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Final Project - PRACTICE

physics class 12 (Delhi Public School, Damanjodi)

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PHYSICS PROJECT
“To investigate the relation between
the ratio of:- (i) output and input
voltage and (ii) Number of turns in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a
self-designed transformer.”

Name- PRINCE TIWARI

Class & Sec- XII-A
Board roll number- _______________

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INDEX
[Link] TOPICS PAGE N0.
1 CERTIFICATE 2
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMNET 3
3 OBJECTIVE 4
4 INTRODUCTION 5
5 THEORY 6-14
6 APPARATUS REQUIRED 15
7 PROCEDURE 16
8 USES OF TRANSFORMER 17
9 SOURCES OF ERROR 18
10 CONCULSION 18-19
11 RESULT 19
12 PRECAUTIONS 19-20
13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

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This is to certify that PRINCE TIWARI of class XII A has

completed his PHYSICS project titled To investigate the
relation between the ratio of (i) output and input
voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil
and primary coil of a self-designed transformer under
the guidance of MR. PRASHANT for the academic year
2023-24 The certified student has been dedicated
throughout his research and completed his work before
the given deadline without missing any important details
from the project. It is also certified that this project is
the individual work of the student and can be submitted
for evaluation.

______________ ______________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks and
gratitude to my physics teacher MR. Prashant for
his sincere guidance and advice to complete my
project successfully. Also, I am thankful to him for
providing such an interesting topic for our physics
project.
I am also grateful to my parents and friends for
their constant support and help throughout the
project, without their encouragement and support
this project could not have been completed on
time.
Lastly, I would like to thank all the accessories and
every single person who helped me to complete
this physics project successfully.

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OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between
the ratio of:
Input and output voltage.
Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made transformer.

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INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting
a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on
the Principle of mutual induction according to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced
in the neighboring coil. A transformer is an
electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages.
As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer
which increases the voltages is called a step up
transformer. A transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and
low current circuits.

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THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn
of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in
the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and:

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff

d the coil at this instant,

we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt………………………… (1)
And
Es = -Ns dф/dt…………………….. (2)
So by dividing 2 by 1,
we get:

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np………………..(3)

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As Ep is the instantaneous value of back

e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the Instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by:
Ip= E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small,

Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore:

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence final equation can be written as:

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns/Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.

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IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:
A step-up transformer is a type of transformer that
converts the low voltage (LV) and high current from
the primary side of the transformer to the high
voltage (HV) and low current value on the secondary
side of the transformer. The reverse of this is known
as a step down transformer.
A transformer is a piece of static electrical
equipment which transforms electrical energy (from
primary side windings) to the magnetic energy (in
the transformer’s magnetic core) and again to the
electrical energy (on the secondary transformer
side). A step-up transformer has a wide variety of
applications in electrical systems and transmission
lines.

The operating frequency and nominal power are

approximately equal on the primary and secondary
transformer sides because the transformer is a very
efficient piece of equipment – while the voltage and
current values are usually different.
A transformer provides galvanic isolation in the
electrical system. Due to these two main features,
the transformer is the most important part of the
electrical system and provides economical and
reliable transmission and distribution of electrical
energy.

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The transformer can transfer energy in both

directions, from HV to LV side as well as inversely.
That is the reason why it can work as a voltage step-
up or step down transformer. Both transformer
types have the same design and construction.

Theoretically, we can operate any transformer as a

step-up as well as a step-down type. It only depends
on the energy flowing direction.

The HV windings contain a huge number of turns

compared with the LV windings. An LV winding wire
has a bigger cross-section than HV wire because of
the higher current value on the LV side. Usually, we
place the LV windings close to the transformer core,
and over them, we wound the HV windings.

The transformer turns ratio (n) for a step up

transformer is approximately proportional to the
voltage ratio

n= VP = NP
VS NS

Where VP,S are voltages, and NP,S are the turns

numbers on the primary (LV) and secondary (HV)
sides respectively. The primary side of a step-up
transformer (LV side) has a smaller number of turns
than the secondary side (HV side).
That means energy flows from the LV to the HV
side. The voltage is stepped up from the primary

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voltage (input voltage) to the secondary voltage

(output voltage).
This equation can be rearranged for the formula for
the output voltage (i.e. secondary voltage). This is
sometimes referred to as the step up transformer
formula:

VS= NS * VP
NP

A transformer calculator can help you easily

calculate the transformer turns ratio and whether
the device is a step up or step down transformer.

The most important application of a step-up

transformer is a generator step-up (GSU)
transformer used in all generating plants.

Those transformers usually have large turns ratio

values. The voltage value produced in energy
generation is increased and prepared for the long-
distance energy transmission.

The energy produced in generating plant is at low

voltage and high current values. Depending on the
generating plant type, the GSU transformer has a
nominal primary voltage value from 6 up to 20 kV.

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The nominal voltage value of the GSU secondary

side can be 110 kV, 220 kV, 410 kV depending on
energy transmission system connected to the GSU
secondary side. The current value on the primary
GSU side is usually very high and depending on the
nominal transformer power can reach even 30000 A.

This current value is not practical for energy

transmission and has to decrease because of the
transmission power losses (R × I2). Long-distance
energy transmission would not be possible. Besides
the GSU transformer also makes galvanic isolation
between the generator and electrical network.

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IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
A step-down transformer is a type of transformer
that converts the high voltage (HV) and low current
from the primary side of the transformer to the low
voltage (LV) and high current value on the
secondary side of the transformer. The reverse of
this is known as a step up transformer.
A transformer is a type of static electrical
equipment that transforms electrical energy (from
primary side windings) to magnetic energy (in
transformer magnetic core) and again to the
electrical energy (on the secondary transformer
side). A step-down transformer has a wide variety of
applications in electrical systems and transmission
lines.

When it comes to the operation voltage, the step-up

transformer application can be roughly divided into
two groups: LV (voltages up to 1 kV) and HV
application (voltages above 1 kV).

Just as transformers can step down the voltage –

going from a higher primary side voltage to a lower
secondary side voltage – they can also step up the
voltage, going from a lower primary side voltage to
a higher secondary side voltage. These are known as
step-up transformers.

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The transformer turns ratio (n) for a step down

transformer is approximately proportional to the
voltage ratio:

n= VP = NP
VS NS

Where VP,S are voltages, and NP,S are the turns

numbers on the primary (LV) and secondary (HV)
sides respectively. The primary side of a step-down
transformer (HV side) has a larger number of turns
than the secondary side (LV side).
That means energy flows from the HV to the LV
side. The voltage is stepped down from the
primary voltage (input voltage) to the secondary
voltage (output voltage).

This equation can be rearranged for the formula for

the output voltage (i.e. secondary voltage). This is
sometimes referred to as the step down
transformer formula:
VS= NS * VP
NP

A transformer calculator can help you easily

calculate the transformer turns ratio and whether
the device is a step down or step up transformer.

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The first LV application refers to the transformers in

electronic devices. Supplying the electronic circuits
requires a low voltage value (e.g. 5V, even lower
values nowadays).

A step-down transformer is used to provide this low

voltage value which is suitable for electronics
supplying. It transforms home voltage (230/120 V)
from primary to a low voltage on the secondary side
which is used for electronic supplying.

If electronic devices are designed to have higher

nominal power, transformers with high operating
frequency are used (kHz-s). The transformers with
higher nominal power value and 50/60 Hz nominal
frequency would be too large and heavy. Also, the
daily used battery chargers use the step-down
transformer in its design.

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Apparatus required
 Iron Rod
 Copper Wire of different gauge
 Two A.C Voltmeters
 Two A.C Ammeters

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PROCEDURE
[Link] thick iron rod and cover it with a
thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
[Link] the primary coil with a sheet of
paper and wound relatively smaller number
of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it.
This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a
step down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure

the input voltage and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

[Link], measure the output voltage

and current through s 1and s2.

[Link] connect s1and s2to A.C main and

again measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.

[Link] all steps for other self-made

transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.

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USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations:

In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner,
etc.
A step down transformer is used for
Welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for
Obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the
Production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage
Regulators and stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the
Transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio
Sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.

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SOURCES OF ERROR
1)Values of current can be changed due to
heating effect.
2)The eddy current can change the readings.

CONCLUSION
1)The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.

2)The output voltage of the transformer

Across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage.

3)There is a loss of power between input and

output coil of a transformer.

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RESULT:
 Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error.

PRECAUTIONS
1)Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2) While taking the readings of current and

voltage the A.C should remain constant.

3)Take a laminated iron core and wind a small
number [say about 2000] of turns of thick
insulated copper wire uniformly on it leaving
two free ends P1 P2.
4)Wind a large numbers of turns [say 100] of thin
insulated copper wire on the opposite arm of
the core leaving two free end S1 & S2.
5)Connect the primary coil to a variable a.c.
supply source and secondary to a.c. volt meter
of suitable range.
6)Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the primary to
measure the input voltage.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. HELP FROM INTERNET

2. [Link]
3. HELP FROM TEACHERS
4. NCERT Physics textbook class 12
5. NCERT physics lab Manuel

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