HORIZONTAL

ROAD
ALIGNMENT
PRESENTED BY:
ENGR. MARY ABEGAIL P.
CADANG
Subject Instructor
Roadway Horizontal Alignment

- A series of horizontal tangents (straight roadway sections),

circular curves, and spiral transitions. It shows the proposed
roadway location in relation to the existing terrain and adjacent
land conditions. Together with the vertical alignment (grades and
vertical curves) and roadway cross-sections (lanes, shoulders,
curbs, medians, roadside slopes, ditches, sidewalks), the
horizontal alignment (tangents and curves) helps to provide a
three-dimensional roadway layout.
 - Roadway horizontal curve design is
Roadway based on the laws of physics and

Horizontal
driver reaction to lateral acceleration.
Any geometric alignment needs to

Curves
address curve location; curve
sharpness; tangent lengths; and how
they relate to the vertical profile.
Elements
1. Circular/ Curve Radius
2. Superelevation
of Curve 3. Side Friction

Design 4. Assumed Vehicle Speed

Design
Speed
➢Rural Roads
- Should be as high as
practicable to supply an
optimal degree of safety and
operational efficiency.
➢Urban Roads
- Lower design speeds may be
appropriate
Minimum Radius Calculation
The minimum radius is a limiting value of curvature for a given design
speed and is determined from the maximum rate of superelevation
and the maximum side friction factor selected for design. Use of
sharper curvature for that design speed would call for superelevation
beyond the limit considered practical or for operation with the tire
friction and lateral acceleration beyond what is considered
comfortable by many drivers, or both.
Minimum Radius Calculation

Source: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (The Green Book). Washington, DC.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2001 4th Ed.

Where:
V = velocity
e = superelevation
f = friction
Radius Calculation
• Rmin related to max. f and max. e allowed
• Rmin use max e and max f (defined by AASHTO, DOT, and graphed in
Green Book) and design speed
• f is a function of speed, roadway surface, weather condition, tire
condition, and based on comfort – drivers brake, make sudden lane
changes and changes within a lane when acceleration around a curve
becomes “uncomfortable”
• AASHTO: 0.5 @ 20 mph with new tires and wet pavement to 0.35 @ 60
mph
• f decreases as speed increases (less tire/pavement contact)
Max “e”
Controlled by 4 factors:
1. Climate conditions (amount of ice and snow)
2. Terrain (flat, rolling, mountainous)
3. Type of area (rural or urban)
4. Frequency of slow-moving vehicles who might be
influenced by high superelevation rates
Max “e”
➢Highest in common use = 10%, 12% with no ice and snow
on low volume gravel-surfaced roads
➢8% is logical maximum to minimize slipping by stopped
vehicles
➢For consistency use a single rate within a project or on a
highway
Max “e” Recommendation Rates
1. Several Rates rather than Single Rates – Maximum “e” should be recognized in
establishing design controls for highway curves.
2. A rate of 12% should not be exceeded.
3. A rate of 4% to 6% is applicable for urban design in areas with little or no
constraints.
4. Superelevation may be omitted on low-speed urban streets where severe
constraints are present.
5. Use 8.0% for all rural facilities, except for facilities with aggregate surfaces.
6. Where V ≥ 50 mph (80 km/h), use 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.0% for urban/suburban facilities.
7. For rural facilities with an aggregate surface, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.0%
8. Normal Crown/ Adverse Direction, 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −2%
9. Reverse Crown/ Rotated Crown, 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2%
Sample Problem #1
Design the Minimum Radius with a maximum superelevation
of 8% and a design speed of 60mph.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.12

𝑉2 602
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 8 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
15(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥) 15( +0.12)
100
Sample Problem #2
Design the Minimum Radius for Urban Areas with a design
speed of 60mph.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4%
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.12
𝑉2 602
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
15(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥) 15(100+0.12)
Sample Problem #3
Design the Minimum Radius for curve roads with a rotated
crown with a design speed of 60mph.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2%
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.12
𝑉2 602
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 2 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
15(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥) 15(100+0.12)
Sample Problem #4
Design the Minimum Radius for curve roads with a normal
crown with a design speed of 60mph.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −2%
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.12
𝑉2 602
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = −2 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
15(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥+𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥) 15(100+0.12)
Source: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (The Green Book). Washington, DC. American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2001 4th Ed.
Source: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (The Green Book). Washington, DC. American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2001 4th Ed.
Source: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (The Green Book). Washington, DC. American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2001 4th Ed.
Design for Rural Highways, Urban
Freeways, and High – Speed Urban Streets
➢Maximum side friction factors may vary directly with
design speed:
- 0.17 at 30 kph (20mph) to 0.14 at 80kph(50mph)
- 0.14 at 80 kph (50mph) to 0.08 at 130kph(80mph)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Superelevation
Runoff
Types of
Horizontal
Curves

1. Simple Curves
- The simple curve is an
arc of a circle. The
radius of the circle
determines the
sharpness or flatness of
the curve.
Simple Curve Elements & Formula
PI – point of intersection ∆ ∆
𝑅 = 𝑇/ tan 𝑜𝑟 𝑇 = 𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2
Δ – intersecting angle
R – Radius
PC – Point of Curvature 1 ∆
𝐸=𝑅 −1 𝑀 = 𝑅 1 − cos
∆ 2
PT – Point of Tangency cos
2
T – Tangent Distance
∆ 𝜋𝑅 20
L – Length of Curve 𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝐿=∆
180°
=∆
𝐷
LC – Long Chord
E – External Distance 20(180°) 1145.916
𝑅= =
M – Middle Ordinate 𝜋𝐷 𝐷
Types of
Horizontal Curves

2. Compound Curve
- Frequently, the terrain will
require the use of the
compound curve. This curve
normally consists of two
simple curves joined
together and curving in the
same direction.
Types of
Horizontal Curves

3. Spiral Curve
- The spiral is a curve that has a
varying radius. It is used on
railroads and most modern
highways. Its purpose is to
provide a transition from the
tangent to a simple curve or
between simple curves in a
compound curve.
Spiral Curve Elements & Formula
𝐿𝑠 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
∆ − 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑐 − 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
∆𝑠 − 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇𝑠 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐸𝑠 − 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐿𝐶𝑠 − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑆 − 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝐶 − 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝐶𝑆 − 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑐 − 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
Spiral Curve Elements & Formula
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑳𝟐
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 @ 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙: ∅ =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒄 𝑳𝒔
𝑫 𝑳 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑳𝒄
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝐶: ∆𝒔 = 𝒄 𝒄 =
𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝒄
𝑳𝟐𝒄 𝑳𝟑
𝑂𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝐶: 𝑿𝒄 = ; 𝑿 = 𝑿𝒄
𝟔𝑹𝒄 𝑳𝟑𝒄
∅
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙: 𝒊 =
𝟑
𝑳𝟓
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙: 𝒚 = 𝑳 −
𝟒𝟎𝑹𝟐𝒄 𝑳𝟐𝒄
𝑳𝟑𝒄
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝐶 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑆: 𝒚𝒄 = 𝑳𝒄 −
𝟒𝟎𝑹𝟐𝒄
𝑳𝒔 𝑿𝒄 ∆
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙: 𝑻𝒔 = + 𝑹𝒄 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝑿𝒄 ∆
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑬𝒔 = 𝑹𝒄 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 − 𝑹𝒄
𝟒 𝟐
Spiral Curve Elements & Formula
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒: ∆𝑐 = ∆ − 2𝑆𝑐
Length of throw for the Spiral curve:
𝑋𝑐 𝐿2
𝑝= =
4 24𝑅𝑐
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
0.036𝑉 3
𝐿𝑠 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑝ℎ
𝑅𝑐
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑆
𝑖 𝐿2
=
𝑖𝑐 𝐿2𝑐
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑆)
𝐷 𝐿
=
𝐷𝑐 𝐿𝑐
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.0079𝑉 2
𝑒=
𝑅
 Sample Problem #5.a
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central curve.
The tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
b. Determine the spiral angle at third quarter point.

Answer and Solutions:

180 𝐿2 180 75 2
∅= =
2𝜋𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑠 2𝜋(250)(100)

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟔°𝟐𝟔′ 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗′′

 Sample Problem #5.b
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central curve. The
tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
a. Determine the offset distance from the tangent on the first quarter point of the spiral.

Answer and Solutions:

𝐿2𝑐 𝐿3 𝐿3
𝑋= 3 =
6𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑐 6𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑐
253
=
6(250)(100)

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒎
 Sample Problem #5.c
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central curve. The
tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
c. Determine the deflection angle at 3rd quarter point from the tangent to the spiral at TS.

Answer and Solutions:

∅ 𝟔°𝟐𝟔′ 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗"
𝒊= =
𝟑 𝟑

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐°𝟖′ 𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟑′′

 Sample Problem #5.d
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central
curve. The tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
d. Determine the length of the short tangent of the spiral.
Answer and Solutions:
𝐿2𝑠 1002
𝑋𝑐 = = = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒎
6𝑅𝑐 6(250)
180 𝐿2 180 100 2
∅= = = 𝟏𝟏°𝟐𝟕′ 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟔“
2𝜋𝑅𝑐 𝐿𝑠 2𝜋(250)(100)
𝑋𝑐 𝑋𝑐 6.6667
𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = ; 𝑆𝑇 = =
𝑆𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (11°27′ 32.96")
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟔𝒎 (𝒂𝒏𝒔!)
 Sample Problem #5.e
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central
curve. The tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
e. Determine the length of the long tangent of the spiral.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑦 = 𝑆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠
𝐿3𝑠
𝐼𝑓 𝐿𝑇 = 𝑦𝑐 − 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐿𝑠 −
40𝑅𝑐2
𝐿3𝑠
𝐿𝑇 = 𝐿𝑠 − 2 − 𝑆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑠
40𝑅𝑐
1003
𝐿𝑇 = 100 − 2
− 33.5566 cos(11°27′ 32.96")
40 250
𝑳𝑻 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒎(𝒂𝒏𝒔!)
 Sample Problem #5.f
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central
curve. The tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
f. Determine the length of throw for the spiral curve.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑋𝑐 6.6667
𝜌= =
4 4
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕𝒎 (𝒂𝒏𝒔 )
 Sample Problem #5.g
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central
curve. The tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
g. Determine the length of the spiral tangents.
Answer and Solutions:
𝐿𝑠 𝑋𝑐 ∆
𝑇𝑠 = + 𝑅𝑐 + tan
2 4 2
100 60
𝑇𝑠 = + 250 + 1.6667 tan
2 2
𝑻𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟎 𝒎 (𝒂𝒏𝒔 )
 Sample Problem #5.h
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central
curve. The tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
h. Determine the external distance of the spiral.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑋𝑐 ∆
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑅𝑐 + sec − 𝑅𝑐
4 2
60
𝐸𝑠 = 250 + 1.6667 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 250
2
𝑬𝒔 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎 (𝒂𝒏𝒔 )
 Sample Problem #5.i
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central curve. The
tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
i. What is the maximum velocity that a car could pass through the spiral easement curve?

Answer and Solutions:

0.036𝑉 3
𝐿𝑠 =
𝑅𝑐
0.036𝑉 3
100 =
(250)
𝑽 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒑𝒉(𝒂𝒏𝒔 )
 Sample Problem #5.j
The Length of the Spiral Curve is 100m with radius of 250m at the central
curve. The tangents passing through TS and ST intersect each other at 60°.
j. Determine the Maximum Required Superelevation.
Answer and Solutions:
0.0079𝑉 2
𝑒=
𝑅
0.0079(88.56)2
𝑒=
250
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟑%
𝑨𝒅𝒐𝒑𝒕 𝟒% 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏
Types of
Horizontal
Curves

4. Reversed Curves
- Formed by two
circular simple curves
having a common
tangent but lies on
opposite sides.
Types of
Reverse
Curve
4.a. Reversed Curve
with Equal Radii and
Parallel Tangents
Types of
Reverse
Curve
4.b. Reversed
Curve with Non-
Parallel Tangents
 Sample Problem #6
Two parallel tangents 10m apart are connected by a reversed curve. The
chord length from PC to the PT equals 120m.
a. Compute the length of the tangent with common direction.
Answer and Solutions:
∆2 −1
10
= sin = 4°46′ 48.69"
2 120
∆𝟐 = 𝟗°𝟑𝟑′ 𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟖“
10
𝐷=
𝑠𝑖𝑛(9°46′ 48.69")
𝑫 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟒𝒎
 Sample Problem #6
Two parallel tangents 10m apart are connected by a reversed curve. The
chord length from PC to the PT equals 120m.
b. Determine the equal radius of the reversed curve.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑅1 = 𝑅2
𝐷
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 =
2
∆2 𝑇2 30.1047
𝑇2 = 𝑅2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑅2 = =
2 ∆ 2 tan(9°33′ 37.38“ )
𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
𝑹𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒎 (𝒂𝒏𝒔 !)
 Sample Problem #6
Two parallel tangents 10m apart are connected by a reversed curve. The chord length
from PC to the PT equals 120m.
c. Compute the stationing at the PRC if the stationing of A at the beginning of the
tangent with common direction is 3+420.
Answer and Solutions:
𝑃𝐶 = 3420 − 30.1047
= 3389.8953 𝑜𝑟 𝟑 + 𝟑𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝜋𝑅 ′
𝜋 360
𝐿=∆ = 9°33 37.38“
180° 180°
𝑳 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟕𝒎
𝑃𝑅𝐶 = 3389.8953 + 60.0697 = 3449.9650
𝑷𝑹𝑪 = 𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎 (ans!!)
 Sample Problem #7
Given the lines and direction as follows: AB=57.6m due east, BC=91.5m N68°E,
CD=102.6m azimuth of 312°. A reversed curve is to connect these three lines
thus forming the center line of a new road. Compute the length of the common
radius of the reserved curve.
Answer and Solutions:
∆1 = 90° − 68° = 22°; ∆2 = 312° − 180° − 68° = 64°
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 91.5𝑚
∆1 ∆2
𝑅1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑅2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 91.5𝑚
2 2
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅
∆1 ∆2 91.5 91.5
𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 91.5; 𝑅 = =
2 2 ∆ ∆ 22° 64°
𝑡𝑎𝑛 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 2 2
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟔𝒎 = 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 (𝒂𝒏𝒔 )