Introduction
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Computer
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Networking: A Top-
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
Down Approach
All material copyright 1996-2020 8th edition
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson, 2020
Introduction: 1-1
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
Network edge: national or global ISP
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical regional
ISP
media: home network content
provider
wired, wireless network datacenter
network
communication links
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-22
A closer look at Internet
structure
mobile network
Network edge: national or global ISP
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
Access networks, physical local or
regional
media: ISP
home network content
wired, wireless communication provider
links network datacenter
network
Network core:
interconnected routers enterprise
network
network of networks
Introduction: 1-23
Access networks and physical
media mobile network
Q: How to connect end national or global ISP
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access networks (school,
company) local or
regional
mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) ISP
home network content
provider
What to look for: network datacenter
network
transmission rate (bits per second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated access among users? enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-24
Fiber to the Home
ONT
Internet optical
fibers
ONT
optical
fiber
OLT
optical
central office splitter
ONT
Optical links from central office to the home
leading optical technology:
Passive Optical network (PON)
Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries television and phone
services
Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
§ high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s national or global ISP
Gbps) connect hundreds to thousands
of servers together, and to Internet
local or
regional
ISP
home network content
provider
network datacenter
network
Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance enterprise
Computing Center (mghpcc.org) network
Introduction: 1-26
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels
transmitted in different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-27
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend
cable splitter cable modem
modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbs downstream transmission rate
30-100 Mbps upstream transmission rate
network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction: 1-28
Ejemplo de Topología
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
G.fast (212 MHz), providing up
DSL splitter to 2 Gb/s ≤ 400 m
modem DSLAM
MGFAST (424 MHz/848 MHz)
up to 10 Gb/s over twisted pairs
voice, data transmitted ISP (plain telephone wiring, CAT 5/6
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer wiring) ≤ 100 m
use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM
• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-30
Access networks: home networks
wireless
devices
to/from headend
or central office
often combined
in single box
cable or DSL modem
WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT
point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-31
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base station aka “access point”
Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access
(WLANs) networks
typically within or around provided by mobile, cellular
building (~100 ft) network operator (10’s km)
802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 10’s Mbps
Mbps transmission rate 4G cellular networks (5G coming)
to Internet to Internet
Introduction: 1-32
Access networks: Mobile networks
Source: Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach 8th Edition, Curt White,
2015
Access networks: enterprise networks
Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers
companies, universities, etc.
mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix
of switches and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-35
Links: physical media
bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs
two insulated copper wires
physical link: what lies
• Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
between transmitter & Ethernet
receiver • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
guided media:
• signals propagate in
solid media: copper,
fiber, coax
unguided media:
• signals propagate
freely, e.g., radio
Introduction: 1-36
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
two concentric copper glass fiber carrying light pulses,
conductors each pulse a bit
high-speed operation:
bidirectional
• high-speed point-to-point
broadband: transmission (10’s-100’s
• multiple frequency channels Gbps)
on cable low error rate:
• 100’s Mbps per channel
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic
noise
Introduction: 1-37
Las arterias submarinas de
Internet
Imagen propiedad diario El Tiempo,
13 Enero 2013. Uso educativo.
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
signal carried in terrestrial microwave
electromagnetic • up to 45 Mbps channels
spectrum Wireless LAN (WiFi)
no physical “wire” • Up to 100’s Mbps
broadcast and “half- wide-area (e.g., cellular)
duplex” (sender to receiver) • 4G cellular: ~ 10’s Mbps
propagation environment satellite
effects: • up to 45 Mbps per
channel
• reflection
• 270 msec end-end delay
• obstruction by objects • geosynchronous versus
• interference low-earth-orbit
Introduction: 1-39
The network core
mobile network
mesh of interconnected national or global ISP
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets local or
regional
• forward packets from one ISP
router to the next, across home network content
provider
links on path from source to network datacenter
network
destination
• each packet transmitted at
full link capacity enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-40
Network Backbone (core)
Ra bit/s Rb bit/s
Number of hops
Queueing
Delay
Reordering
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
321
source destination
R bps R bps
Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to
transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at One-hop numerical
R bps example:
Store and forward: entire packet must arrive L = 10 kbits
at router before it can be transmitted on next R = 100 Mbit/s
link one-hop transmission
End-end delay: 2L/R (above), assuming zero delay = 0.1 msec
propagation delay (more on delay shortly)
Introduction: 1-42
Serialization delay (Rec. ITU-T G.114)
«Serialization delay of a packet is the time it takes to clock every bit of a packet onto
the line.»
Figura tomada de la Rec.G114 con
carácter educativo.
Packetsize [ bit ]
t serialization [ s ]=
Linespeed [ bit / s]
Figura tomada de la Rec. ITU-T G114 con carácter educativo.
Two key network-core functions
routing
algorithm Routing:
global action:
Forwarding: local forwarding table
determine source-
header value output link
local action: 0100 3 destination paths
move arriving 0101
0111
2
2
taken by packets
packets from 1001 1
routing algorithms
router’s input
link to
appropriate 1
router output 3 2
link 011
1
destination address in arriving
packet’s header
Introduction: 1-45
routing
Introduction: 1-46
forwarding
forwarding
Introduction: 1-47
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mbit/s
Ethernet C
A statistical multiplexing
5 Mbit/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
D E
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on
demand: statistical multiplexing.
1-48
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for
transmission over
output link
Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:
Introduction: 1-49
Dynamic Resource Sharing
«Thee principles and advantages of timesharing were key
to my realization that resource sharing of
communication links in networks could provide for
efficcient data communications, much like the resource
sharing of processors in timeshared systems was
accomplishing». AN EARLY HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET. Leonard Kleinrock, IEEE
Communications Magazine, August 2010.
Packet-switching: queueing delay, loss
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for a period of time:
packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Introduction: 1-51
