Chapter 4: Conics Section

4.1 Circle
4.2 Parabola
4.3 Ellipses
4.4 Hyperbola
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 At the end of the chapter, students will
be able to:

■Define what are conics and how conics are

formed.
■Differentiate circle, parabola, ellipses and
hyperbola and solve problems related to conics
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section.
 Introduction
Conics are a family of graphs that include parabolas,
circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas. All of these graphs
are derived from the same general equation. By
manipulating this specific equation, you can determine
the type of conic and graph it, using key information.
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 Introduction
Ø The word "conic" comes from the word "cone,"
which is where the shapes of parabolas, circles,
ellipses, and hyperbolas originate.
Ø Consider a double cone, defined as the form
generated when one of two intersecting lines is
rotated about the other.
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 Ø The lines that pass through the vertex to form this cone are
called the generators.
Ø The fixed line corresponding to the height of the cone is
called the axis of the cone.
Ø One piece of a double cone is called a nappe.
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 Types of Conics Section
If we intersect the plane at different
angles, then we will obtain
different types of conic section.
There are four different types we
can obtain.

First, the perpendicular intersection

of the plane to the axis of the cone
gives us a circle.
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 An ellipse is generated when the plane is tilted so that it
intersects both generator lines.
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 A parabola is generated
when the plane is tilted so
that it is parallel to one
generator and intersects
the other generator.
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 When a plane intersects both nappes of the cone, a
hyperbola is generated.
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 General Form of a Conic
��2 + ��2 + �� + �� + � = 0
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Example:
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 4.1 Circles
A circle is defined as the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point
called the center. The fixed distance from the center is called the radius and is denoted by r,
where r > 0. Let’s consider a circle with a radius of length r and a center (h, k) on a coordinate
system as shown below.

The distance formula can be used to derive

an equation of the circle. Let (x, y) be any
arbitrary point on the circle. Then, by
definition, the distance between (h, k) and
(x, y) must be r.
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4.1 Circles
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4.1 Circles
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 Example 1:

Find the equation of a circle with it’s center at (-3, 5) and a radius of
length 4 units.
Substituting -3 for h, 5 for k and 4 for r in the standard form and simplifying,
we obtain

(� − ℎ)2 + (� − �)2 = �2
(� − (−3))2 + (� − 5)2 = 42
(� + 3)2 + (� − 5)2 = 16
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 Example 1:

(� − ℎ)2 + (� − �)2 = �2

(� − (−3))2 + (� − 5)2 = 42

(� + 3)2 + (� − 5)2 = 16

Expanding this, we have

�2 + 6� + 9 + �2 − 10� + 25 = 16

�2 + �2 + 6� − 10� + 18 = 0

Thus, we have another form of equation for circle which is,

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�� + �� + �� + �� + � = � where D, E, and F are constants.

 Example 2:

Find the equation of a circle with it’s center at (-5, -9) and a radius of
length 2 3 �����. Write your answer in the form �� + �� +
�� + �� + � = �.
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 Example 4:

Identify the center and radius of the circle given by the equation
below and graph.
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 Answer:

Identify the center and radius of the circle given by the equation
below and graph.
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 Exercises:
1. Write an equation of a circle that has the points (-2, 3) and (2, 3) as endpoints of a
diameter.

2. Write an equation of a circle whose center is at (4, 4) and is tangent to the x-axis.

3. A particular cellphone tower is designated to service an 8-mile radius. The tower is

located at (5, -3) on a coordinate plane whose units represent miles. Write the equation of
the circle in the form x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0. Is a cellphone user at (5, -11) within the
service range? Explain.
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 4.2 Parabola
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane such that the distance of each point from a fixed
point F (the focus) is equal to its distance from a fixed line d (the directrix) in the plane.

The line l, through F and perpendicular to

the directrix, is called the axis of symmetry.
The point V, on the axis of symmetry
halfway from F to the directrix d, is the
vertex of the parabola.
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 Properties of the Parabola:
Ø The axis divides the parabola into two parts which are mirror
images of each other.
Ø The chord through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of
the parabola is called latus rectum. Its endpoints lie on the
curve and has a length of �� .
Ø The orientation of the parabola may open either vertically
(upward or downward) or horizontally (to the left or to the
right).
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 4.2 Parabola

The first equation is for the parabola where the directrix is parallel to
the x-axis. On other hand, the second equation is the parabola that
opens either left or right.
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 4.2 Parabola
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Formulas for the parabola with the equation (� − �)� = ��(� − �)

 4.2 Parabola
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Formulas for the parabola with the equation (� − �)� = ��(� − �)

 Example 1
Given the standard form of the parabola (� − 1)2 =− 4(� + 2), identify the
coordinates of the vertex and focus, endpoints of the latus rectum, axis of symmetry
and the equation of the directrix.
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Solution:
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 Example 2
● Given the standard form of the parabola �2 = 4�, identify the coordinates of the
vertex and focus, endpoints of the latus rectum, and the equation of the directrix.
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Solution:
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 General Form of Equation of the Parabola
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 Example 3
●Write the following equation in standard form and find the (a) vertex,
(b) focus, (c) equation of the directrix, and (d) endpoints of the latus
rectum.
�2 − 2� − 24� + 1 = 0
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 Example 4
● Write the following equation in standard form and find the (a) vertex, (b) focus, (c)
equation of the directrix, (d) axis of symmetry and (e) endpoints of the latus rectum.
�2 − 8� + 6� + 4 = 0
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 Example 5:
●Find the equation of the parabola in standard form with vertex V(-3, 5) and
directrix x = -1?
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Solution:
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 Exercises:
1. Find the vertex, focus, equation of the directrix and axis of symmetry of the parabola given in an
equation
�2 − 6� − 5� − 1 = 0.

2. Each cable of a suspension bridge is in the shape of a parabola and is supported by two towers at each
end (refer to the figure below). The shape of the cable is modeled by the equation
�2 = 200�
where x and y are measured in meters. Find the coordinates of the focus.
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 4.3 Ellipse
An ellipse is the set of all points (x, y) in a plane such that the sum of the
whose distances from two fixed points is constant.
Ø Each fixed point is called a focus. It
has a distance of c , where c > 0.

Ø The line through the foci is called

the principal axis of the ellipse.

Ø The points of intersection of the

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ellipse and its principal axis are

called the vertices.
 Properties of the Ellipse:
Ø The point on the principal axis that lies halfway between two
vertices is called a center.
Ø The segment of the principal axis between the two vertices is
called major axis and its length of 2a units. The segment
perpendicular to major axis through the center is called
minor axis and it has a length of 2b units; its endpoints are
called the co-vertices.
Ø The orientation of the ellipse may either be vertical or
horizontal.
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(a) horizontal ellipse with center (h, k) (b) vertical ellipse with center (h, k)
4.3 Ellipse
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 Example 1
Write the equation of the ellipse, both general form and standard form,
that satisfies the given conditions. Also identify the other properties of
ellipse. Sketch its graph.
Vertices: (-7, -1) (-7, 9); length of minor axis: 8
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 Example 2
Find the vertices, the endpoints of the minor axis, and the foci of the
ellipse 9x2 + 54x + 4y2 - 8y + 49 = 0, and sketch the ellipse.
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 Example 3
Write the equation of the ellipse that has vertices at (-3, -5) and (7, -5) and
foci at (-1, -5) and (5, -5).
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 4.4 Hyperbola
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane such that the absolute value of
the difference of the distances from two fixed points is constant.
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 Properties of the Hyperbola:

Ø The two fixed points is called the foci (plural of focus). It has
a distance of c, where c > 0.
Ø The line through the foci is called the principal axis of the
hyperbola.
Ø The points of intersection of the hyperbola and its principal
axis are called the vertices.
Ø The point on the principal axis that lies halfway between two
vertices is called a center.
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 Properties of the Hyperbola:
Ø The segment of the principal axis between the two vertices is called
transverse axis and its length of 2a units. The segment perpendicular to
transverse axis through the center is called conjugate axis and it has a
length of 2b units; its endpoints are called co-vertices.

Ø The orientation of the hyperbola may either be vertical or horizontal.

Ø An important aid in sketching the graph of hyperbola is the

determination of its asymptotes. Each hyperbola has two asymptotes that
intersect at the center of the hyperbola. It passes through the vertices of
an auxiliary rectangle of dimensions 2a by 2b, with its center at (h, k).
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4.4 Hyperbola
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 Example 1
Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the
hyperbola with the given equation. Sketch the graph, and include the
points and lines, the transverse and conjugate axes, and the auxiliary
rectangle.
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 Example 2
Given the equation of the hyperbola, find the coordinates of the center, vertices, foci,
extremities of the conjugate axis, equations of the directrices, and the asymptotes.
Draw a sketch of the graph of the hyperbola.
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