, 54, 62
then the class corresponding to class mark 46 is _________
(h) Construction of cumulative frequency distribution table is useful in determining
_________

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(i) The step deviation formula for finding mean is _________
(j) The formula to find median of grouped data is _________
(k) The formula to find mode of grouped data is _________
(l) The Range of the observations 255, 125, 130, 160, 185, 170, 103 is _________
1
(m) Class mark is (________ + ________)
2
(n) The median of Ist ten prime numbers is ________
(o) The assumed mean method to find mean is ________
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (I)
11. The mean of 11 observation is 50. If the mean of first Six observations is 49 and
that of last six observation is 52, then find sixth observation.
12. Find the mean of following distribution
x 12 16 20 24 28 32
f 5 7 8 5 3 2
13. Find the median of the following distribution
x 10 12 14 16 18 20
f 3 5 6 4 4 3
14. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution.
Class 0–5 5–10 10 –15 15–20 20–25 25–30
Frequency 2 7 18 10 8 5
15. Draw a ‘less than’ ogive of the following data
Marks No. of students
Less than 20 0
Less than 30 4
Less than 40 16
Less than 50 30
Less than 60 46
Less than 70 66
Less than 80 82
Less than 90 92
Less than 100 100

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16. Write the following data into less than cummulative frequency distribution table.
Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
No. of students 7 9 6 8 10
17. Find mode of the following frequency distribution.
Class Interval 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55
Frequency 25 34 50 42 38 14
(CBSE 2018 - 19)
18. What is the median of the following data? (CBSE 2011)
x 10 20 30 40 50
f 2 3 2 3 1
19. Mean of a frequency distribution ( x ) is 45. It Σ f i = 20 find Σ f i xi
(CBSE 2011)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (II)

20. If the mean of the following distribution is 54, find the value of P.
Class 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100
Frequency 7 P 10 9 13
21. Find the median of the following frequency distribution.
C.I. 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60
f 5 3 10 6 4 2
22. The median of following frequency distribution is 24 years. Find the missing
frequency x.
Age (In years) 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
No. of persons 5 25 x 18 7
23. Find the median of the following data.
Marks Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 below 50 Below 60
No. of student 0 12 20 28 33 40

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24. Draw a ‘more than type’ ogive of the following data
Weight (In kg.) 30–35 35–40 40–45 45–50 50–55 55–60
No. of Students 2 4 10 15 6 3
25. Find the mode of the following data.
Height (In cm) Above 30 Above 40 Above 50 Above 60 Above 70 Above 80
No. of plants 34 30 27 19 8 2
26. The following table represent marks obtained by 100 students in a test.
Marks obtained 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55 55 – 60 60 – 65
No. of students 14 16 28 23 18 8 3

Find mean marks of the students. (CBSE 2018 -19)

27. The following table represent pocket allowance of children of a colony. The
mean pocket allowance is ` 18. Find missing frequency.
Daily pocket 11 – 13 13 – 15 15 – 17 17 – 19 19 – 21 21 – 23 23 – 25
allowance
No. of children 3 6 9 13 k 5 4
(CBSE – 2018)
28. Find mode of the following frequency distribution.
Class Interval 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100
No. of Students 15 18 21 29 17
The mean of above distribution is 53. Use Empirical formula to find approximate
value of median.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

29. The mean of the following data is 53, Find the values of f1 and f2.
C.I 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 Total
f 15 f1 21 f2 17 100
30. If the median of the distribution given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y.
C.I 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 Total
f 5 8 x 15 y 5 60

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31. The median of the following distribution is 35, find the values of a and b.
C.I 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 Total
f 10 20 a 40 b 25 15 170
32. Find the mean, median and mode of the following data
C.I 11–15 16–20 21–25 26–30 31–35 36–40 41–45 46–50
f 2 3 6 7 14 12 4 2
33. The rainfall recorded in a city for 60 days is given in the following table.
Raifall (In cm) 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60
No. of Days 16 10 8 15 5 6
Calulate the median rainfall using a more than type ogive.
34. Find the mean of the following distribution by step- deviation method
Daily Expenditure 100–150 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350
(in `)
No. of Households 4 5 12 2 2
35. The distribution given below show the marks of 100 students of a class.
Marks No. of students
0–5 4
5–10 6
10–15 10
15–20 10
20–25 25
25–30 22
30–35 18
35–40 5
Draw a less than type and a more than type ogive from the given data. Hence
obtain the median marks from the graph.
36. The annual profit earned by 30 factories in an industrial area is given below.
Draw both ogives for the data and hence find the median.

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 ` in lakh)
Profit (` No. of Factories
More than or equal to 5 30
More than or equal to 10 28
More than or equal to 15 16
More than or equal to 20 14
More than or equal to 25 10
More than or equal to 30 7
More than or equal to 35 3
More than or equal to 40 0
37. Convert the following distribution into ‘Less than’ and then draw its ogive
(CBSE 2018 -19)
Class Interval 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90 90 – 100
Frequency 7 5 8 10 6 6 8
38. If mean of the given distribution is 65.6 find the mining frequency. (CBSE 2017)
Class Interval 10 – 30 30 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 90 90 – 110 110 – 130 Total
Frequency 5 8 f1 20 f2 2 50

ANSWERS AND HINTS

1. 16.4 approx. 2. 20
3. 9 4. 3
5. x = 25 6. 5
7. Median = 20 8. 24.5
9. (i) B First make intervals continuous, Then find class size
(ii) C
(iii) C
(iv)C (Make continuous intervals Max. frequency is 27)

 Modal class 15 − 20
(v) B 
 Median class 10 − 15

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10. (a) 3 Median – 2 mean (b) Median
(c) 20.5 (d) Histogram
(e) 8 (f) Mean
(g) 42 – 50 (as difference b/w 2 consecutive observation is 8
8 8
∴ Subtract form 46 for Lower Limit, Add to 46 for upper Limit)
2 2
Σ f i ui
(h) Median (i) x = a + Σf × h
i

n 
 2 – Cf 0  ( f1 − fo )
(j) Median = l +  ×h (k) Mode = l + (2 f − f − f ) × h
 f1 
1 o 2
 
1
(l) Range = 255 – 103 = 152 (m) (upper limit + Lower limit)
2
Σf i d i
(o) x = a + Σf
i

11. 56 12. 20
13. 14.8 14. 12.89 approx.
16. Marks No. of students
less than 10 7
less than 20 16
less than 30 22
less than 40 30
less than 50 40
17. Class Interval Frequency
25 – 30 25
30 – 35 34 f0
35 – 40 50 f1
40 – 45 42 f2
45 – 50 38
50 – 55 14
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 ( f1 – f0 ) × h = 35 +
( 50 – 34 ) × 5 16 × 5
Mode = l +
( 2 f1 – f0 – f 2 ) (100 – 34 – 42 ) = 35 +
24
= 35 + 3.33 = 38.33
18. xi fi Cfi
10 2 2
20 3 5
30 2 7
40 3 10
50 1 11
Total 11
N = 11 (odd)
th
 N + 1
Median =   observation = 6th observation = 30
 2 
Σfi xi Σfi xi
19. x = Σf  45 = 20 Σfi xi = 900
i

20. 11 21. 27
22. 10 23. 30
25. 63.75 cm
26. Mark xi di ui fi fiui
30 – 35 32.5 – 15 –3 14 – 42
35 – 40 37.5 – 10 –2 16 – 32
40 – 45 42.5 –5 –1 28 – 28
45 – 50 47.5 = a 0 0 23 0
50 – 55 52.5 5 1 18 18
55 – 60 57.5 10 2 8 16
60 – 65 62.5 15 3 3 9
110 –59

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 Σfiui 59
x = a + Σfi × h = 47.5 – × 5 = 47.5 – 2.68 = 44.82
110
27. (Make Table just like Q 26)
Σfiui
x = a + Σfi × h

( k – 8) × 2
18 = 18 +
40 + k
2k – 16 = 0
k=8
( f1 – f0 )
Mole = l + 2 f – f – f × h
28.
( 1 0 2)
( 29 – 21)
= 60 + 2 × 29 – 21 – 17 × 20 = 68
( )
Mode = 3 Median – 2 mean
68 = 3 Median – 2 × 53
68 × 106
= Median
3
Median = 54
29. f1 = 18, f2 = 29 30. x = 20, y = 7
31. a = 35, b = 25
32. Mean = 32.4, median = 33, mode = 34.39 approx.
33. Median = 25 cm 34. Mean = 211
35. Median = 24 36. Median = ` 17.5 lakhs.
37. Less than f Cf
Less than 40 7 7
Less than 50 5 12
Less than 60 8 20
Less than 70 10 30

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 Less than 80 6 36
Less than 90 6 42
Less than 100 8 50
Plot (40,7), (50, 12), (60, 20), (70, 30) (80, 36), (90, 42), (100, 50)
Join free hand to get ogive.
38. C.I fi xi fixi

10 – 30 5 20 100

30 – 50 8 40 320

50 – 70 f1 60 60f1

70 – 90 20 80 1600

90 – 110 f2 100 100f2

110 – 130 2 120 240
35 + f1 + f2 2260 + 60 f1 + 100 f2

35 + f1 + f2 = 50 ⇒ f1 + f2 = 15 (1)

Σfixi
x = Σfi

2260 + 60 f1 + 100 f 2
65.6 =
50

⇒ 3 f1 + 5f2 = 51 (2)
Solve (1) & (2) f1 = 12, f2 = 3
rrr

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 PRACTICE-TEST
Statistics
Time : 1 Hr. M.M. : 20
SECTION-A
1. What is the class mark of a class a – b . 1
2. Find the mean of all the even numbers between 11 and 21. 1
3. An ogive curve is used to detemine 1
(a) Range (b) Mean (c) Mode (d) Median
4. State True/False 1
Mean can be determined graphically
SECTION-B
5. The mean of 50 observations is 20. If each observation is multiplied by 3, then
what will be the new mean? 2
6. The mean of 10 observations is 15.3. If two observations 6 and 9 are replaced
by 8 and 14 respectively. Find the new mean. 2
7. Write the modal class for the following frequency distribution 2
Classes 1–4 5–8 9 – 12 13 – 16 17 – 20 21 – 24
frequency 8 9 1 12 8 9

SECTION-C
8. Find the mean: 3
Marks less than 20 less than 40 less than 60 less than 80 less than 100
No. of Students 4 10 28 36 50
9. Find the value of x if the mode is given to be 58 years. 3
Age (in years) 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
No. of patients 5 13 x 20 18 19

SECTION-D
10. The mean of the following frequency distribution is 57.6 and the number of
observations is 50. Find the missing frequencies f1 & f2. 4

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 Class Interval 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120
frequency 7 f1 12 f2 8 5
OR
Following is the age distribution of cardiac patients admitted during a month in a
hospital:
Age (in years) 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
No. of patients 2 8 15 12 10 5
Draw a ‘less than type’ and ‘more than type’ ogives and from the curves, find the
median.
ppp

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