Redundancy:

o Redundancy, Failover, High Availability, Clustering, RAID and Fault-tolerance.

o A good network design provides the redundancy in devices and network links.
o Redundancy is basically extra hardware or software that can be used as backup.
o If the main hardware or software fails or link fail or unavailable in case of emergency.
o It is method for ensuring network availability in case of network device or path failure.
o It is method for ensuring network availability in case of network device unavailability.
o Network redundancy is process through which additional or alternate instances of network
o devices, equipment & communication mediums are installed within network infrastructure.
o Redundancy can be achieved via failover, load balancing & high availability in automatically.
o High availability is a feature which provides redundancy and fault tolerance automatically.
o High Availability is a number of connected devices processing and providing a services.
o The goal is to ensure this service is always available even in the event of a failure or down.
o Clustering is similar to redundant servers & provides fault tolerance in case of emergency.
o A group of servers are logically combined into a cluster and seen as one device to work.
o If a device fails within cluster services continue because other devices continue services.
o One link processing traffic & second link would only become active if primary link fails.
o Set up to allow company to connect their device to more than one Internet connection.
o If one connection goes down, all traffic would failover to the other Internet connection.
o This would eliminate single point of failure and would re-assure availability and reliability.
o RAID is a fault tolerance solution for hard drives usually implemented in the servers.
o Redundant Array of Independent Disks providing redundancy and fault tolerance.
o Automatic failover is process of moving active services from primary device to backup.
o Usually backup device continues these services until primary device has come back up.
o When a device fails another device takes over this process which is referred to as a failover.
o Services failover to backup device which will continue from where primary device left off.
o Failover feature allows for hardware firewalls to have some redundancy and backup.
o Have two or more hardware device configured if primary fails, the backup take over.
o It is implemented on the high-end hardware devices for networks require redundancy.
o HSRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol for establishing a fault-tolerant default gateway.
o Redundancy, Fault-tolerance, & High-availability, all refer to some sort of failover of backup.

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First-Hop Redundancy Protocols:
o FHRP is a term which is stands for First Hop Redundancy Protocol.
o FHRP provide redundancy & load balancing of default gateway (First Hop).
o FHRP connecting multiple physical router & treat as one or more logical router.
o FHRP connecting multiple physical switch, which work as gateway for LAN devices.
o FHRP allow for transparent fail-over at the first-hop Cisco IP Router or Cisco Switch.
o FHRP protocols protect against a single point of failure for the default gateway.
o FHRP provide load balancing if multiple uplinks are available at first-hop routers.
o FHRP two or more routers sharing a single MAC and IP (Internet Protocol) address.
o There are three types of FHRP protocol which are Cisco HSRP, VRRP and Cisco GLBP.

FHRP Working:
o Creating group of Physical gateway using Layer 3 device Router or Switches.
o Agree to assign one virtual IP address, which same to all first hop devices.
o Virtual IP (Internet Protocol) going to use as gateway address to all LAN device.
o The FHRP creating one or more Virtual MAC (Media Access Control) address.
o One first hop is respond Address Resolution Protocol request (Active/AVG/Master).
o It is using the keepalives messages in order to get Virtual gateway status.
o LAN devices use Virtual IP & MAC (Media Access Control) address as default gateway.

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HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol):
o HSRP stands for Hot Standby Router Protocol & Cisco proprietary protocol.
o There are two versions of Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRPv1 & HSRPv2).
o Two or more Cisco Routers or Switches on LAN segment form an HSRP group.
o In HSRP, one Cisco Router or Switch assumes the function of “Active” Device.
o In HSRP, other Routers or Switches is known as “Standby” Router or Switch.
o In HSRP, the highest priority gateway is elected as active gateway of group.
o In HSRP the active gateway is the owner of Virtual MAC & Virtual IP address.
o In HSRP, the default priority is set to 100 but it can be easily modify (0-255).
o Highest interface IP as the tiebreaker and preempt option is disabled by default.
o HSRP Version 1 uses Multicast Address [Link] for sending the Hello traffic.
o HSRP Version 2 uses Multicast Address [Link] for sending the Hello traffic.
o In HSRP, the messages can be authenticated using the clear text or the MD5.
o HSRP Version 1 allows for group numbers ranging from 0 – 255 not more then.
o HSRP Version 2 allows for group numbers ranging from 0 – 4095 which is more.
o HSRP Version 1 virtual MAC 0000. [Link]. (XX is group no. {0-255}).
o HSRP Version 2 virtual MAC 0000. [Link]. (XXX is group no. {0-4095}).
o HSRP Version 2 support IPv6 address but HSRP version 1 doesn’t support IPV6.
o HSRP Version 1 and HSRP Version 2 are not compatible with each other.
o Load sharing using multiple groups and virtual IP with priority modification.
o In HSRP Version 1 & 2 Default Hello time is 3 seconds, Hold time is 10 seconds.
o On Cisco Router or Switches By default, version 1 is enable until version 2 enabled.
o By default, in all Cisco Routers or Cisco Switches have priority 100.

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Lab Time:

R1 Configuration:
R1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
R1(config-if)# ip address [Link] [Link]
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config)#interface FastEthernet1/0
R1(config-if)# ip address dhcp
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R2 Configuration:
R2(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
R2(config-if)# ip address [Link] [Link]
R2(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config)#interface FastEthernet1/0
R1(config-if)# ip address dhcp
R1(config-if)# no shutdown

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 R1 HSRP Configuration
R1(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#standby 1 ip [Link]
R1(config-if)#standby 1 name Group1
R1(config-if)#standby 1 authentication text abc
R1(config-if)#standby 1 authentication md5 key-string abc
R1(config-if)#standby 1 timers 2 3
R1(config-if)#standby 1 priority 110
R1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt
R1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt delay minimum 60
R1(config-if)#standby 1 track fastEthernet 1/0
R1#show standby
R1#show standby brief
R1#debug standby packets
R1#debug standby events
R2 HSRP Configuration
R2(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
R2(config-if)#standby 1 ip [Link]
R2(config-if)#standby 1 name Group1
R1(config-if)#standby 1 timers 2 3
R2(config-if)#standby 1 authentication text abc
R2(config-if)#standby 1 authentication md5 key-string abc
R2#show standby
R2#show standby brief
R2#show standby neighbors
R2#debug standby packets
R2#debug standby events

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VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol):
o VRRP is term which is stands for Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.
o VRRP is open standard alternative to HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol).
o Uses terms master/backup same as active/standby in HSRP Protocols.
o In VRRP, one Router or Switch assumes the function of “Master” Device.
o In VRRP, other Router or Switch is known as “Backup” Router or Switch.
o Master sends VRRP advertisements to other routers in the same group.
o VRRP, uses multicast IP [Link] for hello mechanism and elections.
o VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) uses own transport protocol 112.
o VRRP use the Virtual MAC address which is 0000.5E00.01XX. (XX is group no.).
o Unlike in HSRP protocol, in VRRP the preemption is enabled by default.
o Preemption can be disabled using the no vrrp preempt command under interface.
o In VRRP, the default Hello time is 1 seconds and the Hold time is set to 3 seconds.
o Virtual IP Address can be the same as the real IP address on the interface.
o In VRRP, the gateway become master using highest priority 255.
o Load sharing can be using multiple group & virtual IP with changing the priority.
o There are three versions of VRRP and VRRP version 3 support IPv6 as well.

R1 VRRP Configuration
R1(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)# vrrp 1 ip [Link]
R1(config-if)# vrrp 1 name Group1
R1(config-if)# vrrp 1 priority 110
R1(config-if)# vrrp 1 preempt
R1#show vrrp
R1#show vrrp brief
R2#show vrrp neighbors
R2# show vrrp brief
R2# show vrrp all
R2 VRRP Configuration
R2(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
R2(config-if)# vrrp 1 ip [Link]
R2(config-if)# vrrp 1 name Group1
R2(config-if)# vrrp 1 priority 110
R2(config-if)# vrrp 1 preempt
R2#show vrrp
R2#show vrrp brief
R2#show vrrp neighbors
R2# show vrrp brief
R2# show vrrp all

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 VRRP Track
R2(config)#track 2 interface f1/0 line-protocol
R2(config)#interface f0/0
R2(config-if)#vrrp 1 track 2 decrement 20
R2(config)#interface f1/0
R2(config-if)#shutdown

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