VISION

Vision
The eye
•Human eye is the most valuable NDT Tool
•Sensitivity of the human eye varies according to the light source
•Human eye has an excellent visual perception
•Yellow green light of wavelength 5560°A is the most suitable light for
human eye at normal condition.
•Humans inspector are not allowed to work for more than 2 hours
continuously in order to increase efficiency.
•Lighting should be adequat for inspection approximately 800-1000 lux.

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Techniques
• Broadly speaking, visual inspection is divided into several viewing
techniques:
• Direct viewing – viewing of an object in the operator’s immediate
presence. This can be unaided or by using equipment.
– The most common tools used by inspectors include callipers, gauges,
templates, micrometres, rulers, levels, chalk, illumination devices, note
taking devices, and other miscellaneous equipment
• Remote viewing – viewing of an object not in the operator’s
immediate presence. This can only be done using special equipment.
– instruments include mirrors, borescopes, charged coupled devices
(CCD), and remote miniature cameras
Advantages of visual inspection
It can be a very simple but effective test to perform and often does not need
expensive equipment.
Experienced operators and advanced equipment make it possible for visual
inspection to be very sensitive .
It allows discontinuities to be seen through naked eye.
Many different surface-breaking discontinuities can be found.
Training and experience times can be short.
Virtually any component can be examined anywhere on the surface.
Disadvantages of visual inspection
It relies totally on the human factor.
Many organizations pay little attention to the proper training of operators.
Sub-surface discontinuities will not be seen.
 Types of Visual Inspection

• 1. Unaided Visual Inspection

• [Link] Visual Inspection

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 1. Unaided Visual Inspection
• It is also Known as Direct Visual Inspection
• It can be accomplished with the help of naked eye
• It can done with out the help of optical aids
• Defects can be detected are
– Absence of cracks, Corrosion layer, surface porosity, Misalignment of
mated parts

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 2. Aided Visual Inspection
• It is also known as Indirect Visual Inspection
• It is performed using optical instruments
• This will identify the defects which cannot detect with human
eye
• It permits visibility to areas are not accessible to human eye

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LIGHTING
• Important factor
• Amount of lighting depends on type of test, speed, accuracy vision etc
• Lighting should not affect inspector health
• Approximate suitable lighting 800-1000 lux
• Various light sources
– incandescent lamp
– Fluorescent lamps
– High intensity discharge lamps
Material Attributes/ factors affecting VI
•Environmental Factors
• Surface conditions Atmosphere
• Cleanliness Cleanliness
• Color Humidity and temperature
• texture safety
Physiological factors
Physical comfort
• Physical conditions Health
• Specimen Conditions Mental Attitude
• Shape Fatigue
• Size Test item position
• temperature
 Visual Perception
• It is the interpretation of impressions transmitted from retina of
eye to the brain in terms of information
• Visual perception depends on the vision acuity
• Human eye has an excellent visual perception
it involves following steps,
 Recognising presence of defect in specimen
 Identifying it
 Locating the defect in the specimen
 Finding out its relation with the surface
 Identifying its features like size, shape, colour, etc
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Visual Testing Requirements:

Mirrors (especially small, angled mirrors),

Magnifying glasses,
Microscopes (optical and electron),
Borescopes and fiber optic Borescopes, Tools Used in Visual
Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems, Inspection
Videoscope.
Lights
Fibroscopes
Visual Testing Requirements:

Mirrors (especially small, angled mirrors),

Magnifying glasses,
Microscopes (optical and electron),
Borescopes and fiber optic Borescopes, Tools Used in Visual
Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems, Inspection
Videoscope.
Lights
Fibroscopes
Visual Testing Equipments

Fig: Videoscope Fig: Advanced Videoscope Fig: Borescopes

Fig. Microscope Fig: Magnifying glass

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 Magnifying Mirrors
• It is also known as concave spherical mirrors
• It is used to magnify the areas which are not accessible to
human eye.

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 Magnifying Glass
• It is also called as Hand Lens
• This lens is used to produce a magnified Image
• Magnification depends upon the position where it is being placed
between the human eye and the object
• For higher power magnification, double or multiple lenses are used

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 Microscope
• Microscope is used to magnify
the image of a small object
• Magnification Power = 10/F

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 Borescope
• Which is used to inspect the inside of a
narrow tube
• It is a flexible tube with an eyepiece at
one end and objective lens at another
end
• Light is passed through the lens and to
obtain a clear image
• Available range is 2.5 mm to 19 mm
• Video

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Borescopes
• A borescope is an optical instrument composed of a tube designed for
the remote inspection of objects. A person at one end of the tube can
view an image obtained at the other end.
• The image is transmitted through the tube via fiber optic bundles,
running though the tube, camera, video projection system, or lenses.
• A borescope that utilizes fiber bundles for its image projection is
commonly referred to as a fiber optic borescope or fiberscope.
• Another method of image transfer is through the use of a small
camera at one end of the tube and a monitor at the other end. Lenses
can also be used to convey the image to the observer through an
eyepiece.
• Due to the variety of needs created by industry, there are several
types of borescopes.
• The basic categories are rigid or flexible
• The borescopes most commonly used today are: fiber optic
borescopes, camera borescopes, lens borescopes and micro-
borescopes.
• The fiber optic and camera variety are usually of the flexible
type, while the lens borescope is typically rigid.
• Borescopes are commonly used for the inspection of objects
that have areas of inaccessibility.
• They are preferred in the mechanical engineering field more
than any other area and are instrumental in the inspection
and condition assessment of engines and engine parts.
 Endoscope
• It is bit superior than borescope
• Magnification factor of 10X is obtained
• Available up to smaller dia of 1.7 mm and length upto 100-150mm

Hareesh k,AP,Dept of ME,VAST

 Fibroscopes
• Also called fibre optic borescope
• Dia range of about 3 to 12.5mm
and length varies between 60 –
365 cm

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TELESCOPE
TELESCOPES
 Telescopes are generally understood to be optical instruments for
viewing distant objects, as expressed by the Greek words tele (far)
and skopein (to view).
 Two lens objective and eyepiece
 Most of the telescopes you see today come in one of two flavors:
 The refractor telescope, which uses glass lenses.
 The reflector telescope, which uses mirrors instead of the
lenses.
CCTV

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cctv
 Special Lighting
• Back Lighting
• Front Lighting
• Structured Lighting
• Strobe Lighting
• Ultraviolet Lighting

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Computer Enhanced Visual System

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