heh aystem intecornection moclel (oSI hmoke)

1976 dlaulet
by I90/

Combtes IntesnUF COm es

*Hocs dota toi be tonsferred bateosen tw orttes

usng Intexnt i dgfindc by esI made
*Fov srsox, aphloatio layer iAllayes-1, (eRa os vecejus
ysco h ayes - RTAS VMy
NIC Netwo IntesAc
AN Cablg Cac) ( I e ) U
-rbCohute cOmbutos
A s l i c a t i o na y e s

Combues NetooR ot bxotooals

* OSI Mode Poov ikos ackagss to coomk anctos

abbliao suc opila, cAorme
Aphllication to coosR ectly in +Ro hetaosk
Psectation
Intesratioal GganiTlon
os stardadizafion Iso)
Tsanshot efeoo . .
ChagaP bsovidaeT
n 1984 CoRicA uMs
Netuoosk exactly ibleoorted in 1986.
OSI is ot cerimWy
Doda in e t Qs imakamerted,coo
lasqctica &egeheoeua
ldoe ed. TCP/IP
Rach Jeye is a ockage p
PRya T
FvoHecl
xAbblication Sayes is ud by hehosk aphlicationA, ie
Combuter atlmations Roduse indssat,Jike Aype.
*Fos in&tarce, coeb borakexs Coe nottask abhlicotioh nun.
hning in ous TO. I+ daox hot xokidá in tRe aphliaator
Soupes bu it wes ahhlication Yarex bsctocals. ( HTTT O
HTtTE) Sed by nopila f ahcn to do toeb Aryf
Pila sansx suatocal
HTTP, HTTTA, PT?, N PS, FMTP, DHCP
SNMT, TELNET, NNTP, IRC ,POPaDNS
SMTP PHstoool
rall
malll
Lallact iualy m applicact io ayes
foeo-tadal.
He in file taanserPTP potacal
heb HTTP/nTTPA)
Emaila
Vistua)
3MTP) Psoviles dir-
ect idayfaee
tesminal ( TELNET). to tRs sds.
*Herce, akhlication Joyes
bovidas Beies htcaoR
ophlicotions eoh tAA AI f
u&es Activity.
otocals t"
Pocsertotionhye >

*Tosontation Jayes, seceius docta on aphleapian-

Dayes. TRis dasais in tRa es PeRaractegs an
humho &.Posentation ayar coha ttRose crasaees
hubas in aRing whdassbrdabla birasy soat.
DFGJUYRG 100011101101
64S7899S412
Ex: As cII £BeDIC Colo
FAis fuhction o os kortoion layes is callc)
as TsanAlaHon'.
*
Refoe data ia tsansmitted, Fesertation layer dus
A nunber oP bits at ove úketo bresant+HRR
cxiginal data TRis brtosdtion poeek is callal
Totta CombesKoh iriise

Dota coore 0kh

1c0011101101 10101101
honey amle
S MBFile 2MB fla
Fastes data ton.
*To airtain tRe integsity g tRe lata, bsöro ans
.
oio, +Ra dota i chobte). Ercyption ehtfahaos
Ra
eusity Radota
Encyetioh
10101 101 1001 1011
et ssL Cs ecUse Rocket layes poctocal
iz used is prosenyo/ion pssor eres
tion t deceyption.

Tanalotion Daa Cosseioh >Erosption

Deo yption
Sein hoser Pogsentaf jon laypor task.
*Semoh layes, Rps in etting up ahd mar29ing
Cohhectich, erablirg ardlil wcsiirg p ta
oed by tesridion PaonrectIOH es 2As.
Se rorn e s Pas Rale callod APIA (abblication
sogpsa ming irdestècos ). NETBIOS (Netecov basic i/p
ol ayate) is a exomle P ATI CoRiA allouss app-
lications oh d t e n odautess to commuhica-e
GoHR eacR GIRn
Souos WPofosmed
-by

T6 c R e c k PuctRartiotian booos
(Vesies, tofo you Ge ?)
Comutex TRain
AudtRosigation is a ocesS
ws bosUQsto detesmine
Teu Kaua ehi to
Ccce& aFiRo.

AuctReticaioh+ AuctRoization.+ Seo

maragro
Seoo Joye
*
SeMon JayesReehs asack en +Railos Rot are
douonload. ImoL £ tots sYored) as erote
erse
ias ah Ra coeb suas. NRan coe vequLST a cohsite
on coebboco Aos, +Ra
tosbbsocases okehå a soksae e -
9on to tRa coskseas to. doconVaad enh P Re tort
imageFlos. Bos PRaseFiRGg arve wecdiua in
RasmPdata aoket. Seon Nayes peepA atack
HRa csRic doca acket belorgs to &tAiCAFLe, cHAr-
toxtile os imagePla aetrages cofsetRe esj.
ud dotea aokego, i.e. 208ion layeg A in AsK-
mahgamet
NebbsookeT hexBoms all tRs 7furctions P seÖOV) pse
2endatipn, art
Tsanspoot hay
ahlication layes
Tsahost ayes Cortrals HR eliability ofommni-
Cation tRsodk eqrsretaet ion, flao atoal, ard
Cosos Cort.
In
sgmertation, dlota ece iuec o n eon
Sasyer is divilad into Sall clata niti calle

Dacta Racluad on sekn

Ayes
sy(TorFA
[Link].
S.
|N. P
N
S P
N N
Data Unt
Doca Unit Doca Unit
Segrsnt
Sotce dlestination ost numbs corA

wRtsabh Mop 1la CRom

*Tost No. Rs to disec ach 8ghz to Comset
ablication
*SequAroe No. Ralps to veA RAOhle segmohtts in tRR
Cosect odler tosm tRA Oosect Ke R3242 at tAR
beceiur.

Segreh

Data
Floco Cortoal: Gopsals HRo Aourt of lata bs ing Taq-
hAmite
XXXX Mbbs
6
100 Mbs eah kuppost
So Mba T
Mobila
oahsost 10 Mbs can kuhfost
laye
Conkdy sloco Radlata tahsmiooh v
10 Mbbs, Runas odlata
*
SMbhs , tR tansost layes szys
to inesease tRa data ata,to Mbha
Evsos contal:

(Data unta
Conpuos Dta wnit2 DU1)
Miong Mobilo
Taha wnt3) DUB
* TZoe tRe data does ot arsiue a Re lsti-
hotioh, tahspst layes Ue Autbmtio ehso
3east ORime tovreranSkoit Ra Lost
oseosazbte
data. A poub p bita callbd oRaekau is addod 4o
cacR mertby tRa tsanos Layes tofirdeuf e-
ciuoc raubted Aeghnent.
Potocals op tanspost layes are tansmiwion aathal
 otecal (TCP), ad uses datagm brootaoal (UDP).
Tsaryoct a r efsros tod t e v i e e s
-Connection-0sienfel toansmbon via TeP
-Connectionless tvansm i o n Via UDP
*UDP s fastos ran TeP b/c it daes rot kovile an
t

e aek Hocceur, TCP ovEes feedbegk, Ran

ast clata ean be setanmitfed in TCP.

FRotere UDP s used in Vélao gaL, onlire Study

hoovi ong3, Voice ouos IP, TPTP, DNS, etC
U coFale daza deliasy is houst.
*TCP is ed oRess
Fos instaee, WwN, Cmail, FTP, ete,U

Segmerta-tion + Flao cont/ook + Eoos ontsal covnec-

tion osiented wnnectionless tsanswitton.
Tsanshost Jays ivaluos.
*Tcanspost layes basses daa segments to Ra netucosk

ayes.
Nettborsk kayes
*Netuosk lges to0sRs oRe TsansoKon Re veneiL
data kackes(30g ) frok e conkutes to anstRs,
lcnted in oiassnt etrgA.
Doca units in netcook Sayer ess calod facketa. +
Ra Jayer coRoe vaute i l e .
*TRA fonetion of ratask Jayes is legial adtesong,
ptR detestnination, andsuting
* IP adeoetorg dlone in hator lajos is callo leqiaa
adheina{tpv4 IPVE).
*Ausy abrputos in a netawsk fas a unigue IP a L
[Link] laye R awigns senols arcl vece u
IP addregs to dacR 8egmekt to sm an IT packet.
I P Rdtses is aöGho to onscro Ract ecR dáta
aokerh eacfis ersct elostination
*
Rouctig is a metrofmoviug data packet fon
korcdHo
deztination &rd i+ bassdon legical ad!
e r sat f IPV4 es IPVG
IPV fIPVGS

Faccbok sevuLE
Mask 2-168.3.4 UniguoTPaddoRs

Conhectoo
AES 2LS 2ES-O
TO

NettoosRI
is asR
Netcook I
C-T
packt
Combutes A
[Link] Coouter B
192.168.2-1
Unigue IP edrossCoe A,tosebR a c c e s s .

*Facebeek xeaigs co sehly to Comoucper B in osm f

hackets coRidA nasd t be laliloc to aomkuutor
Gnly. Netcosk ayer Sccboek kmus as already
adilRo IPoo P Ardlas ve iuas to tke
doa ackets.
Hence +Ra Backet coll)rstgo to hottook 2 i
to comos 2 .TR ask te LOL"+Ra
Ran ge
oiRO
ist tAoo cobiration (192 o8 2 oeresots H

hcPosk , coRle tRe last combiratian ) e/mesrt=

Fast e os arkpes B. Herce, uing IP adehes
FrrstHR packet coilD mouo to natecos # tRen
oill mouo to mutos B.
XTRexsee, basecd on IP addses fosmat veaeitod data
acet coiLD moue fiost to nutecok 2 tRn to aom
bPers B. Herce, asedon I P adAreRR
P mak seutig
dec isorns ae madde ina oapufes hehok.
PactR letesmiraion A Gonpter can be cOeta
intesne
to akeoles os ombuter in a umber gf u
cRossing tRe best bke pa Bs dota clebkuor om
oLtscto dostination is allod atR datsmiraion. o-
tooals such as open sRoste&t þapfiest (osPF), rcdoe
Jn
gacteca botacal (BGP) , Ihtet iate 8yshoro-to-
intesme liate sypater (IS -zS) a uscby Sayer -3
davices to Artostnine best þatRBo lata caliay.
Doda lirk layes >Dota lirk layes vece/ues tke data
Docta ackets fon ntecok ayes
Data Link lasyes
packets Rcn ntaosk Sayes. Dota tohots cantain IPadl
3esses P r d s aejuaS.
TRawe ae tuoo kirdPade
ong.
 -ksgical adtesg doe at huhamsk Layes
PRysial adthesikg Doda ink Jayer
d a t a nitat data.
Lirk laye is calod

IT1 AC1MAc 2IL Ir2 Seen IP2

MAC 1 Deta acket MAC 2

Poaurne
12igitalsRanumesic number [Link].3A.87.99
634 DP. 3A 87.C9
Netucsk itaace NIC
Cc(NIc) Do toarsfes yia Media
Meciun
(@oppes doive, aptiaal
cobla, coivele% os Gis s odio
grals
Tata irk Jayes allocns uer Jayes P esT madal to
acces edid uig
Frust job o doe
techniquos uc as fin9
ink layer
*Toda ik Sayes contoals FocsWata is
placed seceiuwol
iom+Ra meia using techniguas Budh As meodia aaces8
onthalRautes
e esos ddsction.
00the P i o i v e l e

Ryuutos- 2
Netu
-1 NeteoosR-2
>etR
>etR
Nethorsh Jayax (hasto
Comute-1 ErGeHeca ued by e-IF-1 6lcommthite echntft
*RI#R2 e whHected vn a &tellete Xinp.
*
T@c-I coats to Tsansf@s o aa to L-1,Ran
Prst lererdirg on tRe medium, cloa eoie
add zome dah at Paad tail PRe doa (backet)-
coruesta tt ivo aome

IP Herwe,n tdsase,s
T etfarret ame.
Psaurne made by data lirk layer cfRra
*Routa RIecejiLLs TRis utRn ne, dadabiulat
tto a IT eckotp erahsulajd agaih it to
a ame
so tRat it can co8 HRa sAtalile Libk to sregcR Re RE

IP
Paoune oda by R2s
2pctTolte lin
[Link] deaahauote& Re vsas/lod ame enoapriate
itagai izspaar tcma cojek
da ink Rand. Lobtos vsodfues HRis coreee data
Jirk Rae,dahsidate it pfwan +Ro I P

acke to hotoosk ayes.

IP Pame hpale byR2
H3 packet 73 co/velessLirk

P laptoh cleaapaulato Rs one

escca IP faghet to Nw
laspes
Firally, dan avsiuas ot abhlition layes Appliza-
tion Adyer kootocals can eps tRe vsasjub4Ndte vissle
Cn
0omtes Xmoeh. Hence, nNttmR Nayes c RigRos Noua
Aayens ea ahlo to tsansy tfR dla)oues meia a r 6 a
o f oaa ik Iayryi-e., dota link layes poovides acce
s to'edia RiRos Sayes of osr a l . 1
Meclia AoKB Conte Acce tRo edin
(Poan ig)
AVS CEvwos cetection)
xCortols Poo lcta ia klacse * vecejuad fortRa ne
*TRe tecAniqua use to get Reame on Re relia
is callod edia GcEAS GOKthal.

Deta kink hoyyer

AN Cablg, ort ia4

AlberAL '_

T R e hray be a hurbes sdaviaes Dhhecta to a mmorn

media. f tuo os mose dovioRs orhected to t r e me
dia, data at +Re aoe +ime,tRan tRase a y be a o
wobility P irio t o [Link] u
Kas rnekagea, +Ra nRas seceipdt an uwtsstand.
To aueicd tAis tuodionk,dota ie DayeseeOneye
On sfased meola i8e soa dovice ca
sRarn tRe
tsansnit +Re doa os tRe SeoorLas. FRis is alCoc) catise
hse mulfipla accèRS (esMA). So, tRa data Lirk
eer
oitR Ris media acces8 Cohhak mathals contnkdaE
tansmion. ails ofcacR fome contain HRe bita LoRis
cse u d to deteet Aa ervocs in tRR vece juad ome.

0lalio
* Exsens cocus duo to costain limirtation tRe mecdia u
fer ansmittirg data .

3
TRa Jaypes >Dcta foorn tAo
aphlaat ion
Paa bedn gmorted b laspers
tRa tansst
ito
achet hy returk loges, ard jsami by Layper rla
deta Lir
ayeayes.
( Segmert
CoRicR i8a egebre P
binasy G3 f/1's.
Hi! Docta (HiTanost Layey
Paeket
Cohctes
Sousce Destin-
IP ation segmert|Nettaa Layes

Prsose
SowsceDetinoti
MAC MAC
Tocket Pcs Jayes
*TRua ayer hests tRL binay sequorce ( bita)
gnal,ard ooramits ovas Ioca dia.
BiHS
Conuerts in
a
ahnits
Mecua
I t can be electoiea) r a in
an
oePaphes calble
ehio) R4 gra)
Ov
acl io
/ophes cable otica
AIR
AN Cahke able
Cs LAN C ble, ligkt Sgral in a e gP obtica) fiber,
Sadio gra in bke shis. So +Ae r a gosoteb
+Pe bRua Sap eers o n tAYweP oodia
Used conhectteo devices. 14)U
A t HAe vecejuas, +A bRual Jayes sece/Os TRe 9 v a

Crusts it to bita# as it to daa Lik Iayyar as

.nme is 04ain decahstulartsd as +Ra lata
rous Riqkes Ipoes. Pinally, olata is motaeto
ahlication dyec. Ablintion laer paotocols make tRo
2Croeos mesiage vible in tRa aphlicotian inRe ve-
Ceiwas Coee BCsosh.
hlictia
PbesertatiaDoca

Aphlicaion Soon,
bits
Jayes
FsanseTt-8eghoehdi|

Neteo chet
reliarals Data ink >Parne
H
PRyco!>B+
Comouos
AN Teohlo SeernA T Neec Data Proceong