0;
Tribhuvan University
Patan Multiple Campus
Bachelor in Information Technology
(BIT)
PRACTICAL FILE
Subject: Network and Data Communications
Course No: BIT-254
Batch: 2079
Semester: 4th
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Binod Khadka Name: Priyaush Adhikari
Symbol No: 79020044
Roll No: 15
Section: A
Lab 01:
Title: Identify the networking cables
Objectives: To create and test cable
Components:
- 2pcs RJ 45
- CAT 6 cable (wire)
- Crimper
- Tester
Process:
Step 1: cut the cable to desired length.
Step 2: strip the cable to expose the wires.
Step 3: untwist the wire pairs and remove the string
Step 4: Organize the wire in correct order of color code
- Half orange
- Full orange
- Full blue
- Half blue
- Full green
- Half brown
- Full brown
Step 5: place the wire ends into RJ 45 connector
Step 6: ensure wire end reach the end of connector.
Step 7: crimp the connector to cable.
Step 8: test the cable for continuity.
Output: When both the connector is inserted in the tester, all 8 signals starts to light up
simultaneously, if all the process has been done perfectly.
Conclusion: In this way, we can create and test cable to share data.
Lab 02
Title: Identification of networking devices with their function and uses.
Bridge
Definition: A network device that connects two or more network segments, allowing them to
communicate and function as a single network. It operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of
the OSI model.
Function:
Filters and forwards data packets between network segments.
Reduces network traffic by dividing the network into collision domains.
Prevents unnecessary data transfer by analyzing MAC addresses.
Usage:
Used to connect different network segments (e.g., Ethernet to Wi-Fi).
Helps improve network performance by isolating traffic to specific segments.
Suitable for small to medium-sized networks.
Modem
Definition: A device that modulates and demodulates signals to enable digital data
transmission over analog communication lines (e.g., telephone or cable lines).
Function:
Converts digital data from a computer into analog signals for transmission over a line
(modulation).
Converts incoming analog signals back into digital data (demodulation).
Usage:
Used in homes or offices to connect to the internet.
Essential for DSL or cable internet connections.
Acts as an interface between the ISP and the user's devices.
Hub
Definition:A basic networking device that connects multiple computers or network devices
and allows them to communicate within a single network. It operates at the physical layer
(Layer 1) of the OSI model.
Function:
Broadcasts incoming data packets to all connected devices without filtering.
Does not differentiate between devices; no intelligence in data transmission.
Usage:
Used in small, simple networks.
Suitable for scenarios where network performance is not a concern.
Less common today due to its inefficiency compared to switches.
Switch
Definition: A network device that connects multiple devices within a network and forwards
data intelligently based on MAC addresses. It operates at the data link layer (Layer 2),
though some switches operate at Layer 3 (network layer).
Function:
Forwards data packets only to the intended recipient device using MAC address
filtering.
Reduces network collisions and improves performance.
Supports VLANs (virtual LANs) for network segmentation.
Usage:
Used in modern local area networks (LANs).
Preferred for high-performance and larger networks due to its efficiency.
Common in offices, data centers, and enterprise environments.
Lab 03
Title: Basic networking commands used in computer networks
1. netstat: Displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, and active
ports on a system.
2. systeminfo: Displays detailed information about the system's hardware, operating
system, and configuration.
3. arp: Displays and modifies the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) cache, which maps
IP addresses to MAC addresses.
4. tracert: Traces the path packets take to reach a destination, showing each hop along the
route.
5. ipconfig: Displays the IP configuration details of the system’s network interfaces, such
as IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
6. hostname: Displays or sets the name of the computer or device on a network.
7. nslookup: Queries Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address
mapping information.
8. ping: Sends ICMP echo requests to a target IP address or domain to check network
connectivity and measure response time.
Lab 04:
Title: Network design with switch and end devices to implement the use of subnet mask
(Design -1)
Steps:
1. Start
2. Take two host (end devices) and switch for network connection between them.
3. Connect them using connection wire.
4. Configure IP statistically of an end device.
5. Enter the class-c IP address at ipv4 & subnet it marking only 2 valid host (/30)
6. Repeat steps 2-5 for other end devices.
7. Pass the message packet from one device to other. If it shows, the design is valid and
errorless.
8. Ping to any one device IP address using cmd prompt
9. End
Lab 05:
Title: Network design using switch and end device to implement the use of subnet masks
(Design -2)
Steps:
1. Start
2. Take six host and a switch for network connection between them
3. Connect them using connecting wire.
4. Configure IP statistically to end device.
5. Enter the class-C IP address at IPV4 and sub-net it making six valid host(/29).
6. Repeat step 3-5 for other end devices.
7. Pass the message from one end device to other device. If it shows successful the design
is valid and error free.
8. Ping any one device ip address using command prompt.
9. End
Lab 06
Title: Network design with switch, hub and end devices to implement the uses of subnet
masks (Design -3)
Steps
1. Start
2. Take 3 host end devices, a hub and switch for network connection between them.
3. Connect them using connecting wire.
4. Configure IP statistically for end device.
5. Enter the class – C IP address at IPV4 and subnet it.
6. Repeat step (3-4) for other end devices
7. Pass the message packet from end device to other. If it is successful the design is valid
and error free.
8. Ping any one device IP address using CMD prompt
9. End
Lab 07:
Title: Network design with web servers, switch, hub and end device to implement the
(dynamic IP – design) – DHCP protocol implementation.
Steps
1. Start
2. Take 2 host, a server and a switch for network connection between them.
3. Connect them using connection wire.
4. Click on server service HTTP and make both HTTP and HTTPS on
5. Click on DHCP and turn on services.
6. Enter the starting IP address and its subnet mask and save it.
7. Now, server Desktop and configure the IPV4 address in statistically.
8. Click on end device desktop and turn on DHCP (server will automatically generate
IP address for end device).
9. Repeat step 8 for end device.
10. Pass the message packet from one device to another. If successful, the design is valid
and error free.
11. Ping one device IP address using command prompt
12. End
Lab 08
Title: network design with web servers, switch to implement the DNS and DHCP protocol.
Steps
1. Start
2. Take 2 host, server and a switch for network connection between them.
3. Connect them using connecting wire.
4. Click on server services HTTP and make both http and https on.
5. Click on DNS and DHCP service. Give a UEL name i.e. domain name (xyz.com) and ip
address for the domain name, after that add and save.
6. Click on DHCP and turn on service.
7. Enter starting IP address, its subnet, default gateway DNS address and save it.
8. Now, server desktop and configure the ipv4 address statistically.
9. Click on end device desktop and turn on DHCP.
10. Repeat step 9 for all end device.
11. Pass message packet from one device to another. If successful design is valid.
12. Ping any one device IP address from cmd prompt.
13. Click on any end device device web browser, type your url (domain name i.e.
www.xyz.com or ip address for DNS). If web page opens then DNS is functioning well.
14. End
Lab 09:
Title: Configuration of a router to connect two different networks having network address
192.168.1.1 and 192.168.2.1
Steps
1. Start
2. Take 4 host, 2 switches and a router for network connection between them.
3. Connect them using a connecting wire.
4. Configure different network IP statistically of end devices.
5. Enter the class-C ip address at IPV4 and subnet it.
6. Click Gigabit Ethernet 0|1 and set ip which was default gateway.
7. Pass the message packet from one device to other and from one end to router. If
successful then the design is valid and error free.
8. Perform the ping test from command prompt
9. End
