EXPERIMENT NO:05
Experiment 5: Study of GVF profiles
Aim: Study of GVF profiles
Theory:
A steady non-uniform flow in a pris1matic channel with gradual changes in its watersurface
elevation is named as gradually-varied flow (GVF). The backwater produced by a dam or
weir across a river and drawdown produced at a sudden drop in a channel are few typical
examples of GVF. In a GVF, the velocity varies along the channel and consequently the bed
slope, water surface slope, and energy line slope will all differ from each other. Regions of
high curvature are excluded in the analysis of this flow.
Limitations of Gradually Varied Flow equation:
1. Steady State Flow
.asisiitiil))}y 2. One Dimensional (can only calculate average cross sectional water
velocity)
Gradually-varied flow (GVE)
1. The flow is a steady non-uniform flow
constant hydraulics characteristics with time interval
>The depth varies along the length of the channel
2: The streamlines are parallel
section
Hydrostatic pressure distribution prevails over the channel
3The velocity varies along the channel-
line slope will differ each other.
> The bed slope, water surface slope, and energy
The fiction loss over the bed has significance
4. Examples of GVF
river
>The backwater produced by a dam or weir
across a
channel
Drawdown produced at a sudden drop in
a
Basic Assumptions
which include the following 6 major issues -
There are two basic assumptions of GVF,
Slowly changing of bottom slope
Slowly changing of water depth (No hydraulic jump)
Slowly changing in cross section
One-dimensional velocity distribution
Pressure distribution is approximately hydrostatic
with uniform flow equations (for instance
The flow resistance possible compute
consideration with energy slope not bed slope
manning's )with the Se is given by
GVF the of at any section is y, the energy line slope
depth
Thus, if a
sR
and the energy equations with bottom friction losses
The flow satisfies the continuity
included
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where x is
T h e two varied and unknown variables are velocity V(x) and Depth y(x),
distance along the channel
Classification of Flow Surface Profiles
Manning coefficient, and S0 =Channel
For a given channel with a known Q= Discharge,
=
n
There are
bed slope. yc critical
=
water depth y0
and Uniform flow depth can be computed.
three possible relations between y0 and yc as
1) y0>yc.2) y0 <ye.3)y0=yc. not
flow depth y0 does
For horizontal (S0 0), and adverse slope ( S0<0) channels, uniform
=
exist. Since
Horizontal channel, S0 =0>Q=0, - Adverse channel, S0 <0,Q cannot be computed,
Based on the information given above, the channels are classified into five categories as
indicated in Table (1).
Table 1. Classification of channels
Number Channel Symbol Characteristic Remark
Channel category condition
Mild slope M y0ye Subcritical flow at
normal depth
Supercritical flow at
Steep slope yc>y0
normal
Critical slope ye=y0 Critical flow at normal
depth
S0 = 0 Cannot sustain uniform
4 Horizontal H
bed flow
Adverse slope S0 <0 Cannot sustain uniform
flow
For each of the five categories of channels, lines representing the critical depth (yc ) and
normal depth (y0 ) (if it exists) can be drawn in the longitudinal section. These would
divide the whole flow space into three regions as:
Region 1:Space above the topmost line, P
Region 2: Space between top line and the next lower line,
Region 3: Space between the second line and the bed
Figure below shows these regions in the various categories of channels.
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-Regon Q. ***.. Regen
-ND
CDL
..CIIL -
Mild slupe NDL
Sterpsiope
S, ve
(ii)
Region
A CDI Repwm) CDL
NDI
Critical slope
* y= +ve Horizontal hed
S-0
(ii) (iv)
CDL
Repion .--.**
CDL = Critical depth line
-
NDL =
Normal depth l1ne
S-ve
Adverse slope
() (1)
Figure Regions of flow profiles
Depending upon the channel category and region of flow, the water surface profiles
will have characteristics shapes. Whether a given GVF
profile will have an increasing
or decreasing water depth in the direction of flow will depend upon the term
Equ. (5.8) being positive or negative. dy/dx in
1-F
For a given Q, n, and So at a channel,
yo =Uniform flow depth,
yc = Critical flow depth,
y Non-uniform flow depth.
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The depth y is measured vertically from the channel bottom; the slope of the water
surface dy/dx is relative to this channel bottom. The Fig. below is basic to the
prediction of surface profiles from analysis of Equ. (5.8).
cAPphannerol acbhotinomg Vertical
dyldr
dyld= 8,
dyldx 0 Horizontal
Diverging from -dy/dx =0
channel bottom
dbyds >o Parallelbottom
to
channel
777777777S R
7mmmmmmm
Table 2 Gradually Varied Flow profiles
Channel Region Condition Type
yyoye M
Mild slope yoy>ye M2
Yo yey
yycyo S
Steep slope yey>yo S2
3
Yyoy S3
yyoy2 C1
Critical slope
y<yoyYe C3
Horizontal bed 2 y> ye H2
3
Adverse slope
y<yc H3
3
yye A
yy. As
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Sleep Slope Critical Slop8 Mid Slope Horizontal Slope
Adverse Slope
Mild Reach (y,>y) Steep Reach (y,>y)
Zone 1
*********isat
Zone 1
Zone2 Normat Depth Zone 2 Critical Depth
--- Critical Depth *************~*
Zone 3
Zone 3 Normal Depth
M1 Profile
$1 Profile
Normal Depth
****
*.*********.
Critical Depth
Critical Depth. *av*****
Normal Depth..
M2 Profile
*** $2 Profile
****** ******
Normal Depth
****esmyas*ywami
Critical Depth.
Critical Depth. Normal Depeth
M3 Profile
*t
$3 Profilee
Norma Depth
Critical Depth.
--_CriticalDepth
Normal Depth
Computation of GVF
The major activities of hydraulic engineers in free-surface flow involve in the
of GVF profiles
computation
mm
Determination of the effect of a hydraulic structure on the flow pattern in the
channels
ii. Inundation of lands due to a dam or weir construction
ii. Estimation of flood zone
Historically it is a topic for the last 150 years
The various available procedures for computing GVF profiles can be classi fied as
i. Direct integration (mainly use for academic interest)
. Numerical method (only to solve practical problems in natural channels)
iii. Graphical method (obsolete)
Summary of GVF Computation
I t is mainly/ practically use in Backwater effect of a dam
Remember the basic assumptions of GVF Computation
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o Steady flow
o
Gradually Varied water surface (Hydrostatic pressure distribution)
o One-dimensional analysis
o Small channel slope
o Rigid boundary Constant (averaged) friction slope between adjacent sections
Basic Data requirement
o Complete cross-sectional properties
o Discharge that selected for 5-year, 25-year, or 100-year flood analysis obtained from the
hydrological analysis
o Channel roughness coefficient
o The termination depth of the computations
Major sections of the procedure
o Set up the model with existing condition
o Calibrate and validate
Result/Conclusion: Study on gradually varied flow is carried out.
Discussion Questions
1What is gradually varied flow?
AGPT
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