Use The Same Methods As Natural

Science

It Isn’t Possible To Have A Science Of

The
Social World

From ‘Anti-naturalists’
Response
Naive Realism Resources From Interpretivists

Subtle/ Cautious Realism Paradigm A From Critical Theorists

Real Level Objective Reality (Blaikie, 2007) Critical Realism (Pring, 2000)
Positivism Vertification We Can Have A Social Science But It
Actual Level Iceberg Metaphor( Fletcher , 2017) Depth/ Critical Realism Needs
Post-positivism Falsification Knowledge Constructed In
Empirical Level
middle ground Study Of Being Ontology Realism Mixed Method
To Be Different To Natural Science Transaction (Gage, 1989)
Consists Of
Paradigm B Pragmatism Underpin Mixed Methods Research
Social Construction Extreme Social Constructionism Interpretivism

Paradigm Critical Three Different Ways • Compatibility At Technical Or

Relativism (Multiple Reality) Paradigm War Philosophical Level?
Heidegger, 1953 Pragmatism
Objectivism( Dual)
Searle, J. (1995) Judgement And Wisdom

Constructionism (Modified Dual) How We Can Know About It Epistemology informed by

Practical Reasoning(Flyvbjerg, 2001)

Institutions Subjectivism(mono) • Not Possible To Have Universal

(Crotty, 1998) Pronesis
Laws In Social Sciences
Customs Beliefs Objectivism
Quantitative Methodology reference • Where Are We Going? Is It
Conventions Social World Positivism Axiology The Different Values Desirable? What Should Be Done?
Norms
Subjectivism
Methodology Who Gains?

Rules Qualitative Methodology History

Interpretivism

Epistemology
Up To Late 19th Century –
Postmodernism Dominated By Positivism

Critical Inquiry
(Crotty, 1998) Theoretical Feminism
Scientific

Political Four Basic Perspective Positivism

Into Early 20th Century - Weber
Aims By 1920s – Urban Sociology
Therapeutic Elements Symbolic Interaction

Interpretivism Phenomenology
Aesthetic
Educational Research Hermeneutics
Applied Vs Basic

Empirical Vs Theoretical Methodology Propositional Knowledge Knowing That Correspondence Theory Mid 20th Century - Postmodernism
Different Focus On
Authority
Nomothetic Vs Idiographic
Methods Classification Procedual Knowledge Knowing How

Intervention Vs Descriptive Tradition

Critical Personal Knowledge By Acquaintance
Design Knowledge
Comparisons (Coe, 2012) Systematic
Overlap Superstition Latter Part Of 20th Century -
subfield Proliferation
Analysis
Main Factors Tenacity
Involves The Study Of Individuals,
Society, Implicit
Charateristics Transparent Sources

Social Problems, Culture And Social

Control Evident Intuition
Organisations (Bechhofer. F& Peterson. L, 2000 )
Explicit Original Rationalism Wars Turn Nasty In 1996
Systematic
Purposes History Threat
(Wellington And Szczerbinski,
Empiricism
Empirical Testing Effect
2007)
Design

Research
Characterized As

Critical
Methods
Social Science Internal Validity Possible Threats
Instrumentation Problems

(Bassey, 1990) Self-critical Social Science Research Regression Problems

Data Compensatory Equalisation

Arguments About To What Validity Categorization Compensatory Rivalry

Extent It Can Unit Of Analysis
Mirror The ‘Scientific Method’ Selection
Social Science
Nature Science Ways Of External Reliability Possible Threats
Setting

Ethics

Research Frequently Involves Practitioners

Research Classification
History

Construct Effects
Different From Science In Some Ways
People Are ‘Active Thinking Actors’

Seeks To Describe And

No Direct Benefits Pure Research Graham R Gibbs, 2012
Categorization
Internal Reliability

Prediction Is Difficult External Reliability Payne& Payne, 2004

Explain
With The
Purpose Of Improving Things Applied Research Quantative Research Subject Error

Reliability Factors Subject Bias

Observer Error And Bias

Inter-term Checking

Methods Test/retest

Quality Of Research
Split Halves' Method

Objectivity

associatedwith Generalisability

Credibility Truth Value

Shenton, 2004

Qualitative Transferability Applicability

Marshall, C& Rossman, G, 1995

Research
Consistency
Dependability / Replicability

Neutrality
Confirmability /Not Biased