EX.
NO:5
DATE:
Basic SQL commands(DDL&DML)
Introduction:
DDL (Data Definition Language) provides the ability to define, create and modify database objects such as
tables, views, indexes, and users. DML (Data Manipulation Language) allows for manipulating data in a
database, such as inserting, updating, and deleting records.
Connecting to a database:
SQL> connect
Enter user-name: system
Enter password:
Connected.
Creating a table:
SQL> create table employeedetails(empid number(10),fname varchar(30),lname varchar(30),designation
varchar(30),salary number(15));
Table created.
Insertion:
SQL> insert into
employeedetails(empid,fname,lname,designation,salary)values(100,'arjun','sankar','manager',50000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into
employeedetails(empid,fname,lname,designation,salary)values(200,'arun','kumar','professor',40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into
employeedetails(empid,fname,lname,designation,salary)values(300,'deva','raj','cashier',30000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into
employeedetails(empid,fname,lname,designation,salary)values(400,'hari','vishnu','helper',25000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into
employeedetails(empid,fname,lname,designation,salary)values(500,'lokesh','kumar','director',45000);
1 row created.
To view contents of table:
select * from employeedetails;
EMPID FNAME LNAME DESIGNATION SALARY
100 arjun sankar manager 50000
200 arun kumar professor 40000
300 deva raj cashier 30000
400 hari Vishnu helper 25000
500 lokesh kumar director 45000
Updation:
SQL> update employeedetails set salary=20000 where designation='helper';
1 row updated.
SQL> update employeedetails set designation='contract employee' where empid=500;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from employeedetails;
EMPID FNAME LNAME DESIGNATION SALARY
100 arjun sankar manager 50000
200 arun kumar professor 40000
300 deva raj cashier 30000
400 hari Vishnu helper 20000
500 lokesh kumar contract employee 45000
Deletion:
#deleting a specific record from the table#
delete from employeedetails where empid=005;
0 rows deleted.
SQL> delete from employeedetails where empid=500;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select *from employeedetails;
EMPID FNAME LNAME DESIGNATION SALARY
100 arjun sankar manager 50000
200 arun kumar professor 40000
300 deva raj cashier 30000
400 hari Vishnu helper 20000
#deleting the entire table#
SQL> create table tempdata(name varchar(10),regno number(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into tempdata(name,regno)values('aaa',101);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into tempdata(name,regno)values('bbb',102);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from tempdata;
NAME REGNO
aaa 101
bbb 102
SQL> drop table tempdata;
Table dropped.
SQL> select * from tempdata;
select * from tempdata
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Alter table:
SQL> alter table employeedetails add joining_date date;
Table altered.
SQL> select * from employeedetails;
EMPID FNAME LNAME DESIGNATION SALARY JOINING_DATE
100 arjun sankar manager 50000
200 arun kumar professor 40000
300 deva raj cashier 30000
400 hari Vishnu helper 20000
selecting a specific record from table:
SQL> select fname,joining_date from employeedetails;
FNAME JOINING_DATE
arjun
arun
deva
hari
SQL> select fname,designation,salary from employeedetails where salary>=25000;
FNAME DESIGNATION SALARY
arjun manager 50000
arun professor 40000
deva cashier 30000
Creating a view from a table:
SQL> create view employeeview as select fname,lname,designation from employeedetails;
View created.
SQL> select * from employeeview;
FNAME LNAME DESIGNATION
arjun sankar manager
arun kumar professor
deva raj cashier
hari Vishnu helper
Result:
Thus, the basic DDL and DML operations are performed successfully.
EX.NO:6
PLSQL PROGRAM TO FIND HIGHEST PAID EMPLOYEES
DATE:
Aim:
To write a PLSQL program to find the highest paid top five employees in an organization.
Algorithm:
1. Define the Data Structure:
o Ensure you have a table named employees (or similar) with relevant columns such as
employee_id, employee_name, and salary.
2. Create a Cursor:
o Define a cursor to select the top 5 highest-paid employees. This involves:
Ordering the employees by salary in descending order.
Limiting the results to the top 5 rows.
3. Open the Cursor:
o Initialize the cursor for processing.
4. Fetch Records:
o Loop through the cursor to fetch records one by one.
5. Process Each Record:
o For each fetched record, retrieve the employee details.
6. Handle Exceptions:
o Include error handling to manage any exceptions that might occur.
7. Close the Cursor:
o Ensure that the cursor is closed after processing to release resources.
8. Display Results:
o Use DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE to print the results.
Explanation:
Cursor Declaration:
top_employees_cursor selects the top 5 highest-paid employees. It uses an inner query to sort the
employees by salary in descending order and then applies ROWNUM to limit the result to the top 5.
Variables:
Variables v_employee_id, v_employee_name, and v_salary are used to store each employee's
details fetched from the cursor.
Cursor Processing:
Open the cursor and loop through the result set. For each record, fetch the employee details into the
defined variables and print them using DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE.
Exception Handling:
Basic exception handling is included to catch and report any errors that occur during the execution
of the PL/SQL block. It also ensures the cursor is closed if an error occurs.
Execution:
The / at the end of the block is used in SQL*Plus or Oracle SQL Developer to execute the PL/SQL
block.
PROGRAM:
CREATE TABLE employees1 ( employee_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, employee_name
VARCHAR2(100), salary NUMBER );
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(101,'abinesh',50000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(102,'bargavi',20000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(103,'chakkaravarthy',50000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(104,'daya',53000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(105,'ezhil',89000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(106,'fazil',65000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(107,'gayathri',56000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(108,'hari',10000);
insert into employees1(employee_id,employee_name,salary)values(109,'iniyan',15000);
DECLARE
-- Define a cursor to fetch the top 5 highest-paid employees
CURSOR top_employees_cursor IS
SELECT employee_id, employee_name, salary
FROM (
SELECT employee_id, employee_name, salary
FROM employees1
ORDER BY salary DESC
WHERE ROWNUM <= 5;
-- Define variables to hold employee data
v_employee_id employees1.employee_id%TYPE;
v_employee_name employees1.employee_name%TYPE;
v_salary employees1.salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
-- Open the cursor
OPEN top_employees_cursor;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TOP FIVE PAID EMPLOYEES');
-- Loop through the cursor and print the results
LOOP
FETCH top_employees_cursor INTO v_employee_id, v_employee_name, v_salary;
EXIT WHEN top_employees_cursor%NOTFOUND;
-- Output employee details
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || v_employee_id || ', Name: ' || v_employee_name ||
', Salary: ' || v_salary);
END LOOP;
-- Close the cursor
CLOSE top_employees_cursor;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
-- Handle any exceptions
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error has occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
IF top_employees_cursor%ISOPEN THEN
CLOSE top_employees_cursor;
END IF;
END;
/
OUTPUT:
TOP FIVE PAID EMPLOYEES
Employee ID: 105, Name: ezhil, Salary: 89000
Employee ID: 106, Name: fazil, Salary: 65000
Employee ID: 107, Name: gayathri, Salary: 56000
Employee ID: 104, Name: daya, Salary: 53000
Employee ID: 101, Name: abinesh, Salary: 50000
Result:
Thus,the PLSQL program to find the highest paid top five employees in an organization is written
and executed successfully.
EX.NO:7
PLSQL PROGRAM TO FIND SUM OF N NUMBERS
DATE:
Aim:
To write a PLSQL program to find sum of N numbers.
Algorithm:
1. Create a Temporary Table: This will hold the numbers for which you want to find the sum.
2. Insert Numbers into the Table: Populate the table with the numbers.
3. Calculate the Sum: Compute the sum using an SQL query.
4. Display the Result: Output the sum using DBMS_OUTPUT.
Explanation:
1. Temporary Table Creation:
o temp_numbers is a global temporary table created for holding numbers. It’s created using
dynamic SQL (EXECUTE IMMEDIATE).
2. Insert Numbers:
o Numbers are inserted into the temp_numbers table. Modify these INSERT statements to add
your own numbers or data as needed.
3. Cursor for Data Fetching:
o num_cursor selects numbers from the temporary table. A loop is used to fetch and sum these
numbers.
4. Sum Calculation:
o The v_sum variable accumulates the total sum of numbers.
5. Exception Handling:
o Basic exception handling is included to handle cases like no data found or other errors.
6. Output:
o The result is displayed using DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE.
Program:
CREATE TABLE temp_numbers(tempvalue number);
INSERT INTO temp_numbers (tempvalue) VALUES (10);
INSERT INTO temp_numbers (tempvalue) VALUES (20);
INSERT INTO temp_numbers (tempvalue) VALUES (30);
INSERT INTO temp_numbers (tempvalue) VALUES (40);
INSERT INTO temp_numbers (tempvalue) VALUES (50);
DECLARE
-- Variables
v_sum NUMBER := 0; -- To store the sum of numbers
v_num_count NUMBER := 0; -- To store the count of numbers
-- Exception for empty list or other issues
no_data_found EXCEPTION;
-- Cursor to fetch numbers from the table
CURSOR num_cursor IS
SELECT tempvalue FROM temp_numbers;
BEGIN
OPEN num_cursor; -- Open cursor
-- Fetch and sum the numbers
LOOP
FETCH num_cursor INTO v_num_count;
EXIT WHEN num_cursor%NOTFOUND;
v_sum := v_sum + v_num_count;
END LOOP;
CLOSE num_cursor;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The sum of the numbers is: ' || v_sum);
EXCEPTION
WHEN no_data_found THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found in the temporary table.');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error has occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
END;/
Output:
The sum of the numbers is: 150
Result:
Thus, the PLSQL program to find sum of N numbers is written and executed successfully.
