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NATIONAL SYMBOLS
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 SYMBOLS The song was a part of Bankimchandra's most famous
Bengali novel Anand Math (1882).
National Flag:-
First sung in : 1896
❖ The National Flag is a horizontal tricolor.
First sung at : the Calcutta Session of the Indian National
❖ The three colours are India saffron (kesaria), Congress (1896)
white and India green in equal proportion.
First sung by : Rabindranath Tagore
❖ Saffron (at the top) symbolizes the strength and
courage of the country. The original Bande Mataram consists of six stanzas.

❖ White (in the middle) symbolizes peace and On 24 January 1950, the Constituent Assembly of India
truth. has adopted "Vande Mataram" as national song.

❖ Green (at the bottom) symbolizes the fertility, Only first two stanzas were taken as the full version of
growth and auspiciousness of the land. the National Song

❖ In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue It was translated by Sri Aurobindo Ghosh.
wheel with 24 equally spaced spokes which
It has an equal status with Jana-Gana-Mana
represents the Ashoka Chakra. It symbolizes the
dynamism of a peaceful change STATE EMBLEM OF INDIA: -

❖ The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two ❖ Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath
to three.
❖ The State Emblem is an adaptation of the Lion
❖ The design of the National Flag was adopted by Capital of Asoka at Sarnath.
the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July
❖ The actual Sarnath capital features the following
1947.
things
❖ The flag is designed by Pingali Venkayya.
❖ There are four lions, mounted back to back, on a
❖ By law, the flag is to be made of khadi or silk, circular abacus.
made popular by Mahatma Gandhi.
❖ They symbolize power, courage, confidence, and
JANA GANA MANA: - pride.

Composed by: ❖ The abacus rests on a bell-shaped lotus (in full

bloom).
❖ Rabindranath Tagore in Bengali
❖ The frieze of the abacus has sculptures of :
❖ First sung on : December 27, 1911
an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion.
❖ First sung at : the Calcutta Session of the Indian
National Congress (1911) ❖ They are separated by intervening Dharma
Chakras.
❖ The original song consists of five stanzas
❖ This is carved from a single block of sandstone.
❖ The Hindi version of the song was adopted as the
National Anthem of India by the Constituent ❖ The State Emblem of India includes and shows :
Assembly on January 24, 1950.
❖ Three lions mounted on the abacus (the fourth
❖ Only first stanza was taken as the full version of being hidden from view)
the National Anthem.
❖ A dharma chakra in the centre of the abacus.
❖ The playing time of the National Anthem is
❖ A bull on the right
approximately 52 seconds.
❖ A galloping horse on the left
VANDE MATARAM

Composed by : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay In1882

 ❖ Outlines of Dharma Chakras on the extreme right National River Ganga
and left.
The symbol of Indian Rupee
❖ The motto Satyameva Jayate (meaning 'Truth
Alone Triumphs‘), written in Devanagari script ❖ The symbol is an amalgam of Devanagari "र" (ra)
below the profile of the Lion Capital is part of the and the Roman Capital "R" with two parallel
State Emblem of India horizontal stripes running at the top representing
the national flag and also the "equal to" sign.
❖ The bell-shaped lotus was omitted.
❖ The symbol, conceptualized and designed by
❖ It was adopted the State Emblem of India by the
Udaya Kumar, a post graduate in Design from
Government on 26th January, 1950
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.
❖ The Ashoka Chakra (Ashoka wheel) on its base
❖ The Indian Rupee sign was adopted by the
features in the centre of the national flag of
Government of India on 15th July, 2010.
India.

❖ The bull represents hard work and steadfastness.

❖ The horse represents loyalty, speed, and energy.

❖ The motto Satyameva Jayate is a quote from

Mundaka Upanishad.

❖ Dinanath Bhargava, the student of legendary

painter Nandalal Bose designed the National
Emblem. He was 21-year-old at that time.

❖ In the State Emblem lies the official seal of the

Government of India.

❖ It appears on all Indian currency as well.

NATIONAL SYMBOL AND SCIENTIFIC

NAME
NAME NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC NAME
SYMBOL
National (Lotus) Nelumbo Nucifera
flower Gaertn
National fruit Mango Mangifera indica
National Tiger Panthera tigris
animal
National bird The Indian Pavo cristatus
Peacock
National Tree Indian fig Ficus bengalensis
tree

National Indian Elephas maximus

Heritage Elephant indicus
Animal

National King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah

Reptile
National Ganges Platanista gangetica
Aquatic River
Animal Dolphin
 SUPERLATIVES OF INDIA
(Longest, Largest, Tallest & Oldest)

DAMS

Longest Dam Hirakud Hydro electric power plant

• Located in Odisha
• On Mahanadi River

Oldest Dam in India • Kalani Dam in Tamil Nadu

• On River Kaveri
MOUNTAINS
Highest Mountain In Indian • K2/Godwin Austein (8611)
Subcontinent :
Highest Mountain In India • Kanchenjunga in Sikkim (8586 m)

Highest Mountain of South • Anamudi in Kerala(2695)

India:-
WATER BODIES
Longest River Ganga

Smallest River Arvari River(Aravali)

Longest River of South India Godavari

Smallest River Arvari River(Aravali)

Longest River of South India: Godavari

HIGHEST WATERFALL IN INDIA

Kunchikal Falls • Location - Shimoga Dist. Karnataka
• Height 455 mtr
• Watercourse – Varahi River
• It is the highest water fall in India

Largest Brackish Water Lake

ODISHA • ANSHUPA LAKE

• CHILKA LAKE
• KANJIA LAKE
• VICTORIA SAGAR LAKE
• TAMPARA LAKE

Largest inland Salt Lake

RAJASTHAN • SAMBAR LAKE
• DHEBAR LAKE/JAISAMAND LAKE
• FATEH SAGAR LAKE
• NAKI LAKE
• ANASAGAR LAKE
• LUNKARAN LAKE
• DIDWANA LAKE
• PICHOLA LAKE
• PUSHKAR LAKE
• MANSAGAR LAKE
ARCHITECTURES
Largest Museum of India:- The Indian Museum
Lies in Calcutta Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium
Largest Hockey Stadium Capacity:-20,000
Completed in :- 2022
Location:-Rourkela Odhisa
Tallest Statue of India Statue of Unity
Height:-182 m

Richest Temple in India:- Shri Padmanabha Swami Temple ( Kerala)

Largest Cave Temple Shri Kailesh Nath Temple

Ellora Caves in Maharashtra
TEMPLES OF INDIA Somnath Temple → It is in Gir Somnath District,
Gujarat.
Kedarnath Temple
Kedarnath Temple → It is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand), near Mandakini River. Located in Uttarakhand.

It is part of "Chota Char Dham" (Gangotri, Yamunotri, Badrinath Temple → It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
Kedarnath, Badrinath). Located in Uttarakhand.

"Bada Char Dham" consists of Puri, Rameswaram, Venkateswara Temple → also known as Tirupati Balaji
Dwaraka, Badrinath. Temple.

Kashi Vishwanath Temple It is in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh.

Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), near Ganga River. Sri Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple → Telangana.

Modern day Kashi Vishwanath Temple was built by Gnana Saraswati Temple → It is located on the banks
'Ahilya Bai Holkar’. of Godavari River at Basar, Telangana.

Baidyanath Temple

It is located in Deoghar (Jharkhand). Ranganathaswamy Temple → Tiruchirappalli,Tamil

Nadu.
Sri Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple
Meenakshi Temple → It is located in the city of
It is in Andhra Pradesh.
Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
Ramanathaswamy Temple
Mahabalipuram Temple → Mamallapuram, Tamil
It is located in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. Nadu.

Grishneshwar Temple Arunachaleswarar Temple → Tamil Nadu.

It is in Maharashtra, near Ellora Caves. Brihadeeswarar Temple → Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.

Trimbakeshwar Temple Khajuraho Temple → It is a UNESCO World

It is in Nashik, Maharashtra. Near Godavari River Heritage Site.

Bhimashankar Temple Madhya Pradesh also has 2 other World Heritage

Sites (Sanchi Stupa, Bhimbetka
It is in Maharashtra, near River Bhima.
Caves).
Nageshwar Temple → Gujarat.
Chaturbhuj Temple → Situated at Orchha, Niwari,
Somnath Temple → Gujarat. Madhya Pradesh.
Mahakaleshwar Temple Shani Shingnapur Temple → Maharashtra.
It is in Ujjain, MP. near the Shipra River. Kumbh Mela Siddhivinayak Temple → Mumbai, Maharashtra.
is also organised here.

Omkareshwar Temple
Shri Saibaba Sansthan Temple → Shirdi,Maharashtra.
It is in Madhya Pradesh, near Narmada River.
Padmanabhaswamy Temple → Thiruvananthapuram,
Dilwara Temple → It is in Mt Abu, Rajasthan. Kerala.
Surrounded by Aravalli Ranges. Gurushikhar in Mt.
Abu is the highest peak of the Aravalli [Link] Guruvayur Temple → Kerala.
Kumaris Organization HQ is also in Mt Abu.
Vadakkunnathan Temple → Thrissur, Kerala.
Dwarkadhish Temple → It is located at Dwarka,
The Thrissur pooram festival is held every year at this
Gujarat.
temple.
Sri Ayyappa Temple → Kerala. Nag Vasuki Temple → Allahabad, UP.

Also Known as Sabarimala Temple. Hadimbadevi Temple → Manali, Himachal Pradesh.

Murdeshwar Temple → Shiva Temple, Karnataka. Durgiana Temple → Amritsar, Punjab.

Sri Mookambika Temple → Karnataka, near Golden Temple → Amritsar, Punjab.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary.
Baijnath Temple Kangra, Himachal. Lord Shiva Temple
Virupaksha Temple → Karnataka, It is part of
Bodh Gaya → Bihar, Gautama Buddha attained
Pattadakal Group of Temples.
enlightenment.
Hoysaleswara Temple → Karnataka, Karnataka Govt
Bhorumdeo Temple → Chhattisgarh.→ Tripura
trying to get World Heritage Site status for Hoysala
Government maTripureshwari Devi, Tripura Sundari
Group of Temples. Hampi Temples and Pattadakal
Temple
Group of Temples of Karnataka already have status of
de their official tea named after this temple
World Heritage Sites.
Banke Bihari Temple → Vrindavan, Mathura, Uttar
Gommateshwara Temple → Jain Temple, Karnataka..
Pradesh.
Sringeri Temple → Karnataka.
Keshavdeva Temple → Uttar Pradesh.
Amarnath Temple Lord Shiva, Jammu and Kashmir.
Lotus Temple → Delhi
Vaishno Devi Temple → Katra, Jammu and Kashmir.
Markandeshwar Temple → Haryana.
Ranbireshwar Temple → Jammu and Kashmir.
Nag Vasuki Temple → Allahabad, UP.
Raghunath Temple → Jammu and Kashmir.
Temple Architecture : -
Jagannath Temple → Puri, Odisha.
Mainly there are 3 styles of Temple Architecture in
Gundicha Temple → Puri, Odisha. India.

Konark Sun Temple → Konark, Odisha. It is part of Nagar Style North Indian temples are built in this
Iconic Sites in India. style.

Rajarani Temple → Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Dravida Style South Indian temples are built in this
style.
Mukteshwar Temple → Bhubaneswar.
Vesara Style Middle Indian temples (temples between
Lingaraj Temple → Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Vindhya Range in North and Krishna River in South),
Brahmeshwar Temple → Bhubaneswar it's a mixture of Nagar and Dravida Style.

Dakshineswar Kali Temple Kolkata, West Bengal.

Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple → Sikkim

Malinithan Temple → Arunachal.

Kamakhya Temple → Guwahati, Assam.

Ambubachi mela is held at Kamakhya Temple every

year.

Banke Bihari Temple → Vrindavan, Mathura, Uttar

Pradesh.

Keshavdeva Temple → Uttar Pradesh.

Lotus Temple → Delhi

Markandeshwar Temple → Haryana.

 AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OF INDIA • Father :- MS Swami Nathan

1. Round Revolution • Started in India in 11th five year plan

Deals with production of potatoes 13. Black Revolution

2. Grey Revolution • Deals with production of Petroleum

It deals with fertilizers and wool production CASH CROPS

3. White Revolution They are grown to sell in the market directly to earn profit
Example- Sugarcane, Cotton, Oil Seed, Spices, Tobacco, Tea
• Verghwese Kurian and Coffee
• Rajasthan is largest producer of milk
• 26 November is celebrated as, Milk Day
• It crossed UP
• On 13 Jan 1970 world largest Milk programme started • Largest producer of Rice is West Bengal followed by
in India UP
• Largest producer of Wheat is UP followed by MP
[Link] Revolution • Largest producer of Sugarcane is UP
Dr Arun Krishna is father of Blue revolution

5. Red Revolution
• Meat or tomato

• Vishal Tiwari is father of red revolution

[Link] Revolution

• Oil seed production

• Father:-Sam-pitroda

6. Brown Revolution

• Deals with production of Leather or Cocoa

• Father :- Hira Lal Choudhary

7. Golden Fibre Revolution

• Deals with production of Jute

[Link] Revolution

• Deals with production of Fruit or honey or horticulture

• Father :- Nirpakh Tutej

[Link] Revolution
• Deals with production of Egg or poultry
• Introduced by Indira Gandhi

[Link] Fibre Revolution

• Deals with production of Cotton

11. Protein Revolution

• Deals with production Agriculture

• Also known as second Green Revolution
• Term was introduced by Narendra Modi and Arun
Jaitley

[Link] Revolution

• Deals with production of overall development of

agriculture
 NAME NEWSPAPER BOOKS

Subash Chandra Bose 1. An Indian Pilgrim-

2. An unfinished Autobiography
3. “The Indian Struggle 1920-
1942)

Swami Vivekananda 1. Raja yoga & Karma Yoga

2. “Udbodhan”
3. “Prabuddha Bharata”
4. “Prabuddha Bharata is India’s
Longest English Magazine
Stated in 1896

Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1. Maratha and Kesari [Link] Rahasya” (Book)

Lala Lajpat Rai 1. Unhappy India ”

2. Arya Samaj
3. England’s Debt to India
Jawahar Lal Nehru 1. Discovery of India
2. An Autobiography
3. Glimpses of World History
Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1. [Link] Kaumudi
2. Mirat-ul-Akbar
3. 3 Precept of Jesus

Dwarka Nath Tagore 1. Banga-Dutta

Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1. Banga-Dutta

Debendranath Tagore [Link] Mirror”

Dayanand Saraswati 1. “Rigvedadi Bhashya Bhumika”

2. Satyarth Prakash

Mohandas Karamchand 1. “Indian Opinion” 1. The Story of My Experiments

Gandhi 2. Nav Jeevan” with Truth”
3. “Young India” Weekly English
journal

Dadabhai Naoroji 1. “Rast Goftar”

and Kharshedji Cama
Dadabhai Naoroji [Link] and Un-British 1. Rule in India”

Ishwar Chandra Gupta 1 “Sambad Prabhakar”

B.R. Ambedkar [Link] Nayak” Marathi journal 1.“Annihilation of Caste

2.“Bahishkrit Bharat” Marathi journal 2.“The Buddha and His Dhamma”
3.“Janta” 3.“The Untouchables”
4.“Riddles in Hinduism”

Annie basant 1.“New India”

 Motilal Nehru “The Independent”

Bipin Chandra Pal New India” India's Struggle for Bipin Chandra
Pal Independence”
Bipin Chandra Pal Bande Mataram
Edited By : Sri Aurobindo

Maulana Abdul kalam Azad 1. Al-Balagh” Journal

2. “Al-Hilal”

Mohammad Ali Jauhar 1. The Comrade

2. “Hamdard”

Sir Pherozeshah Mehta 1. Bombay Chronicle”

Madan Mohan Malviya 1. “Hindustan Dainik

2. “The Leader”

Sunder Singh Lyallpuri 1. “Hindustan Times”

Ishwar Chander 1. Som Prakash”

Edited by: Dwarakanath
Vidyabushan

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 1. “Borno Porichay”

Girish Cahnder Gosh 1. The Bengalee”

Sisirkumar Ghosh and 1. “Amrita Bazar Patrika”

Motilal Ghosh

A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun 1. “Wings of Fire: An

Tiwari Autobiography
A P J Abdul Kalam and “Advantage India:
Srijan Pal Singh 1. From Challenge to Opportunity
2. “Target 3 Billion”
Bhagat Singh 1. “Why iam an Atheist”

Phoolam Devi 1. “The bandit Queen of India”

Dr. Rajendra Prasad 1. “Atmakatha”

2. “India Divided
J.B. Kripalani 1. “My Times”

Sarojini Naidu 1. “The Golden Threshold

A P J Abdul Kalam 1. “India wins Freedom ”

Sir Surendranath Banerjee 1. A nation in Making”

Chittaranjan das 1. “India for Indians”

Jayaprakash Nara 1. “Why socialism?”

Sri Aurobindo 1. “Love and Death”

James Augustus Hicky 1. “Hicky’s Bengal Gazette”

Ganga Kishore Battacharya 1. “ Bengal Gazette”

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1. “ The Indian War of

Independence 1857”

Rabindranath Tagore 1. 1.“ Kal Mrigaya”

2. “ Post Master”
3. “Kabuliwallah”
4. “Chitrangada”
5. “Sonar Tari”
6. “Manihara”
7. “Chokher Bali”
8. “Birpurush”
9. “Gora”
10. “Gitanjli ”
11. “Dak Ghar ”
12. “Aparichita ”
13. “Ghare Baire”
14. “Tota Kahini ”
15. “Shesher Kobita ”
16. “Gatibitan ”

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 1. “ Bangadarshan ”

2. “ Anandmath ”
3. “Devi Chaudhurani ”
4. “Durgeshnandani”
5. “kapalkundala”
6. “Bishabriksha”

Sukumar Ray 1. “ Abol Tabol ”

2. “ Pagla Dashu ”
3. “Hajabarala”
4. “Abak jalpan ”
5. “kapalkundala”
6. “Bishabriksha”
Bibhutibushan 1. “ Pather Panchali ”
Bandyopadhyay 2. “ Chander Pahar”
3. “Hajabarala”
4. “Aranyak”

Sarat Chandra 1. “srikanta”

Chattopadhyay 2. “ Choritrohin”
3. Devdas”
4. “Parineeta”
5. “Pother Dabi ”
6. “Dena-Paona ”
7. “Baikunther Will ”
8. “Pallisomaj”
A P J Abdul Kalam 1. “Ignited Minds:Unleashing
the power within India”
2. ” The Luminous Spark”
3. ” Inspiring Thoughts”
4. ” Indomitable Spirit”
5. “Turning Points:A Journey
through Challange”
6. “My journey: Transforming
Dreams Into action”