Chapter 1: Mathematics in our World Variable

• ( aka literal coefficient) represents the unknown

Math in the Modern Nature and makes use of letters.
Patterns- (in nature) are visible regularities found • [ x, y, z,...]
in the natural world.
(Numerical) Coefficient
• the number with variable
Joseph Platue (Physicist)
• 2x
-concept of Minimal Surface (paano mo mapapaliit • [2] coefficient [x] variable
yung area na nasakop)
Constant
Ernst Haeckel (Biologist) • any single number
-Concept of Symmetry (if hinati mo sa gitna pantay • [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...]
yung left and right both sides)
Mathematical Expressions
D’Arcy Thompson (biologist) • consist of terms
- Concept of Growth Pattern • The term of a mathematical expression is
separated from other terms with either plus or
Alan Turning (mathematician) (father of computer minus signs.
• Example: 2x² + 3x - 2
Science)
• [2x²] 1 term, [3x] 1 term, [-2] 1 term
-Mechanism of morphogenesis
More than 1 - Polynomial
-patterns of animals 3 terms - trinomial
2 terms - binomial
The Fibonacci Sequence 1 term – monomial
- you can get the next number by adding two
proceeding number. Multivariate Mathematical Expressions
• Have more than one variable
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55... • ex. 2x + 3y + 4z
- introduced by Leonardo Pisano Bigoglio (1170-
1250). He also introduced the Rabbit problem. Mathematical Sentence
• combines two mathematical expressions using a
Fi (son) -bonacci (his Father) comparison operator [<, >, =, ≥, ≤]
• 2x2 + 3x -2 [<, >, =, ≥, ≤] 2x + 3y + 4z
• > greater than, < less than
Golden Ratio
- denoted by ϕ (phi) ≈ 1.618... Open Sentence
• It is not known whether or not the mathematical
sentence is true or false.
• ex. It will rain tomorrow.
Chapter 2: Mathematical Language and
Symbols Closed Sentence
Language • A mathematical sentence that is known to be
• system of words, signs, and symbols which either true or false.
people use to express ideas, thoughts, and feelings • ex. Today is Friday.

Mathematical Language
• system used to communicate mathematical ideas
CONVENTIONS IN MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
Mathematical Expressions and Sentences Context
• Operational Terms and Symbols Refers to the particular topics being studied, and it
addition [+], subtraction [-], multiplication [(), • ], is important to understand the context to
Division [/, —] understand the mathematical symbols.
Convention There are two ways to describe a set, namely:
Is a technique or rules used by mathematicians, - Tabular Method (roster)
engineers, scientists in which each symbol has a The elements in the given set are listed or
particular meaning. enumerated, separated by a comma, inside a pair
of braces.
PEMDAS is not a convention, because it is not
universal. - Descriptive Method (RULE)
The common characteristics of the elements are
Example: 0/0 (indeterminate), 1/0 (undefined) defined. This method uses set builder notation
where x is used to represent any element of the
Four (4) Basic Concepts given set
• Sets
• Functions The following are kinds of sets:
• Relations ▪ Empty/Null/Void set has no element and is
• Binary Operation denoted by or by a pair of braces with
No element inside, i.e. { }.
Sets ▪ Finite set has countable number of elements.
A well-defined collection of distinct objects. ▪ Infinite set has uncountable number of elements.
Example: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ▪ Universal set is the totality of all the elements of
the sets under consideration,
Set of Natural Numbers Denoted by U.
Also called as the Set of Counting Numbers
ℕ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5…} Two or more set may be related to each other as
described by the following:
Set of Whole Numbers
W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…} ▪ Equal sets have the same elements.
▪ Equivalent sets have the same number
Set of Integers (cardinality) of elements.
Z = {… -2, -1, 0, 1, 2…} ▪ Joint sets have at least one common element.
You can only use ellipsis (…) when you have ▪ Disjoint sets have no common element.
pattern
It can be noted that equal sets are equivalent sets,
Set of Rational numbers however, not all equivalent sets are equal sets.
Q
Fractions 1.1 A subset is a set every element of which can
Numbers that you can write as a ratio of two be found on a bigger set. The symbol means”
integers. “a subset of” while means “not a subset of”. If
Example: 0.5 = ½ the first set equals the second set, then it is

Set of Irrational Numbers An improper subset. The symbol is used to mean

Q’ an improper subset.
Example: Non-repeating and Non-terminating
numbers. ϕ π √2 A null set is always a subset of any given set
and is considered an improper subset of the given
Set of all Real Numbers set. Other than the set itself and the null set, all are
All numbers that we know. considered proper subsets. The set containing all
R= Q U Q’ = {−∞+∞} the subsets of the given set with n number of
elements is called the power set with 2 number of
Venn Diagram elements.
Pictorial representation of relationship and
operations of sets
FOUR OPERATIONS ON SETS B= {4,5,6,7,8}
1. Union of Two Sets (∪) – Element are found in Answer:
both sets. A∩B = {4, 5}
Ex. Given Shade region:
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}
Answer:
A∪B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
In Venn Diagram
Shaded region: (A and B set are being shaded
even if they are disjoint.)

Properties
● A∩ (B∩C) = (A∩C) ∩C –
o Associative property
● A∩B = B∩A
o Commutative property
Properties:
● A∩U = A
● A∪ (B∪C) = (A∪B) ∪ C
● A∩Ø = Ø
o Associative property - can
● A∩B ⊂ A, B
be group
● A∩B = B if and only if B⊂A
● A∪B = B∪A
● A∩ (B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C)
o Commutative property -
Intersection (denoted by ∩) means you’ll write
equal
down all the same elements that you’ll
● A∪U = U (universal set) -union
find on the same sets.
of a set on the universal set is
equal to universal set since it is
3. Difference of Two Sets (denoted by \)–
bigger
elements found in the first set but not in the
● A∪Ø = A
other set.
● A, B ⊂ A∪B
Ex. Given:
● A∪B = A if and only if B⊂A
A = {1, 2, 3}
● A∪ (B∩C) = (A∪B) ∩ ((A∪C)
B = {3, 4, 5}
Symbols namely: Answer:
∪ - UNION
A ⃥B = {1, 2}
U – UNIVERSAL SET
Shaded region:
Ø – EMPTY SET
⊂ - SUBSET
∩ - INTERSECTION
Union Set - denoting the same elements that
belong to the given sets. This simply
means to write down all the elements on both sets
w/out writing the same elements.

2. Intersection of Two Sets – a set whose

elements are common to both sets.
Ex.
Given:
A= {1,2,3,4,5}
B ⃥A = {4, 5}
Shaded region:

4. Complement of a Set (Denoted by ‘…i.e. A’) –

elements found in the universal set
but not on the given set.
ex: Given:
U= Real Numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
A= {1, 2, 3}
Answer
NOTE: FOR FUNCTION PLEASE WATCH THE
A’= {4, 5, 6, …}
VIDEO IN MS TEAMS.
Take note that the information below is limited.
EXAMPLE:
Function
Using the assumption below understand and
- A set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in
determine what is asked.
which no distinct ordered pairs have the
same first number.
A survey of 120 UP Baguio fresh students shows
the following: 51 take mathematics; 46
Types of Function
take computer science; 48 take physics; 13 take
- Constant
mathematics and computer science; 8
- Linear
take physics and mathematics; 15 take physics and
- Identity
computer science; 10 all three courses
- Polynomial Function
how many students are taking?
- Rational
1. at most one course 94
2. at least two courses 26
3. physics only 25
4. mathematics and physics but not computer
science 8
5. exactly two courses 16
6. none of the three courses 11
7. neither physics nor computer science 41
8. at most two courses 110
9. either computer science or mathematics 84
10.mathematics only 30