Pulse Width
Modulation
Thareendhra Keerthi Wijayasiriwardhane
Department of Industrial Management
Faculty of Science
University of Kelaniya
[email protected] Learning Outcomes
On completion of this session, you should be able to
Explain the need of PWM
Compute duty cycle and frequency for PWM outputs
Describe how Timers generate PWM outputs
Explain the functionality of Timer/Counter registers
used for PWM
Construct a microcontroller-based system and program it
to generate a PWM output with a varying duty cycle
2
Pulse Width Modulation
A technique for getting an analog like output by means
of digital
Toggles a digital output fast enough, making any
attached device to react not to the individual pulses, but
to the % of time that the output is high in one cycle
How fast?
3
Duty Cycle
Percentage of time that output is high in one cycle
4
Average Voltage
5
PWM
Using 8-bit Timer
6
Waveform Generation
7
PWM Frequency
In Non-Inverted mode, while
Timer counts, if a compare match
occurs, Waveform Generator
clears OCnX pin and sets it when
Timer comes to Bottom
Waveform Generator generates a
one PWM cycle
8
Timer / Counter Registers
TCCRnB (Timer/Counter Control Register n B)
CSn2 (Clock Select), CSn1 and CSn0 bits select prescale
CSn2 CSn1 CSn0 Clock Source
0 0 0 Disconnect clock source
0 0 1 F_CPU
0 1 0 F_CPU/8
0 1 1 F_CPU/64
1 0 0 F_CPU/256
1 0 1 F_CPU/1024
9
Timer / Counter Registers
TCCRnA (Timer/Counter Control Register n A)
WGMn1 (Waveform Generation Mode) and WGMn0
bits with WGMn2 bit of TCCRnB specify waveform
generation mode
WGMn2 WGMn1 WGMn0 Mode
0 0 0 Normal
0 0 1 Phase Correct PWM
0 1 0 Clear Timer on Compare (CTC)
0 1 1 Fast PWM
10
Timer / Counter Registers
TCCRnA (Timer/Counter Control Register n A)
COMnA1 (Compare Output Mode), COMnA0,
COMnB1 and COMnB0 bits specify compare output
mode
COMnX1 COMnX0 Mode Description
Clears OCnX on compare
1 0 Non-Inverted
match & sets it at Bottom
Sets OCnX on compare
1 1 Inverted
match & clears it at Bottom
11
Timer / Counter Registers
OCRnA (Output Compare Register n A) and OCRnB
hold values to be compared against TCNTn register
If 8-bit, can hold a value between 0 and 28 – 1
If 16-bit, can hold a value between 0 and 216 – 1
12
Timer / Counter Registers
TIFRn (Timer Interrupt Flag Register n)
When a compare match occurs between OCRnX and
TCNTn registers, OCFnX (Output Compare match Flag
n X) flag bit is set
Set OCFnX flag bit to clear it
13
Timer / Counter Registers
TIMSKn (Timer Interrupt MaSK Register n)
OCIEnA (Output Compare match Interrupt Enable n A)
and OCIEnB bits enable (or disables) Timer/Counter
compare match A and B interrupts, respectively
14
System 15
fader - Gradually fades the light of an
LED again and again
15
ATmega328P PWM Pinout
16
Hardware
Schematic
Diagram
17
Hardware
Wiring Diagram
18
Firmware
Algorithm
19
C Program
20
Using Hexadecimal Constants
21
Using Labeled Constants
22
Firmware
Algorithm for Arduino
23
Firmware
Source Code (using Arduino Wrapper Functions)
24
True Analog Output
Three options
Switch to a microcontroller
with built-in DAC
Add a DAC breakout
Use a RC filter
25
Questions
26
