#CiscoLive

Segment Routing MPLS

Introduction: Follow the
Labels

Luc De Ghein –Technical Leader CX

BRKENT-2005

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Agenda
• Introduction
• The Labels
• MPLS Forwarding
• Ti-LFA
• SR Policy
• On Demand Next Hop (ODN)
• SR Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)
• Key Takeaways

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Introduction
Stay Up-To-Date

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Before We Get Started

• This session in on SR MPLS

• The services you are used, still work

IPv4 IPv6
IPv4 IPv6 VPWS VPLS eVPN
VPN VPN

Including Inter-AS Option A, B, and C

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Why SR?
• No LDP
• But interworking is still possible
• No RSVP-TE
• Load balancing by default Autoroute Announce (AA)
Autoroute Destination
• Simplified forwarding replacing Static route
Access-list Based Forwarding
• Based on color (ABF)

• Automated steering
Path Disjointness (Multi-plane) Point-to-Multipoint delivery with
• Simplified troubleshooting Real-Time Low Latency Services
Tree-SID: Multicast leveraging
mVPN
Egress Peer Engineering (EPE)
• Better protection Bandwidth Optimization
Flex-Algo
On-Demand Next-Hop (ODN) +
Path Disjointness (Multi-plane) Automated steering (AS)
• Many new features Micro-loop avoidance

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In a Nutshell Source Routing paradigm
Stateless IP fabric
Data Plane
MPLS IPv6 +
IPv6
Label SR
MPLS
(segment labels) (+ SR extension header) Stack O Header
Label (SRH)
Label
R SRH

Control Plane
Path expressed in the packet Data

Routing protocols with SDN controller

extensions ( BGP, PCEP, Shortest path
(IS-IS, OSPF, BGP) NETCONF/YANG)

Path Options
Traffic Engineered path
Dynamic
Explicit
(Optimized CSPF
(expressed in the packet)
computation)

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The Labels
A Segment

• A segment is an instruction
• with MPLS forwarding: segment = label

• Link-state routing protocol is needed to advertise

• Segments (Prefix-SID, Adjacency-SID)
• MPLS Label

• Removing the signaling and state (no LDP/ no RSVP-TE)

• Controller/SDN can be used if/when needed

*SID = Segment Identifier

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 24001 Adj-SID label

All Together 16007 Prefix-Sid label

Service: L3VPN, L2VPN, 6PE, 6VPE, …

16099 Prefix-SID
24001 24001 Loopback0
16007 Label 16099
Segment 1 16007

CE1 PE1 P1 P2 P3 P4

Adj label 24001

Segment 2

16007 Prefix-SID
Loopback0
Label 16007

Prefix-SIDs are global labels

P5 P6 P7 PE2 CE2
Adj-SIDs are local labels

Segment 3 16007

Deviate from shortest path – Source Routing:

Traffic Engineering based on SR
Default: PHP at each segment

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MPLS
Forwarding
 SR-enabled router
SIDs
SR
• Prefix SID
• SID encoded as an index IGP Advertised
• Index represents an offset from SRGB base SRGB as base =
16000 and
• Index globally unique [16000 – 23999] range =
8000
• SRGB may vary across LSRs
Advertised
• SRGB (base and range) advertised with
1 per
Prefix SID as prefix
router capabilities SID index
router 16005 =5
• Adjacency SID
Advertised
• SID encoded as absolute (i.e. not indexed) 1 per Adjacency SID as 24012
(local
value link
24012 MPLS
label)
• Locally significant
• Automatically allocated for each adjacency Adjacency SID
24042
• From label range [24,000-max] used for Adjacency SID
dynamic label allocation 24042
Adjacency SID
24042
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Global Labels
• Recommended same SRGB on all routers
• ‘Node’ label = get the traffic to me, by shortest route, possibly with ECMP
• A packet injected anywhere with top label 16006 will go to R6
my loopback is 10.0.0.6/32
Prefix SID index = 6
16006 16006

P2 P4 P6
16006 16006

P1 16006

16006

16006 P3 P5 natural ECMP across

16006
parallel links
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Local Adjacency SID Labels
• Force the packet to take a link at a router

my link3 is 10.4.5.4/24
Adjacency SID = 24003

24003
16006
16004
24003 P2 P4 P6

16006
link3

P1
16006

P3 P5

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No Change in MPLS Forwarding
• MPLS label operations:
• Push, Pop, and Swap
• We have, as before, … Label EXP S TTL
• Special labels {0 - 15}
• PHP (default behavior, also for SR) 20 3 1 8 bits
bits bits bit
• explicit-null for IPv4 and IPv6
• QOS propagation (EXP bits)
• Still uniform model, pipe, and short Layer 2 Layer 3
pipe model MPLS Header
Header Header
• TTL propagation as usual
• Load balancing as before
• FAT label support

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 MPLS Label Operation: Push Label(s)
• Push can occur at ingress of MPLS domain
• MPLS label stack added in CEF (FIB) table
• Top label is SR label; other labels can be service labels (MPLS VPN, BGP-LU, etc.)

• Push can occur at intermediate MPLS (P) router

• MPLS label(s) added in LFIB (active protection) • Label stack added can be up to size supported by the
platform
16003 • Label can be any label (SR Prefix-SID, Adj-SID label, …)
payload payload

R1 R2 R3 R4
IP MPLS
RP/0/0/CPU0:R1# show route 10.100.1.3/32
RP/0/0/CPU0:R1# show cef 10.100.1.3/32

Routing entry for 10.100.1.3/32

10.100.1.3/32, … labeled SR, …
Known via "isis 1", … , labeled SR, …
Routing Descriptor Blocks
via 10.1.12.2/32, GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1,…
10.1.15.5, from 10.100.1.3, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/0
local label 16003 labels imposed {16003}
Route metric is 60

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 MPLS Label Operation: Swap Label(s)
• Swap occurs at intermediate MPLS (P) router
• Only top label is swapped
• MPLS label is swapped in LFIB
• Other labels are not touched (EXP bits, TTL)
• Within one SR segment, top label is swapped with same label
16004 16004 • Top label is swapped
16009 16009
payload payload

R1 R2 R3 R4

RP/0/0/CPU0:R2# show mpls forwarding labels 16004

Local Outgoing Prefix Outgoing Next Hop Bytes

Label Label or ID Interface Switched
------ ----------- ------------------ ------------ --------------- ------------
16004 16004 SR Pfx (idx 4) Gi0/0/0/1 10.1.59.9 1420

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 MPLS Label Operation: Pop Label(s)
• Pop occurs at intermediate MPLS (P) router: top label is removed
• By default on penultimate router of one SR segment
• Label stack could become unlabeled
• Label stack can still have other labels
• e.g. when packet is moved from one SR segment to another SR segment

16004 • Top label is popped

16009 16009
payload payload

R1 R2 R3 R4 Segment 2
Segment 1 (label 16004) (label 16009)

RP/0/0/CPU0:R3# show mpls forwarding labels 16004

Local Outgoing Prefix Outgoing Next Hop Bytes

Label Label or ID Interface Switched
------ ----------- ------------------ ------------ --------------- ------------
16004 Pop SR Pfx (idx 4) Gi0/0/0/3 10.1.46.4 1880280

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LFIB • SR Prx or SR Adj

RP/0/0/CPU0:P3# show mpls forwarding

Local Outgoing Prefix Outgoing Next Hop Bytes

Label Label or ID Interface Switched
------ ----------- ------------------ ------------ --------------- ------------
16001 16001 SR Pfx (idx 1) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
• Special labels {0-15} are
16002 16002 SR Pfx (idx 2) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
still used
16003 Exp-Null-v4 SR Pfx (idx 3) Gi0/0/0/1 10.1.36.3 43054
16004 16004 SR Pfx (idx 4) Gi0/0/0/1 10.1.36.3 73402
16004 SR Pfx (idx 4) Gi0/0/0/2 10.1.68.8 0
16005 16005 SR Pfx (idx 5) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0 • ECMP, can only be
16008 Pop SR Pfx (idx 8) Gi0/0/0/2 10.1.68.8 0 Prefix-SID
16009 16009 SR Pfx (idx 9) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
16010 16010 SR Pfx (idx 10) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
16010 SR Pfx (idx 10) Gi0/0/0/2 10.1.68.8 0
16012 Pop SR Pfx (idx 12) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
16013 16013 SR Pfx (idx 13) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
16013 SR Pfx (idx 13) Gi0/0/0/2 10.1.68.8 0
24000 Pop SR Adj (idx 1) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
• Data plane makes no
distinction between
24003 Pop SR Adj (idx 2) Gi0/0/0/0 10.1.126.12 0
Prefix-SID and Adj-SID
24004 Pop No ID tt1 point2point 0

• Any Adj-SID will • Binding entry (used with

have pop operation SR-TE)

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Ti-LFA
Ti-LFA
• It is LFA+
• No Signaling
• Link or node protection
• Protects IP and MPLS traffic
• Repair path can consist of Global Labels, and Adjacency SID Labels
• Makes LFA Topology Independent (Ti)
• Algorithm, with similar tiebreakers
• Using segments to force traffic over backup path
• 100% coverage
• Protected traffic is on Post-Convergence (PC) path
• Avoiding another path move at regular convergence after failure
• Not available with LFA

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Ti-LFA Example
• Link State routing provides full topology view
• MPLS label stack can force the traffic to go anywhere
• Without risk of (micro-)loop
Ti-LFA protection always works by pushing
Backup R5
Direct extra MPLS labels
LFA • Any number; rarely more than 2
100 100 • Any combination of Prefix SID or
Adjacancy SID labels

s R1
10 R2 D
primary
10 16002 10

Backup 10 With Ti-LFA:

R4
Ti-LFA uses PC path
R3
Ti-LFA

16004
PC 16002
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 Single-Segment Example
Ti-LFA Example primary 10.0.0.5/32
RIB IP route, but MPLS forwarding
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:R3# show route 10.0.0.5/32 entries are also protected 10
R3 R5
Prefix-SID 3
Routing entry for 10.0.0.5/32
Known via "isis 1", distance 115, metric 10, labeled SR, type level-2
Installed Apr 26 13:59:29.323 for 3d00h 10 10
Routing Descriptor Blocks backup
10.3.4.4, from 10.0.0.5, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2, Backup (TI-LFA)
Repair Node(s): 10.0.0.6 10.0.0.6/32
Route metric is 30
10.3.5.5, from 10.0.0.5, via GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1, Protected 10
Route metric is 10 R4 R6
No advertising protos. Prefix-SID 4 Prefix-SID 6

ISIS
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:R3# show isis fast-reroute 10.0.0.5/32

L2 10.0.0.5/32 [10/115]
via 10.3.5.5, GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1, R5, SRGB Base: 16000, Weight: 0
Backup path: TI-LFA (link), via 10.3.4.4, GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2 R4, SRGB Base: 16000, Weight: 0, Metric: 30 one additional label
P node: R6.00 [10.0.0.6], Label: 16006
Prefix label: 16005
Backup-src: R5.00

FIB
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:R3# show cef 10.0.0.5/32
10.0.0.5/32, version 212, labeled SR
remote adjacency to GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
Prefix Len 32, traffic index 0, precedence n/a, priority 1
via 10.3.4.4/32, GigabitEthernet0/0/0/2, 17 dependencies, weight 0, class 0, backup (TI-LFA) [flags 0xb00]
path-idx 0 NHID 0x0 [0xf1244a0 0x0]
next hop 10.3.4.4/32, Repair Node(s): 10.0.0.6
repair node one additional label
local label 16005 labels imposed {16006 16005}
via 10.3.5.5/32, GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1, 17 dependencies, weight 0, class 0, protected [flags 0x400]
path-idx 1 bkup-idx 0 NHID 0x0 [0xf29e070 0xf29d0b0]
next hop 10.3.5.5/32
local label 16005 labels imposed {ImplNull}

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SR Policy
What is an SR Policy?
• Simple, automated, and scalable
No signaling protocol
• No core state: state in the packet header
• Traffic engineered “SR Policy” No bandwidth without
• No headend a-priori configuration: on-demand policy controller
instantiation
• No headend a-priori steering: on-demand-steering Protection is Ti-LFA

• Dynamic or explicit path

ECMP used
• Explicit-path is defined as list of segments:
• All hops are IP addresses (link/node = loopback)
• All hops are MPLS labels
• Mix of IP addresses/MPLS labels

• PCE/PCC is possible (multi-domain)

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Definition of a SR Policy

• An SR Policy is identified through the following tuple:

• The head-end where the policy is instantiated/implemented
• The endpoint (i.e.: the destination of the policy)
• The color (an arbitrary numerical value)
• At a given head-end, an SR Policy is fully identified by the <color,
endpoint> tuple
• An endpoint can be specified as an IPv4 or IPv6 address

• SR Policy can be defined on the head end or on the SR-PCE

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SR Policy Breakdown
• Candidate path with preference
• Higher preference is preferred, default = 100

• Explicit or dynamic path

• Dynamic = calculated by PCC or PCE
• Explicit = segment-list (labels) defined on PCC or PCE!

• Metric
• Type = IGP, hopcount, latency, TE
• Margin

• Constraints
• Affinity
• Disjoint-path
• Bounds (cumulative metric)
• Segments (protection type or SID algorithm)

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 SR Policy Examples segment-routing
segment-routing segment-routing
traffic-eng
traffic-eng traffic-eng
logging
logging !
policy status
policy status policy policy-1
!
! color 1000 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.2
policy to-PE2-PCE
segment-list explicit-to-ABR-1 candidate-paths
binding-sid mpls 1234
index 5 address ipv4 10.1.3.3 preference 100
color 3000 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.2
index 10 mpls label 16007 dynamic
candidate-paths
index 20 mpls label 16009 pcep
preference 100
index 30 mpls label 16005 !
dynamic
! metric
pcep
policy to-ABR1 type te
!
binding-sid mpls 1000
metric
color 1000 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.5
type igp
candidate-paths
preference 100 segment-routing segment-routing
dynamic traffic-eng traffic-eng
metric policy policy-1 policy POLICY_1
type igp candidate-paths end-point ipv4 1-.1.1.3 color 1
! preference 100 candidate-paths
! dynamic preference 50
! metric dynamic mpls pce
preference 200 sid-limit 5 unprotected
explicit segment-list explicit-to-ABR-1 margin absolute 100 invalidation drop

segment-routing segment-routing
traffic-eng traffic-eng
policy test policy test
candidate-paths candidate-paths
preference 100 preference 100
constraints constraints
disjoint-path group-id 100 type {link | node| srlg | srlg-node} affinity {exclude-any | exclude-group | exclude-item | include-all| include-any}

segment-routing
traffic-eng
policy test
candidate-paths
preference 100
constraints
bounds cumulative type {hopcount | igp | latency | te}

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 Binding-SID
• Head end receives a packet with Binding Segment label and steers packet into SR policy
• Binding-SID is incoming label in LFIB
• Binding SID is automatically associated with every SR policy (overwritten if configured)

segment-routing
Hierarchy of SR
global-block 16000 23999 Policies area 1 area 2
traffic-eng
logging
policy status Shorter SID list and
!
policy to-ABR1 isolation of churn
binding-sid mpls 1000
color 1000 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.5 {16003, 16006, 25000} 16003 16006 16009 16008 16077 16099
candidate-paths
instead of
… Binding-SID = 25000
{16003, 16006, 16009, 16008, 16077, 16099}

FIB @ headend SR RSVP-TE

Incoming label: 1000
SR Policy to RSVP-TE
Action: pop and push <label stack of policy>

16006
{16006,
25000}
Binding-SID = 25000
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Automated Steering
per-destination per-flow
automatically steers service routes on their
automatically steers service routes on their
matching (color + endpoint) SR Policy per
matching (color + endpoint) SR Policy
Forward Class
• Static into policy is possible • Forward Class is internal to router
• COS can be mapped to FC
• Up to 8 ways
segment-routing segment-routing
traffic-eng traffic-eng
policy c100 policy c100
color 100 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.3 Matching color and endpoint color 100 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.3
candidate-paths candidate-paths
preference 100 preference 100
dynamic dynamic
metric metric
type igp type igp
! !
policy c101
color 101 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.3
candidate-paths
preference 100
dynamic
metric
router static
type hopcount
address-family ipv4 unicast
!
10.0.0.12/32 sr-policy srte_c_100_ep_10.0.0.6
policy c1000
color 1000 end-point ipv4 10.0.0.3
candidate-paths
preference 100 Each color is separately
per-flow defined for same
forward-class 0 color 100 endpoint
forward-class 1 color 101

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On Demand
Next Hop (ODN)
 ODN
BGP
Automated SR Policy
PCEP PCE S-RR
Inter-AS & Seamless MPLS: no need for BGP-
LU (RFC3107)
SLA-aware BGP service
PE1 P1 ABR1 ABR2 P2 PE2

P3 ABR3 ABR4 P4

area 1 area 2

• On-demand Next-hop automates and simplifies the service head end configuration
• No SR Policy config on the head end router
• No complex/explicit steering on the service head end for the service
• For example: no autoroute-announce, no static routes
• No need for full path knowledge on head end router is SR-PCE is used

• The SR Policies deployed when needed

• The learning of the service route, initiates the SR Policy, and traffic-to-SR Policy mapping
• Example of a service route: vpnv4 route

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ODN Behavior
service service

IPv4, IPv6, IPv4 VRF,

3 2 IPv6 VRF, eVPN
RD:10.5.5.1/32 RD:10.5.5.1/32
4 Next-hop PE2 Next-hop PE2
VPN Label VPN Label
Next-hop PE2 Ext-comm (color) Ext-comm (color)
ext-comm (color)
matching S-RR 1
10.5.5.1/32
5
Instantiate SR P1 P2
Policy for
(endpoint, color) PE1 PE2 CE2

6
P3 BGP tags prefixes with
Update FIB table
for 10.5.5.1/32 ext comm (color)

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 SR-PCE 2 Computation
SR TE 3DB4 IGP,
5
Path Computation PCEP Path Computation 1 2 6 10
BGP-LS, ...
Element (PCE) Client (PCC)
(controller) (router) 7 8 9

LSP DB3 4 5 PCEP,

BGP-LS, ...
1 2 6 10
Stateful 7 8 9
PCE
1 PCReport
3 PCUpdate
SR policy status: delegate flag set
providing
End points
ERO (list of segments) 5 PCReport
Constraints:
metric
Metric (IGP, TE, hop count)
Affinities
3 4 5
Path setup type: SR PCC
Segment list: empty
4 SR policy programming 1 2 6 10

7 8 9

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SR Operations,
Administration,
and Maintenance
(OAM)
 SR MPLS OAM
• Ping, traceroute for Prefix SIDs and Adj-SIDs for IGP
ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.1/32
• Regular MPLS OAM works for SR traceroute mpls ipv4 10.1.1.1/32

• OAM gives you extra (above normal ping and

traceroute): ping mpls ipv4 10.1.1.1/32 fec-type generic
traceroute mpls ipv4 10.1.1.1/32 fec-type
• Consistency check
generic
• Path discovery
• MPLS traffic black hole ping sr-mpls 10.1.1.1/32 fec-type igp
• Path divergence detection <isis/ospf>
traceroute sr-mpls 10.1.1.1/32 fec-type igp
• Premature IP header exposition <isis/ospf>
• Can detect inconsistencies between control plane and
forwarding
RP/0/RP0/CPU0:PE1# trace sr-mpls policy ?
• OAM was expanded with SR OAM binding-sid Specify the binding-sid of the SR
policy
• Only prefix-SID for now name Specify the name of the SR policy
• Only new Target FEC Stack TLV for SR is added

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NIL-FEC
• Nil FEC (defined in RFC4379), specifies that no explicit FEC (Control Plane)
is associated with the label
• Typically used to carry labels in reserved range (explicit-null or router alert)
for diagnostic purpose
• Ping and traceroute
• But very powerful tool to check any combination of segments on any path!
• Does not carry any information to identify the intended target
• The packet may be forwarded wrongly somewhere, but still make it
• No control plane validation is performed at originator or responder
• This was an interim solution
• Can force traffic over non-least cost path
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 NIL-FEC Example User specifies:
Outgoing label stack (one or more labels)
Outgoing interface
10 Next-hop interface address
R2 R3
10 10

R1 R4
10 R7
10 1000 Specify outgoing interface and next hop

10
R5 R6
RP/0/0/CPU0:R1# trace mpls nil-fec labels 16006,24000,16007 output interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0/1 nexthop 10.1.5.5

Tracing MPLS Label Switched Path with Nil FEC with labels [16006,28097,16007], timeout is 2 seconds Specify segments as list of labels in comma
separated list (first label is top label)
Codes: '!' - success, 'Q' - request not sent, '.' - timeout,
'L' - labeled output interface, 'B' - unlabeled output interface,
'D' - DS Map mismatch, 'F' - no FEC mapping, 'f' - FEC mismatch,
'M' - malformed request, 'm' - unsupported tlvs, 'N' - no rx label,
'P' - no rx intf label prot, 'p' - premature termination of LSP,
'R' - transit router, 'I' - unknown upstream index,
'X' - unknown return code, 'x' - return code 0
24000 is adj-SID label from R6 to R4
Type escape sequence to abort.

0 10.1.5.1 MRU 1500 [Labels: 16006/24000/16007/explicit-null Exp: 0/0/0/0]

L 1 10.1.5.5 MRU 1500 [Labels: implicit-null/24000/16007/explicit-null Exp: 0/0/0/0] 12 ms
L 2 10.5.6.6 MRU 1500 [Labels: implicit-null/16007/explicit-null Exp: 0/0/0] 19 ms
L 3 10.4.6.4 MRU 1500 [Labels: implicit-null/explicit-null Exp: 0/0] 13 ms
! 4 10.4.7.7 41 ms

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Key Takeaways

• SR is simpler and easier to troubleshoot than LDP or RSVP-TE

• No changes in MPLS forwarding
• Ti-LFA
• Built from same fundaments as LFA
• But much better and much easier
• SR Policy (SR-TE) is simpler than RSVP-TE
• Controller

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