3.3 Polynomial Identities
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Activity Assess
EXPLORE & REASON
Look at the following triangle.
Polynomial
Identities Each number is the sum of the two 1
numbers diagonally above. If there
is not a second number, think of 1 1
it as 0.
PearsonRealize.com 1 2 1
A. Write the numbers in the next
three rows. 1 3 3 1
I CAN… prove and use
polynomial identities. B. Look for Relationships What 1 4 6 4 1
other patterns do you
VOCABULARY see? 1 5 10 10 5 1
• Binomial Theorem
C. Find the sum of the numbers in
• identity
each row of the triangle. Write a formula for the sum of the numbers in
• Pascal’s Triangle the nth row.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION How can you use polynomial identities to rewrite expressions efficiently?
CONCEPT Polynomial Identities
A mathematical statement that equates two polynomial expressions
is an identity if one side can be transformed into the other side using
mathematical operations. These polynomial identities are helpful tools used
to multiply and factor polynomials.
Difference of Squares Example: 25x 2 − 36y 2
a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b) Substitute 5x for a and 6y for b.
25x 2 − 36y 2 = (5x + 6y)(5x − 6y)
Square of a Sum Example: (3x + 4y) 2
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 Substitute 3x for a and 4y for b.
(3x + 4y) 2 = (3x) 2 + 2(3x)(4y) + (4y) 2
= 9x 2 + 24xy + 16y 2
Difference of Cubes Example: 8m 3 − 27
a 3 − b 3 = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2) Substitute 2m for a and 3 for b.
8m 3 − 27 = (2m − 3)[(2m) 2 + (2m)(3) + 3 2]
(2m − 3)(4m 2 + 6m + 9)
=
Sum of Cubes Example: g 3 + 64h 3
a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2) Substitute g for a and 4h for b.
g 3 + 64h 3 = (g + 4h)[g 2 − (g)(4h) + (4h) 2]
= (g + 4h)(g 2 − 4gh + 16h 2)
146 TOPIC 3 Polynomial Functions Go Online | PearsonRealize.com
Activity Assess
EXAMPLE 1 Prove a Polynomial Identity
How can you prove the Sum of Cubes Identity, a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2)?
To prove an identity, start with the expression on one side of the equation
and use properties of operations on polynomials to transform it into the
USE STRUCTURE
expression on the other side.
Another way to establish the
identity is to multiply each term of (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2)
the second factor by (a + b), and
a(a 2 − ab + b 2) + b(a 2 − ab + b 2)
= Use the Distributive Property.
then combine like terms.
= a 3 − a 2b + ab 2 + a 2b − ab 2 + b 3 Use the Distributive Property.
= a 3 + (−a 2b + a 2b) + (ab 2 − b 2)
a + b 3 Group like terms.
= a 3 + b 3 Combine like terms.
So, a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 −ab + b 2).
Try It! 1. Prove the Difference of Cubes Identity.
EXAMPLE 2 Use Polynomial Identities to Multiply
How can you use polynomial identities to multiply expressions?
2
A. (2x 2 + y 3) The sum is a binomial, and the entire sum
is being raised to the second power.
COMMON ERROR
When finding (a + b) 2, recall that Use the Square of a Sum Identity to find the product:
it is not sufficient to square the
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
first term and square the second
2 2 2
term. You must distribute the two x 2 + y 3) = (2x 2) + 2(2x 2)(y 3) + (y 3)
(2 S ubstitute 2x 2 for a and y 3
binomials. for b.
= 4x 4 + 4x 2y 3 + y 6 Simplify.
So, (2x 2 + y 3) 2 = 4x 4 + 4x 2y 3 + y 6.
B. 41 • 39
Rewrite the expression in terms of a and b.
41 • 39 = (a + b)(a − b)
= (40 + 1)(40 − 1)
Use the Difference of Squares Identity:
(40 + 1)(40 − 1) = 40 2 − 1 2
= 1,600 − 1
= 1,599
So 41 • 39 = 1,599.
Try It! 2. Use polynomial identities to multiply the expressions.
a. (3x 2 + 5y 3)(3x 2 − 5y 3) b. (12 + 15) 2
LESSON 3-3 Polynomial Identities 147
Activity Assess
EXAMPLE 3 Use Polynomial Identities to Factor and Simplify
How can you use polynomial identities to factor polynomials and simplify
numerical expressions?
A. 9m 4 − 25n 6
4 and 25n 6are both perfect squares. A square term includes
9m
an even exponent, not
2
9m 4 = ( 3m 2) necessarily an exponent
2 that is a perfect square.
25n 6 = (5n 3)
Use the Difference of Squares Identity: a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b).
2 2
9m 4 − 25n 6 = (3m 2) − (5n 3) Express each term as a square.
3
= (3m 2 + 5n ) (3m 2 − 5n 3) Write the factors.
So, 9m 4 −25n 6 = (3m 2 + 5n 3)(3m 2 −5n 3).
B. x 3− 216
x 3and 216 are both perfect cubes.
x 3 = (x) 3
216 = 6 3
Use the Difference of Cubes Identity: a 3 − b 3 = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2).
COMMON ERROR
The second factor is almost a x 3 − 216 = (x) 3 − (6) 3 Express each term as a cube.
Square of a Sum. Remember that = (x − 6)(x 2 + 6x + 36) Write the factors.
the middle term of the Difference
of Cubes Identity is the product So, x 3 −216 = (x −6)(x 2 + 6x + 36).
ab, not 2ab.
C. 11 3 + 5 3
Use the Sum of Cubes Identity: a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 −ab + b 2).
11 3 + 5 3 = (11 + 5)(11 2 – 11(5) + 5 2)
= (16)(121 – 55 + 25)
= 16(91)
= 1,456
So, 11 3 + 5 3 = 1,456.
Try It! 3. Use polynomial identities to factor each polynomial.
a. m 8 − 9n 10 b. 27x 9 − 343y 6 c. 12 3 + 2 3
148 TOPIC 3 Polynomial Functions Go Online | PearsonRealize.com
Activity Assess
CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING EXAMPLE 4 Expand a Power of a Binomial
How is (x + y) n obtained from (x + y) n−1?
A. What are (x + y) 3 and (x + y) 4?
(x + y) 3 = (x + y)(x + y) 2
= (x + y)(x 2 + 2xy + y 2)
1x2 + 2xy + 1y2 Multiply each term by
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ (x + y)to get (x + y) 3.
(x + y) (x + y) (x + y)
x3 + x2y + 2x2y + 2xy2 + xy2 + y3
1x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + 1y3 = (x + y)3
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Multiply each term in
(x y) (x y) (x y) (x y)
(1x 3 + 3x 2y + 3xy 2 + y 3)
x4 + x3y + 3x3y + 3x2y2 + 3x2y2 + 3xy3 + xy3 + y4 by (x + y)to get (x + y) 4.
1x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + 1y4 = (x + y)4
The coefficients of (x + y) n are produced by adding the coefficients of
(x + y) n − 1, producing an array known as Pascal’s Triangle. Pascal’s Triangle
is the triangular pattern of numbers where each number is the sum of the
two numbers diagonally above it. If there is not a second number diagonally
above in the triangle, think of the missing number as 0.
Row 0 1 1 (x + y)0
Row 1 1 1 1x + 1y (x + y)1
STUDY TIP Row 2 1 2 1 1x2 + 2xy + 1y2 (x + y)2
Notice the patterns of the powers. Row 3 1 3 3 1 1x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + 1y3 (x + y)3
The powers of x decrease from n
Row 4 1 4 6 4 1 1x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + 1y4 (x + y)4
to 0 and the powers of y increase
from 0 to n when reading the
You can obtain (x + y) n by adding adjacent pairs of coefficients from
terms from left to right.
(x + y) n−1.
B. Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand (x + y) 5.
Add pairs of coefficients from Row 4 to complete Row 5.
Row 4 1 4 6 4 1
Row 5 1 5 10 10 5 1 The sum of the exponents
Write the expansion. Use the coefficients in each term is equal
from Row 5 with powers of x starting at 5 and to the exponent on the
original binomial.
decreasing to 0 and with powers of y starting
at 0 and increasing to 5.
(x + y) 5 = 1x 5 + 5x 4y + 10x 3y 2 + 10x 2y 3 + 5xy 4 + 1y 5
Try It! 4. Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand ( x + y) 6.
LESSON 3-3 Polynomial Identities 149
Activity Assess
CONCEPT Binomial Theorem
The Binomial Theorem states that, for every positive integer n,
(a + b) n = C 0a n + C 1a n−1b + C 2a n−2b 2 + . . . + C n−1ab n−1 + C nb n.
The coefficients C 0, C 1, C 2, . . ., C n−1, C n are the numbers in Row n of
Pascal’s Triangle.
Notice that the powers of a are decreasing while the powers of b are
increasing, and that the sum of the powers of a and b in each term is always n.
EXAMPLE 5 Apply the Binomial Theorem
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand the expressions.
4
A. Find (x − 3) .
Step 1 Use the Binomial Theorem to write the expansion when n = 4.
C 0a 4 + C 1a 3b + C 2a 2b 2 + C 3ab 3 + C 4b 4
Step 2 Use Row 4 in Pascal’s Triangle to write the
Pascal’s Triangle
coefficients.
1
a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 + 4ab 3 + b 4 1 1
1 2 1
Step 3 Identify a and b. 1 3 3 1
COMMON ERROR
Remember that the base of a = xand b = −3 1 4 6 4 1
(a + b) n in the Binomial Theorem 1 5 10 10 5 1
is (a + b). If the terms are being Step 4 Substitute x for a and −3 for b in the
subtracted, use the opposite of b pattern. Then simplify.
in the expansion.
x 4 + 4x 3(−3) + 6x 2(−3) 2+ 4x(−3) 3 + (−3) 4
x 4 − 12x 3 + 54x 2 − 108x + 81
So (x − 3) 4 = x 4 − 12x 3 + 54x 2 − 108x + 81.
B. Find (s 2+ 3) 5.
The expansion of (a + b) 5is a 5 + 5a 4b + 10a 3b 2 + 10a 2b 3 + 5ab 4 + b 5.
Since a = s 2 and b = 3, the expansion is:
(s 2 + 3) 5 = (s 2) 5 + 5(s 2) 4(3) + 10(s 2) 3(3) 2 + 10(s 2) 2(3) 3 + 5(s 2)(3) 4 + (3) 5
= s 10 + 15s 8 + 90s 6 + 270s 4 + 405s 2 + 243
So (s 2 + 3) 5 = s 10 + 15s 8 + 90s 6 + 270s 4 + 405s 2 + 243.
Try It! 5. Use the Binomial Theorem to expand each expression.
a. (x − 1) 7 b. (2c + d) 6
150 TOPIC 3 Polynomial Functions Go Online | PearsonRealize.com
Concept Assess
Summary
CONCEPT SUMMARY Polynomial Identities
POLYNOMIAL Special polynomial identities can be used to multiply and factor polynomials.
IDENTITIES
Difference of Squares Square of a Sum
a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b) (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
Difference of Cubes Sum of Cubes
a 3 − b 3 = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2) a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2)
BINOMIAL The binomial expansion of (a + b) nhas the following properties:
EXPANSION 1) The expansion contains n + 1 terms.
2) The coefficients of each term are numbers from the nth row of Pascal’s Triangle.
3) The exponent of a is n in the first term and decreases by 1 in each successive term.
4) The exponent of b is 0 in the first term and increases by 1 in each successive term.
5) The sum of the exponents in any term is n.
Row 0 1 1 (x + y)0
Row 1 1 1 1x + 1y (x + y)1
Row 2 1 2 1 1x2 + 2xy + 1y2 (x + y)2
Row 3 1 3 3 1 1x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + 1y3 (x + y)3
Row 4 1 4 6 4 1 1x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + 1y4 (x + y)4
Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?
1. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How can Use polynomial identities to multiply each
you use polynomial identities to rewrite expression.
expressions efficiently? 7. (2x + 8y)(2x − 8y)
2. Reason Explain why the middle term of 8. (x + 3y 3) 2
(x + 5) 2 is 10x.
Use polynomial identities to factor each
3. Communicate Precisely How are Pascal’s polynomial.
Triangle and a binomial expansion, such as
(a + b) 5, related? 9. 36a 6 − 4b 2
4. Use Structure Explain how to use a 10. 8x 6 − y 3
polynomial identity to factor 11. m 9 + 27n 6
8x 6 − 27y 3.
Find the term of the binomial expansion.
5. Make Sense and Persevere What number
does C 3represent in the expansion C 0a 5 + 12. fifth term of (x + y) 5
C 1a 4b + C 2a 3b 2 + C 3a 2b 3 + C 4ab 4 + C 5b 5?
13. third term of (a − 3) 6
Explain.
6. Error Analysis Dakota said the third term of Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand each expression.
the expansion of (2g + 3h) 4 is 36g 2h 2. Explain 14. (x + 1) 5 15. (a − b) 6
Dakota’s error. Then correct the error.
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand
each expression.
16. (d − 1) 4 17. (x + y) 7
LESSON 3-3 Polynomial Identities 151
Scan for Practice Tutorial
PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online
UNDERSTAND PRACTICE
18. Use Structure Expand (3x + 4y) 3 using Pascal’s 27. Prove the polynomial identity.
Triangle and the Binomial Theorem. x 4 − y 4 = (x − y)(x + y) (x 2 + y 2)
SEE EXAMPLE 1
19. Error Analysis Emma factored 625g 16 − 25h 4.
Describe and correct the error Emma made in Use polynomial identities to multiply the
factoring the polynomial. expressions. SEE EXAMPLE 2
28. (x + 9)(x − 9) 29. (x + 6) 2
625g16 – 25h4 30. (3x − 7) 2 31. (2x − 5)(2x + 5)
= (25g4)2 – (5h2)2 32. (4x 2 + 6y 2)(4x 2 − 6y 2) 33. (x 2 + y 6) 2
2
= (25g4 + 5h2)(25g4 – 5h2) 34. (8 − x 2)(8 + x 2) 35. (6 − y 3)
✗ 36. 18 • 22 37. 103 • 97
38. (7 + 9) 2 39. (10 + 5) 2
20. Higher Order Thinking Use Pascal’s Triangle Use polynomial identities to factor the polynomials
and the Binomial Theorem to expand (x + i) 4. or simplify the expressions. SEE EXAMPLE 3
Justify your work.
40. x 8 − 9 41. x 9 − 8
21. Use Structure Expand the expression (2x − 1) 4.
What is the sum of the coefficients? 42. 8x 3 + y 9 43. x 6 − 27y 3
22. Error Analysis A student says that the 44. 4x 2 − y 6 45. 216 + 27y 12
expansion of the expression (−4y + z) 7 has 1 6
46. 64x 3 − 125y 6 47. __
16
x −25y 4
seven terms. Describe and correct the error the
student may have made. 48. 9 3 + 6 3 49. 10 3 + 5 3
23. Reason The sum of the coefficients in the 50. 10 3 – 3 3 51. 8 3 – 2 3
expansion of the expression (a + b) n is 64.
Use Pascal’s Triangle to find the value Use the Binomial Theorem to expand the
of n. expressions. SEE EXAMPLES 4 and 5
24. Use Structure Factor x 3 − 125y 6in the form 52. (x + 3) 3 53. (2a − b) 5
(x − A)(x 2 + Bx + C). What are the values of A, 4
54. ( 12 )
b − __ 55. (x 2 + 1) 4
B, and C?
3
56. (2x + __
13 ) 57. (x 3 + y 2) 6
Generalize How many terms will there be
in the expansion of the expression (x + 3)n? 58. (d − 3) 4 59. (2m + 2n) 6
Explain how you know.
60. (n + 5) 5 61. (3x − 0.2) 3
Make Sense and Persevere How could you use 3
polynomial identities to factor the expression 62. (4g + 2h) 4 63. ( 12 n)
m 2 + __
x6−y6?
152 TOPIC 3 Polynomial Functions Go Online | PearsonRealize.com
Practice Tutorial
PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online
APPLY ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
64. Reason A medium-sized shipping box 67. Are the expressions below perfect square
with side length s units has a volume of trinomials? Select Yes or No.
s 3 cubic units.
Yes No
x 2 + 16x + 64
4x 2 − 44x + 121
S 9x 2 − 15x + 25
S S 68. SAT/ACT How many terms are in the expansion
of (2x + 7y) 9?
a. A large shipping box has side lengths that Ⓐ2 Ⓑ7 Ⓒ8 Ⓓ9 Ⓔ 10
are 3 units longer than the medium shipping
box. Write a binomial expression for the 69. Performance Task If an event has a probability
volume of the large shipping box. of success p and a probability of failure q,
then each term in the expansion of (p + q) n
b. Expand the polynomial in part a to simplify represents a probability. For example, if a
the volume of the large shipping box. basketball player makes 60% of his free throw
attempts, p = 0.6and q = 0.4. To find
c. A small shipping box has side lengths that the probability the basketball player will
are 2 units shorter than the medium shipping make exactly h out of k free throws,
box. Write a binomial expression for the find C k−hp hq k−h, where C k−h is a coefficient of
volume of the small shipping box. row k of Pascal’s Triangle, p is the probability of
success, and q is the probability of failure.
d. Expand the polynomial in part c to simplify
the volume of the small shipping box.
65. Use Structure The dimensions of a rectangle
are shown. Write the area of the rectangle as a q = 0.4
sum of cubes. p = 0.6
x+3
2
x − 3x + 9
66. A Pythagorean triple is a set of three positive
integers a, b, and c that satisfy a 2 + b 2 = c 2.
The identity (x 2 −y 2) 2 + (2xy) 2 = (x 2 + y 2) 2 can Part A What is the probability the basketball
be used to generate Pythagorean triples. Use player will make exactly 6 out of 10 free
the identity to generate a Pythagorean triple throws? Round to the nearest percent.
when x = 5 and y = 4. Part B Another basketball player makes 80% of
her free throw attempts. Write an expression
to find the probability of this basketball player
making exactly 7 out of 10 free throws. Describe
what each variable in the expression represents.
Part C Find the probability that the basketball
player from Part B will make exactly 7 out of 10
free throws. Round to the nearest percent.
LESSON 3-3 Polynomial Identities 153
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