PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Writing the
Review of
Related
Literature
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Objective
• Select relevant literature for your quantitative
study.
• Show skills in paraphrasing findings
• Apply citation techniques in quantitative
research.
• Make a list of references
• Present objectively written review of related
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literature.
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What is
RRL?
A review of related literature (RRL) is a
detailed review of existing literature related to
the topic of a thesis or dissertation.

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Purpose of RRL
• Giving credibility to your study
• Fitting results of study to existing
literature

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Types of Data
Primary Sources - This refers to literature that
contains first-hand evidence.
Examples:
Field notes of field researchers
Spreadsheets with raw data
Transcribed data
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Types of Data
Secondary Sources -This refers to interpretation of
data and summaries of results from primary sources.
Examples:
Textbooks
Encyclopaedia
Magazine and newspaper clippings
Interpretation of surveys
Biographies QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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Guidelines in Selecting Literature

1. Select literature based on your

Statement of the Problem (SOP).

2. Select literatures that are related to

your specific topic.

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Guidelines in Selecting Literature

3. Select literature that uses evidence.

4. Select literature that are current.

5. Select literature published locally and

internationally.
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TIP:

When searching for online

literature, use the specific
topic of your study as
keywords on the search
engine.
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TIP:
You can use this template as preparation for your
RRL
Title Main Findings Paraphrase Reference
(APA format)

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Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing (Restating) means putting

someone else’s ideas into your own words.
Paraphrasing a source involves changing
the wording while preserving the original
meaning (Gahan & Caulfield, 2022).

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Paraphrasing

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Paraphrasing tips
• Only include the information that’s relevant
• Introduce information with the signal phrase
• Retain key terms since changing them could alter
the meaning
• Structure sentences in your own way instead of
copying the structure of the original
• Start from a different point, presenting information
in a different order
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Citing Literature Sources

Citation is an organized way of

acknowledging literature sources
used in specific parts of the
research paper.

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Types of In-Text Citations

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1. Parenthetical citations are placed at the end of the

sentence of the paragraph in the body text of your research
paper.
Example: The Philippines is primarily an agricultural country
because of its rich natural resources (Dela Cruz, 2010).

2. Narrative citation is another way of inserting citations in

the body text of your research paper.

Example: According to Dela Cruz (2010), the Philippines is primarily

an agricultural country because of its rich natural resources.

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 In-text Citation Styles

APA stands for American Psychological

Association. It is one of the most commonly
used citation formats in academic writing,
especially in the field of life and physical
science, and Psychology.

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 APA Formatting
Number of Authors Format Sample

No author (Italicized title of the book, A systematic mechanism for

Year) gathering customer satisfaction and
or feedback is an integral part of
(“Title of webpage or business development and growth
article,” Year) (Growing Your Business, 2010).

One author Surname (Year), or A systematic mechanism for

(Surname, Year) gathering customer satisfaction and
feedback is an integral part of
business development and growth
(Dela Cruz, 2010).
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 APA Formatting
Number of Authors Format Sample

Two authors Surname 1 and Surname A systematic mechanism for

2 (Year), or gathering customer satisfaction
(Surname 1 & Surname 2, and feedback is an integral part of
Year) business development and growth
(Dela Cruz & Dizon, 2010).

Three or more Surname 1 et al. (Year) or A systematic mechanism for

authors (Surname 1 et al., Year) gathering customer satisfaction
and feedback is an integral part of
business development and growth
(Dela Cruz et al., 2010).
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Writing Reference List

Bibliography refers to the section of a

research paper that shows a list of all
sources used in the research paper. Another
term for the bibliography is a “list of
references”.

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Bibliographic Details

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Reference List

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Reference List

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Reference List

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Reference List

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Reference List

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Reference List

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Reference List

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Ethical standards in RRL

Ethical standards are based on

general research ethics that tackles
the “dos” and “don’ts” in
conducting a research project.

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Ethical standards in RRL

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Ethical standards in RRL
Don’ts Don’ts

Avoid main use of secondary source literature. Avoid missing relevant citations in the literature
review.
Avoid providing incomplete or wrong
Avoid directly copying the content of the
information of the literature source in the
literature source.
bibliography.

Don’ts
Avoid directly using the tables and figures
presented in the literature source.
Avoid redirecting the main idea of the literature
and including your own perspective on the
topic.

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 Defining Plagiarism
Plagiarism refers to the “act of
copying or using works from
another person and presenting it
as your own”.
 Consequences of Plagiarism
In the Philippines, the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines or R.A.
no. 8293 protects the intellectual works
and property of people such as books
a n d i nve n t i o n s t h r o u g h r e g i s t e r e d
copyrights.
Consequences of Plagiarism
 Plagiarism
Direct Plagiarism
Inadequate Paraphrasing
Self-Plagiarism
Incomplete Citations
Avoiding Plagiarism
 References
Cargill, Margaret, and Patrick O'Connor. Writing Scientific Research Articles. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 3rd ed.
California: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2009.

Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 1998.

Hillway, Tyrus. Introduction to Research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.

O’Leary, Zina. The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2004.

Vanderstoep, Scott W., and Deirdre D. Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass., 2009.
 PARAPHRASING ACTIVTY
1. MAIN FINDINGS:
Productive study habits require learners to prepare personal
time-table for themselves allocating a certain length of time for a
particular subject, depending on how difficult each subject is.
SOURCE:
Ogbodo, R. O. (2010). Effective Study Habits in Educational
Sector: Counselling Implications. Edo Journal of Counselling, 3(2),
230-242.
CITATION:
NARRATIVE
 PARAPHRASING ACTIVTY
2. MAIN FINDINGS:
Time management is very important and it may actually affect
individual's overall performance and achievements. Students nowadays
always commented that they do not have enough time to complete all the
tasks assigned to them
SOURCE:
Razali, S. N. A. M., Rusiman, M. S., Gan, W. S., & Arbin, N. (2018, April).
The impact of time management on students’ academic achievement. In
Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 995, p. 012042). IOP Publishing.
CITATION:
PARENTHETICAL