Solution

PREBOARD 25%(3)

Class 12 - Physics

1. (a) 10-8 H
Explanation:
10-8 H
E
2. B = c

6.3V/m
−8
= = 2.1 × 10 T
8
3× 10 m/s

To find the direction, we note that E is along y-direction and the wave propagates along x-axis. Therefore, B should be in a
direction perpendicular to both x- and y-axes. Using vector algebra, c = E × B should be along the x-direction.
Since, (+ ^j ) × (+ k
^
) = i, B is along the z-direction.E is along y direction and c is along x direction
Thus, B = 2.1 × 10-8 k^
T
3. While being charged, electron flow from battery into the capacitor until the capacitors is completely charged.
As a result, galvanometer shows deflection.
Between the plates of the capacitor
Q Q
∅E = |E|A = A=
AϵO ϵO

d∅
Q changes with time and current i = dt
d∅E d∅ dQ
So, dt
=
1

ϵO dt
⇒ i = ϵO
dt

This is the displacement current id.

Outside the plates, the current in the conductor due to the flow of charges is called conduction current.
4.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

5.
(c) twice
Explanation:
twice

6.
(c) a few coloured bands and then uniform illumination
Explanation:
a few coloured bands and then uniform illumination

7.
(d) Huygens
Explanation:
Huygens principle states that every point on a wavefront is a source of secondary wavelets. These wavelets spread out in the
forward direction, at the same speed as the source wave. The new wavefront is a line tangent to all of the wavelets.

1/9
 8.

Correct option is D. λ(μ − 1)

Shift = ΔX
Width of one fringe = λ
Δ X = (μ − 1)t = 1λ
For one maximum shift:
t= λ

μ−1

9. i. At the central point (O) the contribution from each half in SS1 is in phase with that from the corresponding part in SS2. Hence,
O is a maxima.

At the point M where S2M - S1M = λ

2
Phase difference between each wavelet from SS1 and corresponding wavelet from SS2
= λ

2
Hence, M would be a minima.
All such points (path difference = n ) are also minima. Similarly, all points, for which path difference = (2n +1) , are
λ

2
λ

maxima but with decreasing intensity.

ii.

λ
From the figure, Half angular width of central maxima = a

∴ The size of central maxima will be reduced to half and intensity of central maxima will be four times if slit is made double
the original width.
10. Intensity at any point on the screen,
−−−−
I = I1 + I2 + 2√I I cos ϕ 1 2

Let I0 be the intensity of either source. Then I1 = I2 = I0, and I = 2I0 (1 + cos ϕ) = 4I0 cos2
ϕ

When p = λ , ϕ = 2π
I = 4I0 cos2 = 4 I0 cos2π = 4I0 = k
ϕ
∴
2

i. When p = λ

4
,ϕ =
π

∴ I = 4I0 cos2 π

4
,= 4 I0 × 1

2
= 2 I0 = k

2/9
 ii. When p = λ

3
,ϕ =
2π

∴ I = 4I0 cos2 π

3
= 4 I0 × 1

4
= I0 = k

iii. When p = λ

2
,ϕ = π

∴ I = 4I0 cos2 π

2
=0
11. i. There are two sets of apparatus of Young's double-slit experiment. In Set A: Stable interference pattern, the positions of
maxima and minima do not change with time.
In Set B: Positions of maxima and minima will change rapidly with time and an average uniform intensity distribution will be
observed on the screen.
ii. Expression for the intensity of stable interference pattern in set-A
If the displacement produced by slit S1 is given by
y1 = acos ω t
then, the displacement produced by S2 would be
y2 = acos (ω t + ϕ)
and the resultant displacement will be given by
y = y1 + y2
= a[cos ω t + cos (ω t + ϕ)]
ϕ ϕ
= 2acos ( )cos (ω t +
2 2
)
ϕ
The amplitude of the resultant displacement is 2acos ( ) and therefore the intensity at that point will be
2

I = 4I0cos2( )
ϕ

ϕ =0
∴ I = 4l0
In set B, the intensity will be given by the average intensity is given by :-
I = 4I0cos2( )
ϕ

I = 2I0

12.
(d) 2.7 × 10-21 ms-1
Explanation:
2.7 × 10-21 ms-1

13.
(b) 1.4 V
Explanation:
Kmax = hν - W0
= 2 eV - 0.6 eV = 1.4 eV
Kmax 1.4eV
V0 =
e
=
e
= 1.4 V

14.
(c) become half
Explanation:
As λ = . When momentum p is doubled, wavelength will become half the initial value.
h

15.
0

(c) 3100 A
Explanation:
−19
E = 4eV = 4 × 1.6 × 10 J

Now, E = ϕ 0 + K =
hc

λ0

Here, K = 0

3/9
 Thus,
hc
E = ϕ0 =
λ0

−34 8
−19 6.6× 10 ×3× 10
4 × 1.6 × 10 =
λ0

λ0 ≃ 3100A

16. i. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with same potential V is

λ = or λ =
h

p
h

mv

1
∴ λ ∝
√m

As proton's mass is less than the mass of alpha particle thus,

λproton > λalpha

ii. As, K . E. = hc

λ
1
⇒ K . E. ∝
λ

Since, λ > λ
proton alpha

Thus, kinetic energy of proton will be lesser than that of alpha particle.
h
17. By de-Broglie relation λ = p

Or

K = 6.94 × 10-25 J

18. Photoelectric effect- When the radiation such as λ -rays, X-rays, UV and even visible light fall on metals, electrons are emitted.
This, phenomenon of emission of electrons is known as photoelectric effect.
Laws of Photoelectric Emission:
The experimental observations on the photoelectric effect may be summarized as follows, which are known as the fundamental
laws of photoelectric emission.
i. For a given photo-sensitive material, there is a minimum frequency called the threshold frequency, below which the emission
of photoelectrons stops completely, however great the intensity may be.
ii. For a given photosensitive material, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation,
provided the frequency is greater than the threshold frequency.
iii. The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process i.e., there is no time lag, between the incidence of radiation and the
emission of photoelectrons.
iv. The maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is directly proportional to the frequency of incident radiation, but is
independent of its intensity.
19. Energy of the incident photon,
hc
E = hν =
λ
−34 8 −1
(6.63× 10 Js) (3× 10 m s )
⇒ E =
λ
−25
1.989×10
= J
λ

i. For violet light, λ = 390 nm (lower wavelength end)

1

Incident photon energy,

−25
1.989×10 −19
E1 = = 5.10 × 10 J
−9
390×10
−19
5.10×10
= = 3.19eV
−19
1.6×10

ii. For yellow-green light, λ 2 = 550nm (average wavelength)

Incident photon energy,
−25
1.989×10
E2 =
−9
550×10
−19
⇒ E2 = 3.62 × 10 J = 2.26 eV

4/9
 iii. For red light, λ = 760 nm (higher wavelength end)
3
−25

Incident photon energy, E 3 =

1.989×10

−9
760×10

−19
E3 = 2.62 × 10 J = 1.64 eV

20. According to Einstein's equation of photo electricity

1 2
mvmax = eV0 = hν − ν0
2

or eV 0 =
hc

λ
− ϕ0

where ϕ is the work function, λ wavelength of incident light and V0 is the stopping potential.
0

For the first source,

o
λ1 = 4950 A = 4950 × 10 −10
m

V0 = 0.6 V
−34 8
−19 6.6× 10 ×3× 10
∴ 1.6 × 10 × 0.6 = − ϕ0
−9
495×10

or 0.96 × 10 −19
= 4 × 10
−19
− ϕ0

∴ ϕ0 = 3.04 × 10
−19
J .....(i)
−19
3.04×10
= eV
−19
1.6×10

= 1.9 eV
Let λ be the wavelength of the second source.
2

Given, V = 1.1V ′
0

Therefore,
−34 8
6.6× 10 ×3× 10
1.6 × 10
−19
× 1.1 =
λ2
− 3.04 × 10
−19
[From (i)]
−26

or 1.76 × 10 −19
=
19.8×10

λ2
− 3.04 × 10
−19

−26

or 19.8×10

λ2
= 4.8 × 10
−19

−26
19.8×10 −7
∴ λ2 = m = 4.125 × 10 m
−19
4.8×10

o
= 4125 A
When the ejected photoelectrons are subjected to the action of a magnetic field, no change in retarding potential will be observed.
This is because a magnetic field does not alter the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. The magnetic field only changes the
direction of motion.
21.
(d) 2.1 × 10-34 Js
Explanation:
The electron revolving in the second orbit (n = 2) has an energy equal to -34 eV. Therefore, its angular momentum is
h h
L= 2( ) =
2π π

−34
6.6× 10 Js
=
22/7

= 2.1 × 10-34 Js

22.
(b) 5.6 × 10-8 m
Explanation:
2d sin θ = nλ

(sin θ)max = 1

λmax = 2d = 2 × 2.8 × 10-8 m

23. (a) orbiting electrons radiate energy

Explanation:
Rutherford’s model of atom was unstable because he said that every electron revolving around a nucleus radiate energy, since
every radiating energy has an acceleration, the electron would have felt inside nucleus, which results to unstablity of atom.

5/9
24.
(c) 4
Explanation:
ΔE = hv = Kmax + W0

1 1
13.6eV [ − ] = 10eV + 2.75eV
2 2
1 n
2
13.6n −13.6
or 2
= 12.75
n

or 13.6 n2-13.6 = 12.75 n2

or 13.6 n2 - 12.75 n2 = 13.6
or n2(13.6 - 12.75) = 13.6
or n2(0.85) = 13.6
n2 = 16
∴ n = 4

25. Here K = 5 MeV = 5 × 1.6 × 10-13 J, θ = 90°, Z = 79

Impact parameter
2 θ
kZ e cot
2
b =
K
9 −19 2 ∘
9× 10 ×79× (1.6× 10 ) cot 45
=
−13
5×1.6×10

= 2.27 × 10-14 m
26. a. Given: The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about –3.4 eV.
The kinetic energy of the electron in this state = negative of the total energy = -E
Kinetic energy of the electron in this state = -(-3.4)eV = + 3.4 eV
b. Potential energy is given as the negative of the twice of the kinetic energy U = -2 × (3.4) eV
U = -6.8eV
Hence the potential energy of the electron in the given state is − 6.8 eV.
c. If the choice of the zero of potential energy is changed, then the value of potential energy of the system also changes and as
we know the total energy is the sum of kinetic energy as well as potential energy. Therefore, the potential energy will also
change.
27. Suppose m be the mass of an electron and v be its speed in nth orbit of radius r. The centripetal force for revolution is produced by
electrostatic attraction between electron and nucleus.
or,
2 (Z e)(e)
mv

r
= 1
...(i)
4πε0 r2

mv2 =
2
1 Ze

4πε0 r

So, Kinetic energy [K] = 1

2
mv2
2

K= 1

4πε0
Ze

2r

(Z e)(−e) 2
Ze
Potential energy = 4πε0
1

r
=− 4πε0
1

total energy
2 2
Ze Ze
E = KE + PE = 1

4πε0 2r
+ (− 1

4πε0 r
)

E=− 1

4πε0
Ze

2r

For nth orbit, E can be written as En

6/9
 2

En = − 4πε0
1 Ze

2rn
...(ii)

28. Total energy of electron in nth stable orbit in H or like atom is given by:
2 4
μZ e
En = 2 2 2
8ε h n
0

μ = reduced mass of electron, proton and neutron (mass defect)

2 4 4 4
μ (1) e μ e μ e
EH = H

2 2
[
1

2
−
1

2
] = H

2 2
[
1

1
−
1

2
] = M

2 2
[
3

4
]
8ε h n n 8ε h 2 8ε h
0 1 2 0 0

E = hν = h

λ
or λ H =
EH
h

4
μ e 3
H
∴ hνH =
2 2 4
8ε h
0
4
μH e

νH
= 2 3
⋅
3

4
8ε h
0

( λD − λH )
The percentage difference in the wavelength is given by = λ
× 100
H

Percentage change in wavelength is given by:

λD
or change ΔE = [ λH
− 1] × 100 (∵ Δ E = E1 - E2) ...(i)
4
μe 1 1
hν = 2 2
[
2
−
2
]
8ε h n n
0 2 2

4
μe 1 1
ν = 2 3
[
2
−
2
]
8ε h n n
0 1 2

4
c μe 1 1
= [ − ]
λ 2 3 2 2
8ε h n n
0 1 2

4
μe
1 1 1
= [ − ]
λ 2 3 2 2
8ε ch n n
0 1 2

as μ= mass defect, e, ε, c, and h are constants for an atom.

1
∴ λ ∝
h
μ
So eqn. 1st can be written as the percentage change in the wavelength is given by = [ H

μD
− 1] × 100

me M
∵ μ= (Given)
(M+ me )

me MH

⎡ ⎤
( MH +me )
∴ Percentage change in wavelength = ⎢ me +M
− 1⎥ 100
D
⎣ ⎦
(M +me )
D

MH ( MD + me )
Δλ
× 100 = [ − 1] × 100
λH MD ( MH + me )

me

⎡ MD (1+ ) ⎤
MH MD

=⎢ MD
− 1⎥ × 100
me
⎣ MH (1+ ) ⎦
M
H

−1
me me
= [(1 + MD
) (1 +
MH
) − 1] × 100

me me
= [(1 + MD
) (1 −
MH
) − 1] × 100

Me << MD so neglecting the higher degree term

Δλ me me me me
× 100 = [1 − + − − 1] × 100
λH MH MD MD ⋅ MH

1 1
=m e [
MD
−
MH
] × 100

7/9
 = 9.1 ×10 −31
[
1

−27
−
1

−27
] × 100
3.3374×10 1.6725×10
−31+2
9.1×10 1.6725−3.3374
= −27
[
3.3374×1.6725
]
10
−3.27 −2
−9.1× 10 ×0.6649 −6.05059×10
Δλ×100

λ
=
3.3374×1.6725
= 5.5180
H

Δλ×100

λH
= −1.084 × 10
−2
Decrease in wavelength
(-) sign shows that λ D < λH

29.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

Photoelectric cells are used in burglar alarms to detect thieves and fire alarms to indicate the outbreak of fire. It is a device used to
convert light energy into electrical energy. It is based on the principle of photoelectric effect. It is also called electric eye or
Photoelectric cell.

(i) (c) Cesium

Explanation:
Cesium
(ii) (d) I ∝ 1

Explanation:
I∝ 1

(iii) (c) Zero

Explanation:
Zero
(iv) (c) have energies that depend upon the frequency of light
Explanation:
have energies that depend upon the frequency of light
(v) (d) none of these
Explanation:
none of these
31. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The Bohr model of the atom was proposed by Neil Bohr in 1915. It came into existence with the modification of Rutherford’s
model of an atom. Rutherford’s model introduced the nuclear model of an atom, in which he explained that a nucleus (positively
charged) is surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

8/9
(i) (b) Option (iv)
Explanation:
The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit cannot be determined simultaneously
(ii) (c) A nucleus
Explanation:
A nucleus
(iii) (b) both emitted only and absorbed only
Explanation:
both emitted only and absorbed only
(iv) (c) A discrete spectrum
Explanation:
A discrete spectrum
(v) (c) quantized
Explanation:
quantized

9/9