THERMODYNAMICS
1. What do you mean by reversible process? What are the conditions which must be satisfied by
the process during reversible process?
2. Differentiate between microscopic and macroscopic approach.
3. What is thermodynamic equilibrium? Explain.
4. Define available and unavailable energy. Calculate the availability and unavailability of a system
that absorbs 15000 kJ of heat from a heat source at 500 K temperature, while the environment is
at 290 K temperature.
5. A new temperature scale in degrees N is to be defined. The boiling and freezing points on this
scale are 400°N and 100°N respectively. What will be the reading on new scale
corresponding to 60°C?
6. It is proposed to device a new scale with value 5 assigned to ice point and 20 to the steam point.
The pressure of an ideal gas at constant volume is to be used as thermometric medium. Set up a
linear relationship between the pressure and the temperature on the new scale.
7. Explain the Quasi-static process. Also, explain the concept of continuum with example.
8. A stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 m³ and 0.105
MPa to a final state of 0.15 m² and 0.105 MPa, the pressure remaining constant during the
process. There is a transfer of 37.6 kJ of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the
internal energy of the gas change?
9. State two limitations of first law of thermodynamics. Why PMM-II is not possible?
10. A gas undergoes a reversible non-flow process according to the relation p = (3V+ 15) where V is
the volume in m³ and P is the pressure in bar. Determine the work done when the volume changes
from 3 to 6 m².
11. Explain the Free expansion process. Show that work done in free expansion process is zero.
12. What is (S.F.E.E.) steady flow energy equation? Derive S.F.E.E. equation for nozzle.
13. One kg air at 7 bar and a temperature of 360 K undergoes a reversible polytropic process which
may be represented by PV 1.1= C. If the final pressure is 1.4 bar, evaluate (a) final specific volume
and temperature, (b) work done and heat transfer. Take R = 287 J/kg K and gamma = 1.4.
14. Write down the first and second T-ds equations and derive the expression for the difference in
heat capacities Cp and Cv.
15. Show that the Kelvin-Planck and the Clausius statement of the seconds law of thermodynamics
are equivalent.
16. A reversible heat engine is supplied 900kJ of heat from a heat source at 500K. The engine
develops 300kJ of network and rejects heat to two sinks at 400K and 300K. Determine the engine
thermal efficiency and magnitude of heat interaction with each of the sink.
17. Find the entropy change of 5 kg of a perfect gas whose temperature varies from 150°C to
200°C during a constant volume process. The specific heat varies linearly with absolute
temperature and is presented by the relation: Cp = (0.45+0.009T) kJ/kg-K.
18. Water to be heated at constant pressure from 25°C to 80°C. If the heat source is at a constant
temperature of 500°C and the ambient temperature is 20°C, what would be the gain in availability
of water and effectiveness of the heating process? For water take C = 4.187 kJ/kg-K.
19. Derive Maxwell equations.
20. Explain the following terms:
(a) Critical point,
(b) Subcooling,
(c) Superheating,
(d) Triple point.
21. Calculate volume expansivity and isothermal compressibility of steam at 300°C and 300kPa.
22. A steam power plant working on simple Rankine cycle, turbine receives steam at 7 MPa and
550°C and exhaust at 20 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.
23. The heat capacity at constant pressure of a certain system is a function of temperature only
41.87
and may be expressed as Cp = 2.093 + J/°C,
t+100
Where t is the temperature of the system in °C. The system is heated while it is maintained at a
pressure of 1 atm until its volume increases from 2000 cm³ to 2400 cm³ and its temperature
increases from 0°C to 100°C.
(a) Find the magnitude of heat interaction.
(b) How much does the internal energy of the system increase?
24. A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20°C and consumes a power of 15 kW. The inlet and outlet
velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature, assuming
adiabatic conditions. Take cp of air is 1.005 kJ/kg-K.
25. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600°C and 40°C.
The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures at
40°C and -20°C. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000 kJ and the network output of the
combined engine refrigerator plant is 360 kJ. Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the
net heat transfer to the reservoir at 40°C.
26. Derive an expression for Joule Thomson coefficient. Explain Inversion curve with diagram?
27. Derive an expression Tⅆs =CpⅆT −T ( ∂T∂ v ) ⅆP .
28. Derive an expression for Clapeyron equation.
29. Calculate the internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of a liquid vapour mixture of water having
dryness fraction of 0.8.
30. Air at a temperature of 15°C passes through a heat exchanger at velocity of 30 m/s, where
temperature is raised to 800°C. It then enters a turbine with same velocity of 30m/s and expands
until temperature falls to 650°C. On leaving the turbine the air is taken at velocity of 60m/s to a
nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 500°C. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s,
calculate:
(a) rate of heat transfer to air in the heat exchanger,
(b) power output from turbine assuming no heat loss,
(c) velocity at exit from the nozzle, Assuming no heat loss.
31. Two reversible engines A and B are arranged in series. Engine 'A' rejects heat directly to engine
"B'. Engine A receives 200 kJ at temperature of 421°C from the hot source while engine 'B' is in
communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 5°C. If the work output of 'A' is twice that of B.
Find:
(1) intermediate temperature between A and B,
(2) efficiency of each engine,
(3) heat rejected to the sink.
32. A rigid insulated container holds 5 kg of an ideal gas. The gas is stirred so that its state changes
from 5 kPa and 300 K to 15 kPa. Assuming for air Cp=1.005 kJ/kg-k and Cp/Cv=1.4, determine the
change of entropy of the system.
33. Find the equations for change in entropy of an ideal gas
(a) In terms of temperature and volume,
(b) In terms of pressure and volume,
(c) In terms of temperature and pressure.
34. 20 kg of water at 90°C is mixed with 30 kg of water at 30°C and the pressure remains constant
during the mixing operation. Calculate the decrease in available energy. It may be presumed that
the surroundings are at 10°C and take Cp for water as 4.187 kJ/kg-K.
35. A steam power plant uses steam at boiler pressure of 150 bar and temperature of 550°C with
condenser pressure of 0.1 bar. Calculate the cycle efficiency.
