Sindh

Sindh (/ˈsɪnd/ SIND; Sindhi: ‎‫ ;ِس ْن ڌ‬Urdu: ‫ِس ْندھ‬, pronounced [sɪndʱə]; abbr. SD, historically romanized as
Sind) is a province of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-
largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province by population after
Punjab. It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan to the west and north-west and
Punjab to the north. It shares an International border with the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan
to the east; it is also bounded by the Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of
alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar Desert of Sindh in the eastern portion of the
province along the international border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western portion
of the province.

The economy of Sindh is the second largest in Pakistan after the province of Punjab; its provincial
capital Karachi is the most populous city in the country as well as its main financial hub. Sindh is
home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector and contains two of the country's busiest
commercial seaports: Port Qasim and the Port of Karachi. The remainder of Sindh consists of an
agriculture-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and vegetables for other parts of
the country.[7][8][9]

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (transl. 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the
first regions of the Indian subcontinent to fall under Islamic rule.[10][11] The province is well known
for its distinct culture, which is strongly influenced by Sufist Islam, an important marker of Sindhi
identity for both Hindus and Muslims.[12] Sindh is prominent for its history during the Bronze Age
under the Indus Valley civilization, and is home to two UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the
Makli Necropolis and Mohenjo-daro.[13]

Etymology

The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BCE under the command of Alexander the Great referred to
the Indus River as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of
the river Indus as hind.[14][15] The word Sindh is a Persian derivative of the Sanskrit term Sindhu,
meaning "river," a reference to the Indus River.[16]

Southworth suggests that the name Sindhu is in turn derived from Cintu, a Dravidian word for date
palm, a tree commonly found in Sindh.[17][18]
The previous spelling Sind (from the Perso-Arabic
Sindh
‫ )سند‬was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment
‫سنڌ · سندھ‬‎
passed in the Sindh Assembly.[19]
Province

History Province of Sindh

Ancient era

Mohenjo-daro

Mazar-e-Quaid

The "Priest King" The Pashupati seal

sculpture is carved
from steatite.
Ayub Bridge Shrine of Bhittai

Ranikot Fort Mohenjo-daro

The Dancing Excavated ruins of the Great Bath at

Girl of Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-
daro

Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of

the Indus Valley Civilization. There are remnants
of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a Shah Jahan Mosque
notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo
Daro. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the
largest settlements of the ancient Indus
civilization, with features such as standardized
bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage Flag
systems. [20][21]
It was one of the world's earliest Seal

major cities, contemporaneous with the Etymology: Sind

civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Nickname(s): Mehran (Gateway), Bab-ul-Islam
Minoan Crete, and Caral-Supe. Mohenjo-daro was (Gateway of Islam)

abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus

Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not
rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant
excavation has since been conducted at the site
of the city, which was designated a UNESCO
World Heritage Site in 1980.[22] The site is
currently threatened by erosion and improper
restoration.[23] A gradual drying of the region
Location of Sindh in Pakistan
during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the
initial stimulus for its urbanisation.[24] Eventually Coordinates: 26°21′N 68°51′E (https://geohac
k.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sind
it also reduced the water supply enough to cause h&params=26_21_N_68_51_E_region:PK_type:
the civilisation's demise and to disperse its city(55696147))

population to the east.[b] Country Pakistan

During the Bronze Age, the territory of Sindh was Established 1 July 1972

known as Sindhu-Sauvīra, covering the lower Before was Part of West Pakistan
Indus Valley,[25] with its southern border being the Capital Karachi
Indian Ocean and its northern border being the and largest city

Pañjāb around Multān.[26] The capital of Sindhu- Administrative 06 [hide]

Divisions Hyderabad Division
Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or
Karachi Division
Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval Larkana Division
Arohṛ and the modern-day Rohṛī.[26][27][28] The Mirpur Khas
Division
Achaemenids conquered the region and Sukkur Division
established the satrapy of Hindush. The territory Shaheed
Benazirabad
may have corresponded to the area covering the Division
lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh
Government
and the southern Punjab regions of Pakistan).[29]
• Type Self-governing
Alternatively, some authors consider that Hindush province subject to
may have been located in the Punjab area.[30] the federal
government
These areas remained under Persian control until
the invasion by Alexander.[31] • Body Government of Sindh

• Governor Kamran Tessori

Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab
• Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah
for few years and appointed his general Peithon
as governor. He constructed a harbour at the city • Chief Secretary Dr Fakhre Alam (BPS-
22 PAS)
of Patala in Sindh.[32][33] Chandragupta Maurya • Legislature Provincial Assembly
fought Alexander's successor in the east, • High Court Sindh High Court
Seleucus I Nicator, when the latter invaded. In a
Area
peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west
of the Indus River and offered a marriage, • Total 140,914 km2
(54,407 sq mi)
including a portion of Bactria, while Chandragupta
• Rank 3rd
granted Seleucus 500 elephants.[34]
Elevation 173 m (568 ft)
Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended
Population (2023 census)[1]
by 180 BCE, the region came under the Indo-
Greeks, followed by the Indo Scythians, who ruled • Total 55,696,147

with their capital at Minnagara.[35] Later on, • Rank 2nd

Sasanian rulers from the reign of Shapur I • Density 395/km2
claimed control of the Sindh area in their (1,020/sq mi)

inscriptions, known as Hind.[36][37] Demonym Sindhi

GDP (nominal)
The local Rai dynasty emerged from Sindh and
reigned for a period of 144 years, concurrent with • Total $86 billion (2nd)[a]
the Huna invasions of North India.[38] Aror was • Per Capita $1,997 (3rd)
[38][39]
noted to be the capital. The Brahmin
GDP (PPP)
dynasty of Sindh succeeded the Rai
• Total $345 billion (2nd)[a]
dynasty.[40][41][42][43] Most of the information
about its existence comes from the Chach Nama, • Per Capita $7,209 (3rd)

a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin Time zone UTC+05:00 (PKT)

dynasty.[44] After the empire's fall in 712, though
ISO 3166 code PK-SD
the empire had ended, its dynasty's members
Languages Official:
administered parts of Sindh under the Umayyad English, Sindhi,
[45] Urdu
Caliphate's Caliphal province of Sind.
Others:
Pashto, Punjabi,
Saraiki, Balochi,
Medieval era Hindko

Notable sports Sindh cricket team

After the death of the Islamic prophet teams Karachi Kings
Muhammad, the Arab expansion towards the east Karachi United
Hyderabad Hawks
reached the Sindh region beyond Persia.[46] The Karachi Dolphins
connection between the Sindh and Islam was Karachi Zebras
established by the initial Muslim invasions during HDI (2021) 0.517 [4]

the Rashidun Caliphate. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al- Low

Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 CE, Literacy rate (2020) 61.8%
was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib.[47] Seats in National 75
During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh Assembly

had come under the influence of Shi'ism[48] and Seats in Provincial 168[5]
some even participated in the Battle of Camel and Assembly

died fighting for Ali.[47] Under the Umayyads Divisions 7

(661–750 CE), many Shias sought asylum in the Districts 30
region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the
Tehsils 138
remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those
Union Councils 1108[6]
refugees.[49] The first clash with the Hindu kings
of Sindh took place in 636 (15 A.H.) under Caliph Website sindh.gov.pk (http://w
ww.sindh.gov.pk)
Umar ibn al-Khattab with the governor of Bahrain,
Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas, dispatching naval
This article contains Sindhi text,
expeditions against Thane and Bharuch and Debal.[50] written from right to left with some
Al-Baladhuri states they were victorious at Debal but letters joined. Without proper
rendering support, you may see
doesn't mention the results of other two raids. unjoined letters or other symbols
However, the Chach Nama states that the raid of Debal instead of Sindhi script.

was defeated and its governor killed the leader of the This article contains Urdu text.

raids.[51] These raids were thought to be triggered by a Without proper rendering support,
you may see unjoined letters running
later pirate attack on Umayyad ships.[52] Baladhuri left to right or other symbols instead
adds that this stopped any more incursions until the of Urdu script.

reign of Uthman.[53]

In 712, Mohammed Bin Qasim defeated the Brahmin dynasty and annexed it to the Umayyad
Caliphate. This marked the beginning of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. The Habbari dynasty ruled
much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of
'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from the Abbasid
Caliphate in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in
Baghdad.[54][55] The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in
1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the
Ghaznavid Empire, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.[56][57]

The Soomra dynasty was a local Sindhi Muslim dynasty that ruled between early 11th century and
the 14th century.[58][59][60] Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c.
late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument
of Hafif being the last Habbarid.[61] The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a
regional power in this power vacuum.[61][62] The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of
Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomrus.[61] The precise delineations
are not yet known but Sommrus were probably centered in lower Sindh.[61] Some of them were
adherents of Isma'ilism.[62] One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish, the
Sultan of Delhi, and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.[63]

Makli Necropolis

The Makli Necropolis at Thatta is one of the

largest funerary sites in the world.[64]

The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and established the Sindh Sultanate. The last
Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat, under the protection of Muhammad bin
Tughluq, the sultan of Delhi.[65][66][67] Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in
1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas
became independent. The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367,
unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a
period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed
they became fully independent.[68] Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by Ibn
Battuta.[68] The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the Indo-Islamic
architectural style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the Makli
Hill.[69] It has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the Makli Necropolis of its
royals in Thatta.[70][71] They were later overthrown by the Turkic Arghuns in the late 15th
century.[72][73]
Modern era

Elaborately illustrated map of the

Thatta Subah of the Mughal Empire,
commissioned by Jean Baptiste
Joseph Gentil, ca.1770

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the
Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh.[74][75] Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta
was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous
Kalhora dynasty holding power, consolidating their rule from their capital of Khudabad, before
shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[76][77][78]

The Talpurs succeeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established.[79] One
ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of
Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando
Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch,[80] and for most of their rule, they were subordinate
to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.[81][82]

They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the British at the Battle of
Miani and Battle of Dubbo.[83] The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however,
continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur,[80]
whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region,
before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955.
British Raj

Sindh became part of the

Bombay Presidency in 1909.

The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the
Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin).[84] The
British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh
as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate
infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.[85] The British
incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency. Distance from
the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts
of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but
was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and
Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.[85]

Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian
National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the
Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of
Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful
Bombay's business interests.[85] Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the
growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement.[86] A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants
of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the
protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline
in their following.[87] The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh.[88] Sindh came
to be at the forefront of the Khilafat Movement.[89]

Although Sindh had a cleaner record of communal harmony than other parts of India, the province's
Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay
Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified
'Hindu' with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of
Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the
separation of Sindh from Bombay.[85] Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism,
communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong Sufi culture in which both Sindhi Muslims
and Sindhi Hindus partook,[90] both the Muslim landed elite, waderas, and the Hindu commercial
elements, banias, collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who
were economically exploited.[91] Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from
the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.[88][92][93]

In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were
an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues.[94] Due to British policies,
much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.[95] Religious
tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an
abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited
the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand
members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored
the mosque to Muslims.[94] The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi
Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West
Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to
Jinnah.[96] Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G. M. Syed left the All India Muslim
League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming
majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.[86]
Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business
class to drive out their Hindu competitors.[97] The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with
the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir
families.[98] Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh,
when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,[98] the Muslim League's cultivation of support
from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province,[99] it didn't take long for the
overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.[100][101]
Partition (1947)

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab.
There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of
religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in
its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than
persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated
between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi
Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.[102]

Demographics

Demographic Indicators
Population
Urban population 53.97%

Rural population 46.03% Sindh has the Population history

Population growth rate 2.57% second highest
Year Pop. ±%
Gender ratio (male per 100 female) 108.76[103] Human
1891 2,875,100 —
Economically active population 22.75% (Old Data)
Development
Index out of all of 1901 3,410,223 +18.6%

Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.[109] The 2023 Census of Pakistan 1911 3,737,223 +9.6%
indicated a population of 55.7 million. 1921 3,472,508 −7.1%
1931 4,114,253 +18.5%
1941 4,840,795 +17.7%
Religion
1951 6,047,748 +24.9%
1961 8,367,065 +38.4%
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1972 14,155,909 +69.2%

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dilos:redrob"=elyts vid<

dilos:redrob"=elyts vid<

1981 19,028,666 +34.4%

1998 29,991,161 +57.6%
2017 47,854,510 +59.6%
2023 55,696,147 +16.4%
Source: Census in Pakistan, Census of
British Raj[104]: 7 [c][d][e][f][g]

Religion in Sindh according

to 2023 census
Islam (90%)
Hinduism (8.8%)
Christianity (0.98%)
 Ahmaddiya (0.03%)
Sikhism (0.01%)
Zoroastrianism (<0.01%)
Other (0.07%)

Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712
CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas.
Today, Muslims make up 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas.
Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi
poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend that highlights
the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill
near Thatta.[110] The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in
other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) – Qadria and
Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.[111] Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily
lives of Sindhis.[112]

In 1941, the last census conducted prior to the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was
4,840,795 out of which 3,462,015 (71.5%) were Muslims, 1,279,530 (26.4%) were Hindus and the
remaining were Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.[104]: 28 [113]

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindus overall, accounting for 8.8% of the
population, roughly around 4.9 million people,[114] and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per
2023 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which
stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),[115] and is believed to have been under-
reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.[116]
Although, Pakistan Hindu Council claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province
covering around 14.29% of the region's population.[117] Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is
Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual
festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.[118] Sindh is also the only
province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.[119]

Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.[120]

Religion in Sindh (1901−1931)

[108][g] [107][f] [106][e] [105][d]

Religious 1901 1911 1921 1931

group Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %

Islam 2,609,337 76.52% 2,822,756 75.53% 2,562,700 73.8% 3,017,377 73.34%

Hinduism 787,683 23.1% 877,313 23.47% 876,629 25.24% 1,055,119 25.65%

Christianity 7,825 0.23% 10,917 0.29% 11,734 0.34% 15,152 0.37%

Zoroastrianism 2,000 0.06% 2,411 0.06% 2,913 0.08% 3,537 0.09%

Jainism 921 0.03% 1,349 0.04% 1,534 0.04% 1,144 0.03%

Judaism 428 0.01% 595 0.02% 671 0.02% 985 0.02%

Buddhism 0 0% 21 0.001% 41 0.001% 53 0.001%

[h]
Sikhism — — 12,339 0.33% 8,036 0.23% 19,172 0.47%

Tribal[h] — — 9,224 0.25% 8,186 0.24% 204 0%

Others 2,029 0.06% 298 0.01% 64 0.002% 1,510 0.04%

Total Population 3,410,223 100% 3,737,223 100% 3,472,508 100% 4,114,253 100%

Religion in Sindh (1941−2023)

[104]: 28 [c] [121]: 22–26 [i] [122] [123][114] [124][125]

Religious 1941 1951 1998 2017 2023

group Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %

Islam 3,462,015 71.52% 5,535,645 91.53% 27,796,814 91.32% 43,234,107 90.34% 50,126,428 90.09%

Hinduism 1,279,530 26.43% 482,560 7.98% 2,280,842 7.49% 4,176,986 8.73% 4,901,407 8.81%

Tribal 37,598 0.78% — — — — — — — —

Sikhism 32,627 0.67% — — — — — — 5,182 0.01%

Christianity 20,304 0.42% 22,601 0.37% 294,885 0.97% 408,301 0.85% 546,968 0.98%

Zoroastrianism
3,841 0.08% 5,046 0.08% — — — — 1,763 0.003%

Jainism 3,687 0.08% — — — — — — — —

Judaism 1,082 0.02% — — — — — — — —

Buddhism 111 0.002% 670 0.01% — — — — — —

Ahmadiyya — — — — 43,524 0.14% 21,661 0.05% 18,266 0.03%

Others 0 0% 1,226 0.02% 23,828 0.08% 13,455 0.03% 38,395 0.07%

Total Population 4,840,795 100% 6,047,748 100% 30,439,893 100% 47,854,510 100% 55,638,409 100%

Languages
 Languages of Sindh (2023)
Sindhi (60.14%)
Urdu (22.3%)
Pashto (5.31%)
Punjabi (4.07%)
Balochi (2.17%)
Saraiki (1.64%)
Hindko (1.49%)
Others (2.88%)

According to the 2023 census, the most widely spoken language in the province is Sindhi, the first
language of 33,462,299 60% of the population. It is followed by Urdu 12,409,745 (22%), Pashto
2,955,893 (5.3%), Punjabi 2,265,471 (4.1%), Balochi 1,208,147 (2.2%), Saraiki 913,418 (1.6%), and
Hindko 830,581 (1.5), Brahui 265,769, Mewati 57,059, Kashmiri 53,249, Balti 27,193, Shina 22,273,
Koshistani 14,885, 777 Kalasha and others are 1,151,650,[126] Other minority languages include
Kutchi, Gujarati,[127] Aer, Bagri, Bhaya, Brahui, Dhatki, Ghera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jadgali, Jandavra, Jogi,
Kabutra, Kachi Koli, Parkari Koli, Wadiyari Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, and Vaghri.[128]

Karachi city is Sindh's most multiethnic city which hosts most of the province's Urdu-speaking
population who form a plurality, along many other groups.[129]

Geography and nature

Peninsula of Manora
 Sindh ibex in Kirthar National Park

Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west.
Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometres (360 mi)
from north to south and 442 kilometres (275 mi) (extreme) or 281 kilometres (175 mi) (average)
from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of Pakistani territory.
Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west and the Arabian
Sea and Rann of Kutch to the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the Indus River.

Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions: Siro ("upper country"), aka Upper Sindh, which
is above Sehwan; Vicholo ("middle country"), or Middle Sindh, from Sehwan to Hyderabad; and Lāṟu
("sloping, descending country"), or Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of the Indus Delta below
Hyderabad.[130]

Flora

Sindhri is among top 10 mango

varieties in the world.[131]

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf
palm, Acacia rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill
region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in
thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir)
(ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees.
Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and chiku are the
typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic
plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops
candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds,
particularly in the lower Sindh region.

Fauna

Indus river dolphin

Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), blackbuck, wild sheep (Urial or gadh) and wild bear
are found in the western rocky range. The leopard is now rare and the Asiatic cheetah extinct. The
Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in
the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the Striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox,
porcupine, common gray mongoose and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is
found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation
belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh
krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Some unusual
sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan border in Kirthar Mountains. The
rare Houbara bustard finds Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is
hunted by locals and foreigners.

Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi
backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin,
rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a
marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is
among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in
northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt.

Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water
lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-
arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The
national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations
such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support a huge variety of
animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km2
of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh ibex, wild sheep (urial) and black
bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx
or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants too in KNP near the huge
Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the monsoon winds blow onshore from the
ocean, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected
species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials
take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.

Climate

Lansdowne Railway Bridge

Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter.
Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum
average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and higher
elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and
August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of
September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to
January.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the
northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes
the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus
twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the
monsoon season.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo
(the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The
thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's
temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh.
Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature
typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate
affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall
than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In
the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District,
temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.
Major cities

List of major cities in Sindh

Rank City District(s) Population Image

Nazimabad, Orangi, Gulshan, Korangi, Malir,

1 Karachi 21,910,352[132]
Keamari, Karachi

2 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,732,693

3 Sukkur Sukkur 499,900

4 Larkana Larkana 490,508

5 Benazirabad[132] Shaheed Benazirabad 279,689

6 Kotri Jamshoro 259,358

7 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 233,916

8 Shikarpur Shikarpur 195,437

 9 Jacobabad Jacobabad 191,076

10 Khairpur Khairpur 183,181

Source: Pakistan Census 2017[133]

This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Government

Sindh province

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is a unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are
reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The
provincial government is led by Chief Minister who is directly elected by the popular and landslide
votes; the Governor serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the
President of Pakistan. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy
is the Chief Secretary Sindh, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Most of the
influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics.

In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the left-wing and its political culture serves as a dominant
place for the left-wing spectrum in the country.[137] The province's trend towards the Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP) and away from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) can be seen in nationwide
general elections, in which Sindh is a stronghold
Provincial symbols of Sindh
of the PPP.[137] The PML(N) has a limited support [134]
[138] [135]
due to its centre-right agenda. [136]

Provincial Sindh ibex

In metropolitan cities such as Karachi and animal
Hyderabad, the MQM (another party of the left
with the support of Muhajirs) has a considerable
vote bank and support.[137] Minor leftist parties
such as the People's Movement also found
support in rural areas of the province.[139] Provincial Black
bird partridge

Provincial Neem Tree

Divisions
tree

Divisions of Sindh

In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions
of all provinces.[140] In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the
Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.[141][142][143]

In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split between
the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM
Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate
system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely
Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, a
new division was added in Sindh, the Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.[144]
Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: Karachi East, Karachi
West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of
the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.[145] In 2020, the
Kemari District was created after splitting Karachi West District.[146] Currently the Sindh government
is planning to divide the Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro district.[147]
Districts

Area Population Density

Sr. No. District Headquarters 2 2
Division
(km ) (in 2017) (people/km )

1 Badin Badin 6,470 1,804,516 279 Hyderabad

2 Dadu Dadu 8,034 1,550,266 193 Hyderabad

3 Ghotki Ghotki 6,506 1,647,239 253 Sukkur

4 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,022 2,201,079 2,155 Hyderabad

5 Jacobabad Jacobabad 2,771 1,006,297 363 Larkana

6 Jamshoro Jamshoro 11,250 993,142 88 Hyderabad

7 Karachi Central Karachi 62 2,972,639 48,336 Karachi

Kashmore (formerly
8 Kashmore 2,551 1,089,169 427 Larkana
Kandhkot)

9 Khairpur Khairpur 15,925 2,405,523 151 Sukkur

10 Larkana Larkana 1,906 1,524,391 800 Larkana

11 Matiari Matiari 1,459 769,349 527 Hyderabad

12 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 3,319 1,505,876 454 Mirpur Khas

 Area Population Density
Sr. No. District Headquarters 2 2
Division
(km ) (in 2017) (people/km )

Shaheed
13 Naushahro Feroze Naushahro Feroze 2,027 1,612,373 369
Benazir Abad

Shaheed Benazirabad Shaheed

14 Nawabshah 4,618 1,612,847 349
(formerly Nawabshah) Benazir Abad

15 Qambar Shahdadkot Qambar 5,599 1,341,042 240 Larkana

Shaheed
16 Sanghar Sanghar 10,259 2,057,057 200
Benazir Abad

17 Shikarpur Shikarpur 2,577 1,231,481 478 Larkana

18 Sukkur Sukkur 5,216 1,487,903 285 Sukkur

19 Tando Allahyar Tando Allahyar 1,573 836,887 532 Hyderabad

Tando Muhammad
20 Tando Muhammad Khan 1,814 677,228 373 Hyderabad
Khan

21 Tharparkar Mithi 19,808 1,649,661 83 Mirpur Khas

22 Thatta Thatta 7,705 979,817 127 Hyderabad

23 Umerkot Umerkot 5,503 1,073,146 195 Mirpur Khas

24 (22) Sujawal Sujawal 8,699 781,967 90 Hyderabad

25 (7) Karachi East Karachi 165 2,909,921 17,625 Karachi

26 (7) Karachi South Karachi 85 1,791,751 21,079 Karachi

27 (7) Karachi West Karachi 630 3,914,757 6,212 Karachi

28 (7) Korangi Korangi Town 95 2,457,019 25,918 Karachi

29 (7) Malir Malir Town 2,635 2,008,901 762 Karachi

30 (7) Kemari Karachi N/A Karachi

Lower-level subdivisions

In Sindh, talukas are equivalent to the tehsils used elsewhere in the country, supervisory tapas
correspond with the kanungo circles used elsewhere, tapas correspond with the patwar circles used
in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the mouzas used elsewhere.[148]

Towns and villages

Goth Bozo

Kashmir Goth

Khairo Bhatti
Economy

A view of Karachi downtown, the

capital of Sindh province

A view of Karachi downtown, the

capital of Sindh province

The economy of Sindh is the 2nd largest of all the provinces in Pakistan. Much of Sindh's economy
is influenced by the economy of Karachi, the largest city and economic capital of the country.
Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% and 32.7%. Its share in
the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%.
Performance-wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from
36.7% to 46.5%.[149] Since 1972, Sindh's GDP has expanded by 3.6 times.[150]

GDP by province
Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a
highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi
to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products,
cement, plastics, and various other goods.

Agriculture plays an important role in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and
mangoes as the most important crops. The largest and finer quality of rice is produced in Larkano
district.[151][152]

Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal. The Mari Gas field is the
biggest producer of natural gas in the country, with companies like Mari Petroleum.[153] Thar
coalfield also includes a large lignite deposit.[153]

Qayoom Abad Bridge Karachi

Navalrai Market Clock Tower

Hyderabad

Sukkur skyline along the shores of the

River Indus
Education

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J.

College), Karachi, in the 19th century

National Academy of Performing Arts,

Karachi

Year Literacy rate

1972 60.77

1981 37.5%

1998 45.29%

2017 54.57%[154]

The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:[155]
 Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment ratio (%)

— 14,839,862 15,600,031 30,439,893 —

Below Primary 1,984,089 3,332,166 5,316,255 100.00

Primary 3,503,691 5,687,771 9,191,462 82.53

Middle 3,073,335 2,369,644 5,442,979 52.33

Matriculation 2,847,769 2,227,684 5,075,453 34.45

Intermediate 1,473,598 1,018,682 2,492,280 17.78

Diploma, Certificate... 1,320,747 552,241 1,872,988 9.59

BA, BSc... degrees 440,743 280,800 721,543 9.07

MA, MSc... degrees 106,847 53,040 159,887 2.91

Other qualifications 89,043 78,003 167,046 0.54

Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:

Adamjee Government Science College

Aga Khan University

APIIT

Applied Economics Research Centre

Bahria University

Baqai Medical University

Chandka Medical College Larkana

Cadet College Petaro

College of Digital Sciences

College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan

COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences

D. J. Science College

Dawood University of Engineering & Technology

Defence Authority Degree College for Men

Dow International Medical College

Dow University of Health Sciences

Fatima Jinnah Dental College

Federal Urdu University

GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad

Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur

Government College for Men Nazimabad

Government College Hyderabad

Government College of Commerce & Economics

Government College of Technology, Karachi

Government Degree College Matiari

Government High School Ranipur

Government Islamia Science College Sukkur

Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad

Government National College (Karachi)

Greenwich University (Karachi)

Hamdard University

Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry

Imperial Science College Nawabshah

Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture

Institute of Business Administration, Karachi

Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar

Institute of Business Management

Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering

Institute of Sindhology

Iqra University

Islamia Science College (Karachi)

Isra University Hyderabad

Jinnah Medical & Dental College

Jinnah Polytechnic Institute

Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre

Jinnah University for Women

KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering

Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

Karachi School of Business and Leadership

Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

National Academy of Performing Arts

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

National University of Modern Languages

National University of Sciences and Technology

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases

PAF Institute of Aviation Technology

TES Public School, Daur

Pakistan Navy Engineering College

Pakistan Shipowners' College

Pakistan Steel Cadet College

Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah

PIA Training Centre Karachi

Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah

Public School Hyderabad

Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah

Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics

Saint Patrick's College, Karachi

 Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University

Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College

Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology

Sindh Agriculture University

Sindh Medical College

Superior College of Science Hyderabad

Sindh Muslim Law College

Sir Syed Government Girls College

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology

St. Joseph's College

Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology

Textile Institute of Pakistan

University of Karachi

University of Sindh

Usman Institute of Technology

Ziauddin Medical University

Culture

Children in a rural area of Sindh, 2012

 Sant Nenuram Ashram

The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture,
folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.[156]

Cultural heritage

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro,

Sindh, Pakistan

The ruins of an ancient mosque at

Bhambore
 Sindhi women collecting water from a
reservoir on the way to Mubarak
Village

The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul,
Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an
English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could
be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning
wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the
processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful,
washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the
age.[157]

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an
important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so
they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many
women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured
commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating
Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak
and Sindhi topi.[158]

Huts in the Thar desert

Tourism

Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi

Sindh is a province in Pakistan.

The province includes a number of important historical sites. The Indus Valley civilization (IVC) was
a Bronze Age civilization (mature period 2600–1900 BCE) which was centred mostly in the
Sindh.[159]Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of Mohenjo-
daro near the city of Larkana.[159] Islamic architecture is quite prominent as well as colonial and
post-partition sites. Additionally natural sites, like Manchar Lake have increasingly been a source of
sustainable tourism in the province.[160]
 Sukkur Bridge Gorakh Hill Station, Faiz Mahal, Khairpur Ranikot Fort, one of
Dadu the largest forts in the
world Thana Bula
Khan, Jamshoro

Chaukhandi tombs, Remains of 9th Excavated ruins of Karachi Beach

Karachi century Jain temple Mohenjo-daro
in Bhodesar, near
Nagarparkar

Qasim fort, Manora Kot Diji, Khairpur Bakri Waro Lake, National Museum of
Island Karachi Khairpur Pakistan, Karachi
 Kirthar National Park, Karoonjhar Shah Jahan Mosque, Tomb of Shah Abdul
Thano Bula Khan, Mountains, Thatta Latif Bhittai, Matiari
Jamshoro Tharparkar

Keenjhar Lake Lal Shahbaz Tomb of Mian Noor

Qalandar, Sehwan Muhammad,
Sharif, Jamshoro Benazirabad

CNIC Codes

Hyderabad Division (41XXX)

Karachi Division (42101-42501)

Larkana Division (43XXX)

Mirpur Khas Division (44XXX)

Sukkur Division + Shaheed Benazirabad Division (45XXX)

See also

Arab Sind

Bagh Prints

Brahma from Mirpur-Khas

 Debal

Institute of Sindhology

List of cities in Sindh by population

List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh

List of medical schools in Sindh

List of districts of Pakistan

List of Sindhi people

List of Sindhi tribes

Mansura, Sindh

Mohenjo-daro

Provincial Highways of Sindh

Sind Division

Sindh cricket team

Sindhi clothing

Sindhu Kingdom

Sufism in Sindh

Tomb paintings of Sindh

Portals: Geography Asia Pakistan

Notes

a. Sindh's contribution to national economy was 23.7%, or $345 billion (PPP) and $86 billion
(nominal) in 2022.[2][3]

b. Brooke (2014), p. 296. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure
111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an
anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional
warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had
forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into
commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins
of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BCE. It
 now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point
that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South
Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene
aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned
as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories,
into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote):
(a) Giosan et al. (2012);
(b) Ponton et al. (2012);
(c) Rashid et al. (2011);
(d) Madella & Fuller (2006);
Compare with the very different interpretations in
(e) Possehl (2002), pp. 237–245 (https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA
239)
(f) Staubwasser et al. (2003)

c. 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Dadu,
Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one
princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:[104]

d. 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts
(Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one
princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here:[105]

e. 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts
(Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one
princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here:[106]

f. 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts
(Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state
(Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here:[107]

g. 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi,
Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in
Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here:[108]

h. 1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.

i. Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)

References

1. "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Sindh province)" (http
 s://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf) (PDF). Pakistan Bureau
of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

2. "GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS" (https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/N

TL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf) (PDF). kpbos.gov.pk.

3. "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-

database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,
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1) .

4. "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab" (https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PA

K/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global) .
Globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

5. "Welcome to the Website of Provincial Assembly of Sindh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141

214183543/http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/party_pos/en/19) . www.pas.gov.pk.
Archived from the original (http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/party_pos/en/19) on
14 December 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2009.

6. "LgdSindh - News Blog" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190616174048/http://www.lgdsindh.c

om.pk/) . LgdSindh. Archived from the original (http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/) on 16 June
2019. Retrieved 5 September 2006.

7. Staff reporter (9 March 2014). "Sindh must exploit potential for fruit production" (http://nation.c
om.pk/business/09-Mar-2014/sindh-must-exploit-potential-for-fruit-production) . The Nation,
2014. The Nation. Retrieved 29 May 2015.

8. Markhand, Ghulam Sarwar; Saud, Adila A. "Dates in Sindh" (https://www.academia.edu/193494

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External links

Sindh Transport Department official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20121119234920/htt

p://www.transport.gos.pk/)

Government of Sindh (http://www.sindh.gov.pk) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201305

31075317/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/) 31 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine

Guide of Sindh (http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Sindh/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2012

0405093443/http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Sindh/) 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Map of the districts of Sindh (https://web.archive.org/web/20091126053250/http://www.lgdsind

h.com.pk/districts1.htm)