2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon

2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon

Part of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present), the Middle
Eastern crisis (2023–present) and the Israeli–Lebanese conflict

Israel
Attested Hezbollah presence in Lebanon
Lebanese territory under Israeli control
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights and Ghajar
Syria
Areas ordered evacuated by Israel
See here for a more detailed map

Date 1 October 2024[d] – present

(2 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location Southern Lebanon
Status Ongoing

Israel and Lebanon agree to a ceasefire on 26

November 2024
Sporadic fighting continues[12]

Belligerents
Israel Hezbollah UNIFIL[b]
Allies:
Amal Movement[1]
Islamic Group[2]
SSNP-L[3]
 Houthi movement[4]
Popular Front for the
Liberation of Palestine[5]
Palestinian Islamic
Jihad[6]
Islamic Resistance in
[7]
Iraq

Lebanon[a][9]
Commanders and leaders
Benjamin Naim Qassem
Netanyahu Hashem Aroldo Lázaro
Israel Katz Safieddine X Sáenz
Herzi Halevi Chok
Ori Gordin Maurice Sleem Bahadur
Guy Levi [13] Joseph Aoun Dhakal
Elad Tzuri[14]
Yeftah Norkin[15] Jean-Jacques
Fatinet
Axel
Schulz
M
Ghoffar
Ngismangil

Johan Effendi
Mohd Salleh
Units involved
List of units: List of units:
Israel Defense Hezbollah military wing
Forces
Redwan Force[32][33]
Israeli Ground Imam Hussein Division[34]
Forces
Aziz Unit[35]
36th Nasser Unit[35]
Division[16] Bader Unit[35]
Unit 4400[36]
1st
Engineering Corps[37]
Infantry
Artillery Corps[37]
Brigade
Amal military wing
6th
Infantry Al-Abbas Force[1]
Brigade Fajr Forces
Eagles of the Whirlwind
7th
Yemeni Armed Forces (spc)
Armored Abu Ali Mustafa
 Brigade[14] Brigades.[38][39][40][41]
188th Al-Quds Brigades
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
Armored
Brigade Lebanese Armed Forces
282nd
Artillery
Brigade[17]

91st
Division[16]

3rd
Infantry
Brigade[17]
8th
Armored
Brigade[17]
228th
Infantry
Brigade[18]
769th
Territorial
Brigade[19]

98th
Division[16]

35th
Paratroopers
Brigade[20]
89th Oz
Brigade[21]

Unit
621
(Egoz)
Unit
5515[22]

146th
Division[23][24]

Carmeli
Brigade[15]
 514th
Armored
Brigade[15]
213th
Artillery
Brigade[15]
226th
Paratroopers
Brigade[25]

210th
Division

HeHarim
Brigade[26]

Yahalom[27]

Israeli Air Force

Unit 669[28]
Israeli Navy[29]
General Staff of
the Israel Defense
Forces

Intelligence
Directorate[30]

Unit
8200[31]

Strength
15,000[45][46] 20,000–100,000[48]
Per Hezbollah:[47] 10,000[50][e]
[49]
70,000+ soldiers 80,000
100+ military
vehicles
Casualties and losses
Per IDF: Per Lebanon: Per UNIFIL:
60 soldiers killed[f] 2,720 Lebanese 42 UN
900 soldiers [58] peacekeepers
killed (mostly
injured[54][55] [59] wounded[g]
civilians )
Per Hezbollah:[56] 41 Lebanese Army
95+ soldiers killed[57]
soldiers killed[60]
900+ soldiers
28 medics killed[61][62]
injured[57]
(including medics
42 Merkava tanks
affiliated with
 destroyed Hezbollah,[63] and the
4 military bulldozers Amal Party[64])
destroyed 40 search and rescue
personnel killed[65]

Per IDF:
2,762 Hezbollah fighters
killed[66]
8 surrendered[67]
Thousands injured, at
least 7,000 severely or
moderately[68][69]
80% of pre-war
Hezbollah rockets and
missiles destroyed[70]
(denied by Hezbollah)[71]

1.4 million+ Lebanese civilians displaced[78][79]

On 1 October 2024, Israel invaded Southern Lebanon, marking the sixth Israeli invasion of Lebanon
since 1978.[80] The invasion took place after nearly 12 months of Israel–Hezbollah conflict. On 26
November, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement, mediated by France and the United
States.[81][82] The ceasefire went into effect on 27 November, though some attacks continue. Israel has
reported 56 of its soldiers and 2,762 Hezbollah militants killed in the invasion,[66] while the Lebanese
government has reported Israel killing 2,720 people in Lebanon, mostly civilians.[83][59]

Prior to the incursions, Israel had conducted major attacks in Lebanon including an attack on pagers and
electronic devices,[84][85][86] and assassination of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[87][88] Israel had
also conducted a massive aerial bombing campaign throughout Lebanon, killing over 800 Lebanese
people in one week in late September.[89] Hezbollah had been launching rockets at Israel, which it said
were aimed at military targets, with the stated military goal to pressure Israel to stop its attacks on Gaza,
where tens of thousands of Palestinians had been killed and Israel has been accused of
genocide.[89][90][91] Israel had been attacking in Lebanon with the stated military goal of destroying
Hezbollah's military capabilities so that they no longer pose a threat to soldiers and civilians.[92][93]

At the start of the invasion, the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) withdrew from parts of the Blue Line.[94]
On 27 November, the ceasefire agreement came into effect.

Background
The last time Israel invaded southern Lebanon and engaged in ground combat with Hezbollah was during
the month-long 2006 Lebanon War.[95]

According to security expert Sobelman, Israel had spent two decades preparing for the next war with
Hezbollah.[96]
Shortly after the onset of the Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, Hezbollah joined the conflict, citing
solidarity with Palestinians,[97] which quickly escalated into regular cross-border military exchanges
impacting areas in or around northern Israel, southern Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights of
Syria.[98] Hezbollah said it aimed to pressure Israel by forcing it to fight on two fronts.[89] Hezbollah has
offered an immediate ceasefire should a ceasefire also happen in Gaza.[99][100] From 8 October 2023 to
20 September 2024, Hezbollah has launched 1,900 cross border attacks, and Israel has launched another
8,300.[101] The fighting killed 564 in Lebanon (including 133 civilians),[102] and 52 in Israel (including
27 civilians), displaced entire communities in Israel and Lebanon,[102] with significant damage to civilian
infrastructure.[103]

Israel requested that Hezbollah implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (UNSCR
1701) and withdraw its forces north of the Litani River.[104][105] Hezbollah has stated it will continue
attacking Israel until Israel halts its operations in Gaza.[106] Both Israel and Hezbollah have outstanding
obligations under UNSCR 1701.[107][104][108] Hezbollah has established strong military presence in
southern Lebanon, storing rockets in civilian sites, building tunnels into Israel, and obstructing United
Nations Interim Force in Lebanon's (UNIFIL) access.[109][110] Israel continues to occupy Ghajar and an
adjacent area,[108][111] and has repeatedly breached Lebanese airspace, waters, and borders.[112][113][114]
UNIFIL reports that Israel entered Lebanese airspace on more than 22,000 occasions between 2007 and
2021.[115][116] Diplomatic efforts, led by U.S. envoy Amos Hochstein and France, have so far been
unsuccessful in resolving the conflict.[117][118]

September 2024 escalation

On 15 September, leaflets bearing an IDF logo were observed in southern Lebanon. They contained the
text, "Hezbollah is firing from your area", urging residents to relocate north and to refrain from returning
"until the war is over". The IDF said that they were distributed without senior authorisation and that the
incident was being investigated.[119]

On 17 and 18 September, thousands of Hezbollah's handheld pagers and walkie-talkies exploded in a

coordinated series of attacks.[120] The explosions killed 42 people and injured at least 3,500, including
civilians.[121][122][123] Reuters reported that, according to an unnamed Hezbollah official, 1,500
Hezbollah fighters were taken out of action due to injuries, with many blinded or having lost their
hands.[124] Despite Israel denying involvement with the attack,[125] unnamed Israeli sources told Reuters
and other media that it was orchestrated by Israel's intelligence service (Mossad) and
military.[126][127][120] In response, Hezbollah, who described the attack as a possible declaration of war
by Israel, launched a rocket attack on northern Israel a few days later.[128][129]

On 20 September, tensions further rose after Ibrahim Aqil was killed in an Israeli strike in Beirut, along
with other senior commanders from the unit.[130][131]

People in southern Lebanon and Beirut received mobile phone calls and messages that told them to
relocate.[132] IDF spokesperson Daniel Hagari said in a video address, "We advise civilians from
Lebanese villages located in and next to buildings and areas used by Hezbollah for military purposes,
such as those used to store weapons, to immediately evacuate for their own safety".[133]

The IDF began a series of airstrikes on 23 September, killing over 800 and injuring more than 5,000 in
the first week.[134][135]
On 27 September 2024, Hassan Nasrallah, the secretary-general of Hezbollah, and several other senior
Hezbollah leaders, including Ali Karaki, commander of Hezbollah's southern front, were killed in an
Israeli airstrike in Beirut.[136][87] The strike took place while Hezbollah leaders were meeting at a
headquarters located underground beneath residential buildings in Haret Hreik in the Dahieh suburb to
the south of Beirut.[87][137]

Previous Israeli raids

On 1 October, the IDF revealed that its special forces had carried out more than 70 small covert raids into
southern Lebanon since November 2023, but had not clashed with Hezbollah fighters during these
raids.[138] The IDF said it had uncovered Hezbollah tunnels, weaponry, and invasion plans in villages
near the border, including Ayta ash-Shaab, Mais al-Jabal and Kfar Kila.[139] IDF Spokesman Daniel
Hagari said they found Hezbollah plans to launch an attack similar to Hamas' 7 October attacks, which
sparked the ongoing conflict.[86] Hagari also mentioned that evidence from these operations, including
videos and maps, would be presented to the international community. Hezbollah has not commented on
his claims.[86] Hagari alleged that the group was preparing for an attack similar to the 7 October Hamas-
led attack on Israel.[93][86]

Preparations
On 30 September, Israel informed the United States that it intended to carry out a ground maneuver in
Lebanon aimed at clearing Hezbollah's militant infrastructure along the border. That evening, the
Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) withdrew from
the Israeli-Lebanese border to the north to a distance of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi; 2.7 nmi) from the border,
and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) declared that the communities of Metula, Misgav Am and Kfar
Giladi are a closed military area.[140] Since then the LAF has reported an incident of fire exchange with
the IDF.[9] IDF troops were amassing on the border in Southern Lebanon, with Israel stating that they
were preparing for a limited ground operation,[141][142][92][143] with no intentions for long-term
occupation.[144]

Timeline

1 October
On 1 October, IDF troops crossed the border into Lebanon in a series of small scale raids intended to
precede a broader ground incursion.[145][146][147] Witnesses have said that they have heard sounds of
tanks in Southern Lebanon.[148][95] There were also reports of heavy artillery striking the border towns of
Southern Lebanon.[149] On 1 October, the IDF confirmed the existence of their ground operation in a
statement on Telegram, specifying that they intended to strike Hezbollah infrastructure. Shortly after the
release of this statement, IDF Spokesperson Daniel Hagari also confirmed the operation.[150] Prior to the
release of these statements, the IDF had made no announcements about the operation. The IDF ordered
residents of 25 villages in southern Lebanon to immediately relocate to north of the Awali River.[151]
IDF Arabic-language spokesperson Avichay Adraee said that heavy
fighting was taking place in southern Lebanon with Hezbollah. He warned
residents to not move in vehicles from north of Litani River to south of the
river. The IDF also said that projectiles were launched to Avivim and
Metula.[152] However, IDF spokesperson Daniel Hagari said they were not
yet fighting Hezbollah face-to-face.[153] Another Israeli military official
said that they had not yet clashed with Hezbollah on the ground, and that
IDF troops had so far been operating in villages only hundreds of meters
across the border. Hezbollah denied that Israeli troops had entered
Lebanon.[154]
Map at the start of the
The IDF claimed that in coordination with the Intelligence Division, IDF invasion
forces led by the Northern Command and special forces had captured
Hezbollah infrastructure in the towns of Kafr Kila, Ayta ash Shab, Meiss
Ej Jabal amongst other sites and destroyed the facilities after they were abandoned after the retreat of
Hezbollah.[30] Hezbollah also claimed that it had targeted IDF soldiers in towns opposite of Odaisseh and
Kafr Kila.[155]

The IAF struck 100 Hezbollah targets in Lebanon while soldiers of the Northern Command destroyed
several military sites and weapons.[156]

An Israeli strike on a house in Al-Dawoudiya killed at least ten people and injured five others.[157]

Retaliation by Hezbollah
Hezbollah launched ten rockets from southern Lebanon to Israel[158] and a drone towards central
Israel.[159] Hezbollah said that it targeted IDF sites, Israeli communities and soldiers with 12 separate
strikes.[160] Three rockets were launched from Lebanon towards Upper Galilee.[161] Hezbollah said that it
targeted Israeli soldiers in Metula with rockets and artillery.[162]

"A number of" rockets were launched from Lebanon to Israel, moderately injuring two people.[163][164]
Hezbollah said that it targeted Unit 8200 headquarters in Tel Aviv with Fadi-4 rockets and Mossad
headquarters in the suburbs of Tel Aviv.[31] Approximately 30 rockets were launched from Lebanon
towards northern Israel.[165] Hezbollah said that its missiles targeted Sde Dov, an airport and airbase in
the outskirts of Tel Aviv that was closed and demolished more than four years before the attack.[166][167]

Israeli strikes elsewhere

The IDF called for evacuations of at least 500 meters from particular buildings with Hezbollah facilities
in parts of southern Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, as they were preparing to bomb them.[146] The IDF
conducted at least two airstrikes in Dahieh.[168] The IDF claimed that Muhammad Jaafar Qasir, a
Hezbollah commander responsible for transferring Iranian weapons to Hezbollah in Lebanon, was killed
in an airstrike in Beirut.[169] The IDF said that it killed the commander of Hezbollah's Imam Hussein
division in an airstrike in Beirut.[34]

An Israeli strike on the house of Munir al-Maqdah, a brigadier general of Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in
Lebanon in Ein al-Hilweh refugee camp killed at least five people.[170]
Syrian military sources said that Israel struck two Syrian anti-aircraft radar stations west of Sweida and a
Syrian anti-aircraft radar station in Daraa Governorate.[171]

Iranian strikes on Israel

Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) launched at least 181 missiles toward Israel, with at
least one building being hit in Tel Aviv.[172] The attack was in response to the assassination of Abbas
Nilforoushan, Hassan Nasrallah and Ismail Haniyeh. At least two Israelis were injured in Tel Aviv and a
Palestinian was killed by shrapnel in Nu'eima, West Bank.[173][174][175]

2 October
On 2 October, Israeli forces were ambushed by Hezbollah fighters
in Odaisseh and forced to retreat while attempting to dismantle
militant infrastructure. Six soldiers from the Egoz Unit were killed
and several others were injured, including five seriously. The IDF
said that another 20 Hezbollah militants were killed during the
clash.[176][177] Two soldiers of the Golani Brigade were killed and
another was injured in combat in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah
said it destroyed three Merkava tanks with guided missiles as they Command center of the 98th
approached Maroun al-Ras.[178] A medic from the brigade was Paratroopers Division during the
injured in a separate incident.[177] The IDF also announced that an Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon
officer of the Paratroopers Brigade's 202nd Battalion was killed in
combat.[179]

An Israeli air strike destroyed three houses in the Bekaa Valley killing 11 people.[180]

More forces from the IDF 36th Division entered southern Lebanon including the Golani Brigade, the
188th Armored Brigade, the Etzioni Reserve Brigade and the 282nd Artillery Brigade.[181][182]

Hezbollah fired around 100 rockets at northern Israel.[183] Hezbollah said that it targeted areas north of
Haifa using missiles.[184] It also targeted Shtula and Israeli infantry in Misgav Am.[185]

Beirut suburbs strike

Israeli aircraft struck the southern suburbs of Beirut.[186] Israeli soldiers from the 98th division's two
Brigades managed to capture a Hezbollah installation in southern Lebanon capturing a large cache of
weaponry, ammunition amongst other things as well as claiming to have captured/destroyed 150
Hezbollah targets in Southern Lebanon in coordination with IAF.[187] After the airstrike, Beirut residents
reported a sulphur-like smell. The National News Agency reported that Israel had used phosphorus bombs
in the heavily populated Bashoura district. According to Protocol III of the Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons, the use of phosphorus bombs in civilian areas is prohibited.[188]

Hezbollah engaged Israeli soldiers entering Maroun al-Ras from its eastern side claiming to have inflicted
several casualties amongst the Israelis.[189] The LAF said that an IDF force crossed the Blue Line in the
areas of Khirbet Yaroun and Odaisseh and claimed they retreated after an incursion of about 400m.[190]
The IDF announced that the IAF struck 150 Hezbollah sites since the ground offensive began.[191] A LAF
soldier was injured in an IDF drone strike while one of its units was working to open a road at the
entrance of Kawkaba.[192]

Hezbollah claimed that it killed or injured Israeli soldiers trying to circumvent Yaroun by detonating an
explosive device.[193]

Hezbollah fired 40 rockets at Safed and several drones at the Upper Galilee.[194]

Deaths and injuries

The IDF announced the death of nine soldiers during combat in southern Lebanon.[195][52] It also said
that since the start of the invasion, 50 Hezbollah militants have been killed, with thirty of them being
killed in a single battle with the Egoz unit. Moreover, thirty Israeli soldiers were wounded, including
seven seriously which were evacuated by Unit 669.[28]

Hezbollah claimed to have destroyed three Israeli Merkava tanks with guided missiles as they approached
Maroun al-Ras.[196][197]

Damascus drone strike

Syrian state media reported that at least three civilians were killed and three injured in an Israeli drone
strike in Damascus.[198] The strike killed the brother of the commander of Hezbollah's Unit 4400, who
was also killed the day prior.[36]

Hezbollah claimed to have killed or injured all members of an Israeli infantry unit sheltering in a home
outside Kafr Kila by detonating an explosive device in the house and targeting it using bullets and rocket-
propelled grenades.[199] Hezbollah said that it targeted Israeli soldiers in Ya'ara with rockets.[200]

Beirut health facility strike

An Israeli airstrike on a Hezbollah-affiliated health facility a kilometre away from the Lebanese
Parliament in central Beirut killed nine people, including seven paramedics, and injured 14 other
people.[201][202]

3 October

Attack on the Lebanese army and response

The LAF stated that the IDF targeted an army post in the Bint Jbeil area, and the LAF — for the first time
in the invasion — fired back at the IDF.[9] One LAF soldier was killed.[9] Another LAF soldier was killed
and four Lebanese Red Cross medics and another LAF soldier were injured in an Israeli strike in Taybeh
while they were working on a rescue and evacuation mission.[203][204]

The LAF said that one of its soldiers was killed in an Israeli strike on a military outpost in Bint Jbeil. It
also said that its soldiers responded to the sources of fire.[205]

Hezbollah strikes
Two drones targeted Bat Yam in central Israel, one of which was shot down and the other hit an open
area.[206]

Hezbollah said that it launched surface-to-air missiles targeting an IDF helicopter flying above Beit Hillel
claiming that it forced it to retreat.[207] Approximately 25 rockets and two drones were launched from
Lebanon towards Israel.[208]

Hezbollah launched more than a dozen of strikes on Israeli targets.[209] Hezbollah claimed to have killed
or wounded a group of Israeli soldiers in the vicinity of Maroun al-Ras by detonating two explosive
devices.[209][210]

Hezbollah fired ten rockets at the Lower Galilee, causing no casualties.[211]

Hezbollah claimed that it detonated a Sejil bomb at IDF forces in Yaroun, causing casualties. It also
claimed to have launched a missile against a Merkava tank in Netu'a, while a rocket salvo targeted Israeli
troops in Al-Thaghra in the outskirts of Odaisseh.[212]

Hezbollah fired 100 Katyusha rockets, six Falaq rockets and mortars at Metula.[213][214] Hezbollah said
that it targeted Safed and Kafr Giladi using rockets.[213]

According to Hezbollah, six IDF infiltration attempts into southern Lebanon were repelled by its
forces.[215]

Casualties
Two Belgian journalists were wounded in Beirut.[216] A US resident was killed in an Israeli airstrike in
Lebanon.[217]

The IDF announced the death of two soldiers killed in combat.[52] Hezbollah stated that it had killed 17
IDF soldiers on 3 October.[218]

The World Health Organization said that 28 health care workers were killed in Lebanon over the past 24
hours.[219] Lebanese Health Minister Firass Abiad said that 40 paramedics and firefighters including
emergency personnel from organisations affiliated with Hezbollah were killed in Lebanon in three
days.[65]

Israeli strikes
The IAF struck Hezbollah intelligence and communications sites in Beirut.[220]

An Israeli strike on the municipality building in Bint Jbeil killed 15 people. The IDF said that Hezbollah
fighters were killed and the building was used by Hezbollah to store weapons.[221]

An Israeli airstrike on a building in southern Lebanon, around the area where soldiers from the Golani
Brigade were operating, killed a Hezbollah field commander.[222]

An IRGC adviser died from wounds he sustained from an Israeli airstrike in Damascus three days
prior.[223]
Personnel of the Golani Brigade attacked a military site where Hezbollah commanders were staying and
captured the building. A commander of the Hezbollah Artillery Corps, a commander of the Hezbollah
Engineering Corps and a local Redwan Force commander were killed in the battle.[37]

IDF claims
The IDF said that it struck 15 Hezbollah sites in Beirut, including weapon depots and manufacturing
sites.[224]

In total, IDF claimed to have killed more than 100 Hezbollah militants since the start of the war.[225]

Dahieh airstrike
Senior Hezbollah official Hashem Safieddine, who was expected to succeed Nasrallah as the group's
secretary-general following his assassination, was reportedly targeted by an Israeli airstrike in Beirut.[226]
It was unclear whether Safieddine had been killed.[227] Hezbollah said it had lost contact with Safieddine
after the strike.[228]

4 October

UNIFIL
On 4 October, an international dispute occurred as the IDF ordered an Irish UNIFIL peacekeeping unit
deployed in southern Lebanon to abandon their border outpost.[229] Ireland rejected the orders, with
President Michael D. Higgins calling them "outrageous".[230]

Masnaa Border Crossing strike

The IDF halted traffic at the Masnaa Border Crossing between Syria and Lebanon by striking "vital
transportation infrastructure" using two missiles. The IDF had alleged that the border crossing was being
used by Hezbollah for transferring weapons from Syria to Lebanon one day prior to the strike.[231]

Hezbollah strikes
Hezbollah said that it targeted Haifa using rockets.[232] A rocket launched from Lebanon fell in Upper
Galilee area causing a forest fire. About 50 instances of rockets or shrapnel falling were reported in
Metula in the past 24 hours.[233] Hezbollah launched more than 100 rockets towards Israel.[234]
Hezbollah claimed to have struck a group of Israeli soldiers in the vicinity of Maroun al-Ras. Hezbollah
said that it launched a missile strike on the Nafah IDF base in the Golan Heights and it also said that it
targeted Kfar Giladi.[235] The IDF said that it struck Hezbollah weapons warehouses and infrastructure,
including its intelligence headquarters in Beirut.[236]

Casualties
The Lebanese National News Agency reported that four health workers were killed in an Israeli drone
strike in the vicinity of a government hospital in Marjayoun.[237]
The IDF said that over 250 Hezbollah fighters were killed in southern Lebanon since it began its ground
offensive, including 21 field commanders.[238]

Hezbollah said that at least 20 Israeli elite soldiers were killed or wounded in clashes in a Lebanese
village.[239]

Israeli control in Lebanon

Israel claimed operational control of "multiple" Shi'ite villages in southern Lebanon.[240]

5 October

Hezbollah strikes
On 5 October 2024, Hezbollah claimed to have hit an Israeli
Merkava tank as it was advancing in the Maroun al-Ras forest area
using a guided anti-armor missile, resulting in casualties.[241]
Golani Brigade personnel operating
Hezbollah claimed that it launched rockets targeting Israeli in Southern Lebanon on 4 October
soldiers in Khallet Ubair village in Yaroun, as well as on
Kafrioufel and Kfar Giladi in northern Israel.[242]

Hezbollah said that it launched at least seven strikes on IDF soldiers including launching Fadi 1 missiles
targeting Ramat David IDF base and launching rockets targeting IDF soldiers in the vicinity of the
border.[243]

Israeli strikes
An Israeli strike on a mosque in Bint Jbeil also hit nearby Salah Ghandour Hospital injuring nine of its
medical staff. The IDF said that it targeted Hezbollah fighters in a command center embedded inside the
mosque without providing evidence.[244][245]

IDF stated that it had started pouring cement into Hezbollah tunnels to make them unusable.[246]

President of France Emmanuel Macron called for a halt on arms deliveries to Israel, which Netanyahu
condemned.[247] In an apparent retaliation of this, the IDF blew up a gas station in Beirut owned by the
French petroleum company TotalEnergies. The explosion resulted in a large fire, but no injuries were
reported.[248][249]

Casualties
A female Red Cross volunteer from Baalbek died of a head injury sustained in an Israeli airstrike.[250] A
missile hit in the vicinity of a paramedic team to prevent them from reaching the site of a bigger strike in
a Beirut suburb.[251]

Hamas confirmed the death of Saeed Atallah Ali, one of its military officials, along with his wife and two
young daughters in an Israeli drone strike in Beddawi refugee camp.[252]
A Hezbollah rocket attack lightly injured three people in Deir al-Asad and caused damage in
Karmiel.[253]

6 October
Pope Francis called for an immediate ceasefire in both Gaza and Lebanon.[254]

The Lebanese Education Ministry announced that 40% of the 1.25 million students in Lebanon had been
displaced by the Israeli invasion and bombings.[255]

7 October

Israeli strikes
On 7 October, two Israeli airstrikes in towns south of Beirut killed at least 12 people, including several
Lebanese children.[256]

Israeli warplanes struck a fire station building affiliated with the Islamic Health Authority in Baraachit,
killing ten firefighters.[257][258]

Hezbollah strikes
On the anniversary of the Hamas-led attack on Israel, Hezbollah fired several rockets at northern Israel,
wounding at least 10 people in Haifa and another in Tiberias. Alerts were activated in Upper Galilee after
15 rockets were detected.[259] The IDF announced the deaths of two soldiers in combat in the past 24
hours, on the Lebanese border, while another two were seriously injured.[260]

8 October
The IDF was filmed raising the Israeli flag in Maroun al-Ras,
seemingly indicating they had captured the village.[261][262][263]
However, according to UNIFIL, IDF troops there later withdrew
from Maroun al-Ras to unknown positions.[264] Lebanese
fishermen were forced to keep their boats ashore after Israel
warned that it would expand its operations against Hezbollah to
coastal areas south of Sidon.[265]
Israeli Namer APC in southern
Lebanon on 8 October
9 October
Hezbollah-affiliated sources stated the IDF had withdrawn from
Odaisseh and Kfar Kila.[266] Netanyahu released an address to the government and people of Lebanon in
English, saying that the country would face "destruction and suffering like we see in Gaza" if they did not
rise up against Hezbollah.[267] IDF reported the death of one soldier during clashes in south Lebanon.[52]

Derdghaya Melkite Church airstrike

Israel struck a church of the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of
Tyre that was being used to shelter displaced people in Derdghaya,
killing at least eight people.[268]

10 October

Israeli attacks on UN peacekeepers

Rescuers searching through ruins of
UNIFIL stated that the IDF had fired upon three peacekeeper the Melkite Church in Derdghaya
positions, one being fired at on 9 October and two others being after an Israeli strike on 10 October
fired upon on 10 October. In one of the incidents, two were injured
after a tank had shot at an observation tower, causing them to fall.
No peacekeepers were harmed in the other two incidents.[269]

On the same day, Israeli troops opened fire at three UNIFIL

positions in south Lebanon, including UNIFIL's main base at
Naqoura.[270] The following day an IDF tank fired at the UNIFIL
observation tower in Naqoura injuring two Indonesian
peacekeepers. In the evening, a joint statement of condemnation
was released by France, Italy and Spain, while US President Joe Deployment of UNIFIL forces, 2018
Biden asked Israel not to attack UNIFIL forces.[271]

Bachoura airstrike
Israeli airstrikes in two densely-populated neighborhoods in Bachoura in central Beirut killed at least 22
Lebanese people and injured another 117.[272] Israel said it was targeting Wafiq Safa, Hezbollah's liaison
with Lebanon's security agencies. Safa survived the attack. This was the deadliest strike on Beirut since
the start of the post-2023 Israel-Hezbollah conflict, leveling an apartment building and destroying nearby
cars and building interiors. A US-made munition was used in the attack.[273]

11 October
On that night, UNIFIL reported receiving "significant damage" to its buildings in Ramyah due to
explosions from nearby shelling.[274]

Israeli attack on Lebanese military checkpoint

According to the Lebanese army, an Israeli airstrike hit a building near a military checkpoint in Kafra,
Bint Jbeil District in southern Lebanon, killing two LAF soldiers and wounding three other Lebanese
troops.[275]

12 October

Israeli strikes
Nine people were killed and 24 others were wounded in Israeli strikes on the Lebanese villages of
Maaysrah, in the mountains north of Beirut, and Barja, south of Beirut.[276]
Israel also struck the central commercial area of Nabatieh in the south. The Lebanese Red Cross said it
was initially unable to reach the area of the strike due to large fires from the blast.[277]

Gunfire and explosions near UNIFIL facilities

A UNIFIL press release stated that "Last night, a peacekeeper at UNIFIL's headquarters in Naqoura was
hit by gunfire due to ongoing military activity nearby." The statement also referred to buildings in their
UN positions receiving "significant damage due to explosions from nearby shelling" in a separate
incident in Ramyah.[274][278] A joint statement was made through the initiative of Poland, with 44
countries including three UN Security Council permanent members condemned the attack.[279]

13 October

Israeli attack on Ramyah UNIFIL post

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has called for UNIFIL peacekeepers to immediately
withdraw from Lebanon, calling them "human shields" for Hezbollah.[280] Later in the day, two Israeli
tanks destroyed the main gate of a UNIFIL post in Ramyah and forcibly entered the post. Two hours later,
the IDF fired rounds into the camp that caused smoke to rise, injuring 15 UNIFIL peacekeepers due to
skin irritations and gastrointestinal reactions.[73] A report by one of the countries providing troops to
UNIFIL said that the smoke was suspected to be white phosphorus, the use of which is unlawful in
populated areas under international law.[281]

Drone attack on IDF base

A Hezbollah drone attack on a gathering of IDF soldiers in Zar'it barracks in Binyamina killed at least
four Israeli soldiers and wounded another 61.[282][283]

14 October

Aitou airstrike
An Israeli airstrike hit the Maronite Christian town of Aitou in northern Lebanon, killing at least 21 and
wounding eight.[284] The dead included including twelve women and two children and injured eight
others.[285][286][287]

15 October
On 15 October, the UNHCR said that over 25% of Lebanon was under evacuation orders of Israel.[288]
Israeli air strikes in Qana killed 15 people and injured 15 others.[289]

The French Armed Forces Minister Sébastien Lecornu stated he supported UNIFIL remaining in place in
Lebanon, despite Israel's orders for them to leave.[290]

Israeli strikes
Israel bombed homes and a healthcare center in Qana, which is notable for having previously experienced
massacres in 1996 and 2006. At least 10 people died in the attacks, and 54 were injured.[291]

16 October

Attack on Nabatieh municipal council

Israel bombed a meeting of the municipal council of Nabatieh, killing at least 16 municipality staff,
including the mayor Ahmad Kahil , and injuring more than 52.[292][293]

Hezbollah strikes
Hezbollah fired a barrage of 30 rockets towards Karmiel, wounding two Israelis in Upper Galilee.[294]

Israeli attack on a UNIFIL watchtower

Israeli tanks fired at a UNIFIL watchtower in Kafr Kila. UNIFIL called the attack "deliberate fire on a
UNIFIL position" and reported that the watchtower was damaged, along with two cameras.[295]

Israeli destruction of Mhaibib

The IDF released footage of them destroying a village. The Daily Telegraph reported that the village in
the video was "confirmed to be Mhaibib by local officials".[296] Al Jazeera also reported that the village
was Mhaibib.[297] In the same report, Al Jazeera published footage of soldiers they claimed were
celebrating the destruction of the village, quoting the IDF as 'saying they were targeting "terrorist
infrastructure."'[297] Reuters connected an IDF statement that it had '"dismantled" a tunnel network used
by Hezbollah's elite Redwan Force in the heart of a town near the border with Israel' to the destruction of
the village.[298] While the three outlets quoted the IDF regarding "terrorist infrastructure", they did not
suggest that they had independently corroborated the IDF's allegation.

Casualties
Five IDF soldiers were reported killed in combat in southern Lebanon.[52]

17 October
The IDF confirmed that 5 soldiers had been killed in clashes with Hezbollah and 8 others were
injured.[299]

UNIFIL shoots down armed drone

A German warship operating as a part of UNIFIL shot down a drone of unknown origin in the
Mediterranean Sea about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of the Lebanese port of Naqoura.[300]
According to the German defense ministry, there was no damage to the warship and no injuries to its
crew.[301]

18 October
The IDF reported that a Israeli soldier died from wounds suffered in a 9 October attack in south
Lebanon.[52]

19 October

Sahel Alma airstrike

Israel bombed a car driving on the main Lebanese highway containing two people in Sahel Alma, part of
the city of Jounieh. The two people ran out of the car into a nearby field before being killed in a
subsequent blast.[302][303]

Drone attack on Benjamin Netanyahu's residence

A drone attack believed to have originated from Lebanon was made on the residence of Benjamin
Netanyahu in the resort town Caesarea. Netanyahu was not in the residence at the time, and no casualties
were reported.[304] In response, Netanyahu stated that "the proxies of Iran who today tried to assassinate
me and my wife made a bitter mistake."[305] Iran has attributed the reported attack to Hezbollah, with the
state-run IRNA news agency quoting Iran's mission to the UN saying: "The action in question has been
carried out by Hezbollah in Lebanon."[306]

20 October

Destruction of observation tower in Marwahin

UNIFIL released a press statement stating that the IDF deliberately bulldozed a UNIFIL observation
tower and perimeter fence in the Lebanese border town of Marwahin.[307]

IDF strike on LAF soldiers

An IDF airstrike killed three LAF soldiers driving in a vehicle near an IDF area of operation.[308][309]

Hezbollah rocket attack

About 200 missiles were fired at northern Israel.[310][311]

21 October
A bomb hit a residential building across the street from the Rafik
Hariri University hospital, killing at least 18, including four
children, and injuring 60.[312]

Clashes Interception of missiles over

northern Israel
Hezbollah and the IDF engaged in clashes in the villages of Ayta ash Shab and Ramiya as the IDF
attempted to advance into the villages.[313]

22 October
An Israeli airstrike on a house in Teffahta killed 19 people.[314]

Hezbollah rocket barrage

Hezbollah conducted a rocket barrage on Neot Mordechai in northern Israel, a 27-year-old IDF reservist
from Tel Aviv was killed and three other soldiers were seriously wounded.[315] Another soldier was killed
in south Lebanon.[52]

23 October
Air attacks on Dahieh resumed in what was called one of the worst nights of bombing in the
neighborhood to date. Six buildings, including the offices of Al Mayadeen, were destroyed in seventeen
raids.[316]

Casualties
The IDF said that four of its soldiers were killed in southern Lebanon, while six others were evacuated
from Lebanon after being seriously wounded.[317] Hezbollah said that its fighters have killed more than
70 Israeli soldiers.[318]

24 October

Ayta al-Shaab clashes

Hezbollah reported that its fighters were engaged in ongoing "intense" clashes against IDF vehicles in
Ayta al-Shaab. On the same day, Hezbollah said that it destroyed an Israeli tank with a guided missile,
killing and wounding the soldiers inside.[318]

Military casualties
Five IDF soldiers were killed and 19 others were wounded in a southern Lebanon village. According to
the IDF, Hezbollah forces attacked the building in which the soldiers were accepting logistics
supplies.[319]

25 October
Three journalists were killed in an Israeli airstrike on a residential compound housing media workers in
Hasbaya. Two were employees of Al Mayadeen, and the other worked for Al Manar TV.[320]

26 October
The IDF said five of its soldiers were killed in southern Lebanon,[52] bringing the IDF's reported
casualties up to 32 since 1 October, according to CNN.[321]

IDF attack on UNIFIL observation post near Dhayra on 22 October

A UNIFIL press release on 25 October stated that IDF soldiers fired at an observation post near the town
of Dhayra on 22 October 2024.[322][323]

27 October
At least eight people were killed and 25 wounded in an Israeli strike on the Haret Saida neighoorhood of
Sidon.[321]

28 October

Beqaa Valley airstrikes

The Lebanese Health Ministry reported that at least 60 people,[324] including two children, were killed
and 58 wounded in strikes on 12 areas of the Beqaa Valley. Israel bombed the southern towns of Rachaya
al-Fakhar, Kfar Hamam, Alma ash-Shaab, and Naqoura with artillery shells.[325]

29 October
On 29 October, nine people were killed and a girl was trapped under rubble in an Israeli airstrike in Haret
Saida, southeast of Sidon.[326][327] An Israeli airstrike in Sarafand killed 10 people and injured 21
others.[328][329] Israeli defence minister Yoav Gallant claimed that Hezbollah maintained only 20% of the
rockets and missiles it initially had before the conflict.[330] Hezbollah denied the claim.[331] The IDF said
that its military goals in Lebanon had been achieved with the Israeli government planning to go ahead
with diplomatic negotiations.[332] Israeli officials said the ceasefire negotiations were "in advanced
stages" as White House special envoy Amos Hochstein traveled to the region to mediate the
negotiations.[333]

An IDF soldier died of wounds suffered during battle the previous days.[334]

30 October
Israeli struck Baalbek, killing 19 people, including eight women. 20 strikes were reported in the area, five
of which were in the city limits.[335][324]

The IDF claimed to have killed dozens of militants one day prior.[336] Israeli airstrikes in Sohmor killed
11 people and injured 15 others.[337] Israeli strikes killed 19 people, including eight women in two towns
in Baalbek District.[335][338]

31 October
On 31 October, SANA reported that Israeli strikes hit a number of residential buildings in Al-Qusayr,
causing "material damage" to its industrial zone and some of its residential neighbourhoods killing 10
people, including civilians.[339][340] The IDF said that it struck Hezbollah command centers and weapon
depots.[341]

Hezbollah fired rockets at the Haifa region, killing two Israelis, while four Thai workers and one Israeli
national were killed in Metula.[342]

1 November
At least 52 Lebanese people were killed and 72 wounded in Israeli airstrikes in northeastern
Lebanon.[343]

An Israeli airstrike on a home in Amhaz killed at least 12 people and injured several others.[344][345]

2 November

Israeli kidnapping
The IDF claimed it had killed a commander of the Nasser Brigade rocket unit of Hezbollah, Jaafar
Khader Faoura,[346] and captured an unnamed "senior Hezbollah operative" from northern Lebanon and
transported them into Israeli territory. The Lebanese government stated that it would file a complaint to
the United Nations Security Council in response to the abduction.[347]

Hezbollah rocket attack

A rocket fired by Hezbollah injured 19 people in Tayibe in central Israel.[348]

3 November
At least three people were killed and nine wounded in an Israeli strike in Haret Saida.[349][350]

5 November
An Israeli strike on a residential building in Barja killed at least 30 people and injured several others
including a woman and her child.[351]

A IDF soldier died from wounds suffered in the north.[52]

7 November
UNIFIL confirmed that five of its Malaysian peacekeepers were injured by an Israeli airstrike on
Sidon.[352][353] This was followed by a statement from the Lebanese Army who confirmed that three of
its soldiers were also injured in the same attack.[353] The attack was heavily condemned by France, which
called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and the complete implementation of UN Security Council
Resolution 1701 to enable displaced people in Israel and Lebanon to safely return home.[354]

8 November
An IDF soldier died from wounds sustained on 26 October.[52]

10 November
An Israeli airstrike in Aalmat village, Lebanon, killed at least 23 people, including seven children, and
injured six others.[355]

An Israeli strike on a civil defense centre affiliated to the Islamic Mission Scouts Association in Ras al-
Ain, Lebanon killed 15 people and injured two others.[356][357]

11 November
An Israeli airstrike on a building in Ain Yaaqoub killed at least 14 people, injured 15 others and trapped
some people under the rubble.[358]

12 November
An Israeli air strike in Joun killed 15 people including eight women and four children and wounded 12
others.[359]

13 November
Six IDF soldiers from the Golani Brigade were killed in southern Lebanon.[52]

14 November
The IDF struck a building in the vicinity of Beirut International Airport, and footage shared by Lebanese
media showed a passenger plane being taxied on the runway near the strike.[360] An Israeli airstrike on a
civil defense center in Duris, Lebanon killed at least 15 people.[361][362][363] One IDF platoon
commander of the Golani Brigade was killed in Lebanon.[52]

15 November
Twelve paramedics were killed in an Israeli airstrike on Duris.[364] One IDF soldier of the Golani Brigade
was killed in south Lebanon.[52]

16 November
Israeli troops reached the deepest point in Lebanon since the start of the invasion. They briefly captured a
hill in Chamaa and according to Lebanese state media, destroyed the Shrine of Shamoun Al Safa. Israeli
warplanes attacked Dahiyeh, wounding a teenage girl, and also attacked Tyre. A strike on Khreibeh killed
a family of six.[365]

19 November
UNICEF spokesperson James Elder stated that more than 200 children have been killed since the start of
the Israeli invasion.[366][367][368] One IDF soldier was killed in south Lebanon.[52]

20 November
Three IDF soldiers were killed in southern Lebanon.[52]

22 November
Lebanon's health ministry stated that a hospital director and six others were killed by an Israeli airstrike in
northeastern Lebanon, and a separate Israeli airstrike killed five paramedics in southern Lebanon.[63]

23 November
An Israeli airstrike on a building in Basta area of Beirut Central District targeting Hezbollah official
Muhammad Haydar killed at least 29 people and injured 67 others.[369][370][371] The target was reportedly
not present in the building.[372]

26 November
IDF troops reached the Litani River hours before Israel's security cabinet reached a ceasefire with
Hezbollah.[373] The ceasefire stipulates that Hezbollah's militants would leave the border with Israel in
exchange for the withdrawal of Israeli troops from southern Lebanon.[374][375]

27 November
The IDF estimated that it killed several dozens of Hezbollah operatives in its strikes on a Radwan Force
base in Beqaa Valley in the night leading up to the truce.[376] The ceasefire deal between Israel and
Hezbollah went into effect at 4:00 a.m. UTC+02:00.[377]

28 November
Despite the ceasefire being in effect, Israel continued its offensive, with at least 18 strikes as of the
evening of 28 November,[378] in one case citing the presence of "several suspects" in vehicles arriving in
southern Lebanon.[379] The IDF opened fire on at least six targets, with the Lebanese Army stating that
the IDF was in violation of the ceasefire. Details on the alleged suspects were not released, though the
IDF said it was launching strikes against "terrorist activity."[380] Additionally, the IDF told Lebanese
citizens not to move south of the Litani River, establishing a night-time curfew from 5:00pm local time
until 7:00am the next day.[381]

29 November
Despite the ceasefire being in effect, the IDF continued its offensive into Khiam.[382]

2 December
Hezbollah launched two mortars towards Shebaa Farms, claiming that it was responding defensively to
repeated ceasefire violations by the IDF.[383] In response, the IDF struck dozens of Hezbollah members
and rocket launchers, including the one used in the mortar attack.[384] Six people were killed in Haris and
four others in Talloussah.[385][386]

9 December
Four IDF soldiers were killed in a tunnel explosion during an operational detonation of a Hezbollah cache
in south Lebanon.[387]

17 December
An Israeli drone targeted a car in Majdal Zun injuring two. Israel also demolished homes in Naqoura.[388]

The town of Kfar Kila was completely demolished by the IDF while Halta and Shebaa were targeted by
Israeli artillery.[388]

Israel violated the ceasefire 12 times, bringing the total number of violations to 248, with casualties post-
ceasefire numbering 30 dead and 36 wounded.[388]

Impacts

Lebanese healthcare
According to a CNN analysis of verified Lebanese Health Ministry data, between 23 September and 23
October, Israeli airstrikes damaged 34 hospitals, hit 107 ambulances, and killed 111 emergency medical
technicians (EMTs) in Lebanon. The analysis also found that Israel had dropped bombs within "lethal
proximity", 340 metres (1,120 ft), of at least 19 hospitals and within 500 metres (1,600 ft) of 24
hospitals.[312]

According to the Lebanese health ministry, Israeli strikes targeted 40 hospitals, 84 medical and
ambulance centers, and a total of 243 medical facilities, killing at least 178 Lebanese medical staff
members since October 2023.[389]
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that it would be unable to "deliver a large shipment of
trauma and medical supplies" originally scheduled for October 4 to Lebanon due to the almost complete
closure of Beirut's airport.[79] In a statement released on 16 October, the WHO stated that "[Israeli]
attacks on hospitals and health workers jeopardize provision of health in Lebanon," adding that "out of
207 primary health care centres and dispensaries in conflict-affected areas, 100 are now closed."[390]

Early in the invasion, the near total closure of Beirut's airport prevented medical aid supply deliveries
from the WHO.[79]

During the invasion, hospitals in Lebanon have experienced an increase in patients with miscarriages,
early births, and other pregnancy complications, as people have been forced to flee their homes.[391]

At least one case of cholera has been confirmed in Lebanon, emerging from the poor sanitation and water
conditions those displaced have been living in. The crowded shelters and public schools used to house the
displaced population combined with the strained healthcare system have prompted fears of communicable
disease outbreaks.[392]

Casualties
Since mid-September 2024, Israeli strikes on Lebanon have killed at least 2,267 people and injured
11,022 more, according to a CNN tally.[389] While in Mid-November 2024 Lebanon Ministry of Public
Health reported 3,583 killed, including 231 children.[393] UNICEF confirmed that more than 200 children
has been killed.[368] The Lebanese Health Ministry has reported that most Lebanese killed by Israel are
civilians.[59][83][394]

Additionally, at least 1.2 million Lebanese civilians have been displaced as a result of Israeli bombings
and evacuation orders, which the United Nations described as "the largest wave of displacement Lebanon
has seen in decades".[79]

War crimes

By Israel
Human Rights Watch states that it has documented "flagrant violations of the laws of war and war crimes
by the Israeli military, including apparently deliberate or indiscriminate attacks on journalists, civilians,
medics, financial institutions, and peacekeepers, in addition to the widespread and unlawful use of white
phosphorus in populated areas, among other violations."[395] Twenty NGOs have called on the UN
members states of the UN Human Rights Council to convene a Special Session on the situation in
Lebanon to investigate all violations of humanitarian and human rights law.[396]

Killing of civilians in Lebanon

On 5 November 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit a car near Ainata, Lebanon, killing three children and their
grandmother, and injuring their mother. The IDF admitted to striking the vehicle.[397] Human Rights
Watch stated that their killings should be investigated as an apparent war crime.[398] Najib Mikati,
Lebanon's caretaker prime minister, called the attack a "heinous crime" and said that Lebanon would file
a complaint to the UN Security Council.[397] According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, at
least 78 Syrian civilians were killed by the IDF.[399]

Attacks on Lebanese healthcare facilities and healthcare workers

According to Al Jazeera, Israel has "carried out more than 280 attacks on emergency medical facilities in
Lebanon" in the first 13 months of the invasion. This has resulted in the deaths of at least 208 health care
workers, and 311 other injuries.[400] Targeting health establishments and units, including hospitals and
their medical staff, is illegal under international humanitarian law.[401] Human Rights Watch states that it
has documented three Israeli attacks on Lebanese medical workers and healthcare facilities and refers to
the attacks as "apparent war crimes."[402]

Attacks on civilian Hezbollah targets

In October 2024, Israel bombed financial institutions it stated were affiliated with Hezbollah, leading
Amnesty International to state the strikes should be investigated as possible war crimes.[403]

Attacks on journalists
Reporters without Borders called for an independent investigation into a "possible war crime" in response
to an Israeli airstrike that hit a guesthouse in the town of Hasbaya killing and injuring several
journalists.[404]

Attacks on UNIFIL positions

In October 2024, Israel attacked the UNIFIL peacekeeping bases in southern Lebanon. In response,
UNIFL stated, "Any deliberate attack on peacekeepers is a grave violation of international humanitarian
law and of Security Council resolution 1701".[405] According to the Israeli Ambassador to the UN,
"Hezbollah terrorists are using UNIFIL outposts as hiding places and as places of ambushes."[406] Human
Rights Watch has called for a UN inquiry on the Israeli military's repeated attacks on UNIFIL's
peacekeepers.[407]

Reactions

Lebanese government
The government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) issued a statement stating they
would not be getting involved in the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, following a meeting between
Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces Joseph Aoun and Speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri.[8] The
LAF withdrew some personnel from observation posts along the blue line, however, despite this, they
have given no intention of withdrawing from territory south of the Litani River and have stated they will
"respond to Israeli fire on its positions."[8][94] Prime Minister of Lebanon, Najib Mikati, has offered to
deploy the LAF along the Blue Line if Hezbollah withdraws to the Litani River.[408][409]
Foreign Policy reported that "Lebanese and Western military officials as well as local politicians and
notables" stated the LAF would stay out of the conflict "as long as it can" due to concerns that the LAF
doesn't have the capability to win, or even credibly participate in fighting as the LAF only numbers
70,000 soldiers, many of whom also work other jobs, lacks any fighter jets and only owns outdated
tanks.[408] Instead the LAF is focusing on being a "police force" to keep the various internal factions
within Lebanon at peace while Hezbollah and Israel fight.[408][409] Additionally, the LAF has no intention
of siding with Hezbollah, as that would cause all western arms shipments to the LAF to cease, since
Hezbollah is recognized by the LAF's arms suppliers as a terrorist organization.[408][410] However, the
LAF is at risk of losing the position of "the only legitimate defender of Lebanon" to Hezbollah should it
remain out of the conflict, which would only strengthen Hezbollah's internal support within Lebanon.[408]

International community
Canada: Started evacuating its nationals from Lebanon by reserving 800 passenger
seats on available commercial flights. Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly said that "The security
situation in Lebanon is becoming increasingly dangerous and volatile".[411]
China: The Spokesperson of the Foreign Ministry stated that China opposes "the
violation of Lebanon's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity."[412] China's embassy in
Beirut announced on 2 October that it had evacuated over 200 Chinese citizens and their
family members from Lebanon to China and Cyprus.[413]
Colombia: The Foreign Ministry organized the evacuation of 117 Colombians from
Lebanon in Beirut by Colombia's Air Force while it was delivering humanitarian aide on 2
October.[414] In a statement on the evacuations, the Foreign Ministry "reiterate[d] Colombia's
rejection of any military action against innocent citizens and call[ed] for an immediate
ceasefire".[415]
Denmark: Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen stated that she supports an international
intervention to support the two-state solution and end the conflict.[416]
France: Deployed a naval warship off the coast of Lebanon to aid in the evacuation of its
nationals,[411] as well as sent humanitarian aid to Lebanon with the plane used on the way
back to evacuate French citizens.[417] Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot traveled to
Lebanon two days prior to the start of the invasion, stating France "stands with Lebanon"
ahead of a war "it did not choose".[418] On 8 October, he called Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu's rhetoric on Israel's military operations in Lebanon a
"provocation".[417]
Ireland: President Michael D. Higgins criticized Israel's actions as "outrageous" after it
ordered an Irish UNIFIL peacekeeping unit to abandon their outpost in southern
Lebanon.[419]
Italy: Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani announced that Italy would be willing to send
troops to the UN for the establishment of a Palestinian state due to instability caused by the
invasion.[420]
Jordan: Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Ayman Safadi talked to
Lebanese prime minister Najib Mikati and expressed Jordan's support for Lebanese
sovereignty.[421] Additionally, Abdullah II directed two aid planes to Lebanon.
NATO: Secretary-General Mark Rutte expressed hope that "hostilities will end as soon
as possible".[422]
Oman: The Foreign Ministry released a statement saying that it "expresses the
Sultanate of Oman's condemnation and denunciation of the raids launched by the Israeli
occupation forces on Lebanese territory." It also iterated Oman's "solidarity with the sisterly
 Lebanese Republic" and its "complete rejection of any violations of Lebanon's sovereignty
and territory".[423]
Palestinian Authority: Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas accused Israel of
"genocide".[424]
Qatar: Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani held phone calls
with Lebanon's army chief and prime minister expressing "deep concern" over the
situation.[425] Minister for international cooperation, Lolwah Al-Khater condemned the attack,
stating on X that "A monster has been unleashed in our region".[426]
Russia: Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov stated that Moscow is concerned with the
recent escalation in Lebanon.[427] The Foreign Ministry condemned Israel's invasion and
called on Israel to "immediately cease hostilities, withdraw their troops from Lebanese
territory and engage in a real search for peaceful ways to resolve the Middle East
conflict."[428]
Turkey: The Foreign Ministry stated the attack violates Lebanon's sovereignty.[429]
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, accused Israel of "genocide".[430]
United Arab Emirates: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it held "deep concern"
about the situation, that it had "reaffirmed its unwavering position towards the unity of
Lebanon, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity", and that President Mohamed bin
Zayed Al Nahyan had "directed the delivery of an urgent $100m relief package to the people
of Lebanon".[422]
United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary David Lammy stated the UK had chartered a
commercial flight for its citizens wishing to leave Lebanon and that the flight would leave on
2 October from Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport adding that "The safety of British
citizens in Lebanon is our absolute priority".[411] Prior to the start of the invasion, Lammy
had called for a "an immediate ceasefire" and "a political solution".[431]
United States: During a 30 September press conference, President Joe Biden
responded to a reporter's question on Israel's actions in Lebanon saying he was aware of
Israel's plans, but "comfortable with them stopping", adding "we should have a ceasefire
now."[432] On 1 October however, Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin told Israeli Defense
Minister Yoav Gallant that the United States supported Israel's ground offensive.[422] On 7
October, State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said the United States supports
Israel's "ability to target militants, to degrade Hezbollah's infrastructure, to degrade
Hezbollah's capability".[433]
European Union: On 14 October, Spain and Ireland requested the European
Commission to suspend the EU–Israel Association Agreement as human rights (article 2 of
the Agreement) are being violated by Israel due to its invasion of Lebanon.[434]

Evacuations
Since the escalation of the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, many countries have called on their
citizens to leave Lebanon and/or started evacuating them such as Australia, Canada, Colombia, Brazil,
France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[435][436]

In the case of the United States, the U.S. Embassy in Beirut announced on 27 September 2024 that it was
"not evacuating U.S. citizens at this time."[437][438] In response, U.S. Representative Rashida Tlaib stated
the State Department was "leaving Americans behind and failing to protect their own citizens".[439] After
the U.S. government announced a first flight, Al Jazeera wrote: "State Department spokesperson Matthew
Miller said the flight carried 100 US citizens – a fraction of the
nearly 6,000 Americans who have contacted the US embassy for
information and help."[440] Lebanese-Americans filed a class-
action lawsuit against the State Department in the hopes of
expediting an evacuation.[441]

Evacuation has been taking place through the use of the countries'
military aircraft, chartered flights or maritime routes via Cyprus.
As of 5 October 2024, many airlines have indefinitely shut their
President Lula da Silva receiving
services at Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport due to Israeli
repatriated Brazilian nationals from
airstrikes hitting areas nearby, though Lebanon's Middle East Lebanon on 6 October 2024. Brazil
Airlines and regional carriers such as Iraqi Airways and Saudi has the highest number of
Arabian Airlines have been operating.[442] Lebanese descendants and
expatriates in the world.

Analysis

United States' waning influence

Writing for The Guardian, Andrew Roth assessed that the invasion showed Israel's willingness to ignore
its chief ally, the United States, and the latter's lack of influence over the Netanyahu government. Aaron
David Miller, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, stated that this was in
part caused by the Democrats trying to avoid criticising Netanyahu before the U.S. presidential elections.
Analysts believe that Netanyahu has a limited time frame before the US elections to attack Iranian
proxies in the region.[443] Writers for ITV News, The Washington Post, and Politico agreed that the
invasion highlighted the waning influence the U.S. government has on Israel.[444][445][446]

Personal motivations of Netanyahu

According to CNN's Stephen Collinson as well as Israeli observers, there is a long-standing suspicion
among observers in Washington that Netanyahu has a strong personal interest in continuing the war to
make amends for his failure to prevent the 7 October attacks and to delay ongoing legal proceedings
against him for bribery, fraud, and breach of public trust.[447][448]

Hezbollah capabilities
Prior the ground invasion, the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) on September 28 noted that while
Israeli strikes led to "temporary organizational paralysis" and "internal disarray", Hezbollah "should be
able to overcome this disruption, however, if given the time and space to do so", and furthermore that
killed Hezbollah commanders "have deputies who should in principle be able to fill those roles and help
the force recover" despite "difficult circumstance". The ISW termed damage done to Hezbollah's
leadership as "short term" and a "temporary effect" if given the chance to reconstitute.[35]

On 5 October, the ISW reported that Hezbollah capabilities may have not been as degraded as previously
thought, despite the extensive Israeli killing of its commanders and likely reduction in combat
effectiveness of some of its forces. The report stated that Hezbollah has kept the bulk of its forces in
positions deeper inside Lebanon while only engaging in limited-contact attacks against the IDF at the
frontlines, concluding that the group "retains effective command-and-control at least at the tactical level
and possibly higher".[449] Writing for the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Daniel Byman
assessed that Israel had learnt lessons from the 2006 Lebanon War and had a number of intelligence
successes prior to the invasion, such as the detonation of pagers used by Hezbollah. However, Byman
also noted that Hezbollah had expanded its rocket arsenal since, and benefited from a number of factors
such as being able to retreat away from the border and dragging the war out to its benefit.[450] The New
Statesman noted that though Israel enjoyed military superiority over Hezbollah, the latter had been able to
bounce back from prior military defeats, and could exploit the fact that Israel is unlikely to win the
conflict on the battlefield alone.[451]

The ISW reported on 28 October that Hezbollah's military forces in southern Lebanon were disorganized
and struggling against the IDF, which have effectively disrupted their operations. It also claimed that
despite Hezbollah's attempts to portray itself as a competent military organization, it had failed to execute
significant military strategies and lost valuable equipment to the IDF.[452]

Israel's methods
According to Karim Emilie Bitar, a professor of international relations at the Saint Joseph University of
Beirut, IDF airstrikes outside of south Lebanon are meant to foster civil strife.[453] Israel's methods were
met with criticism in Israel, with an article in Yedioth Ahronot claiming that 50,000 Israeli soldiers had
gotten bogged down against Hezbollah, failing to make any gains.[454]

See also
1978 South Lebanon conflict
1982 Lebanon War
Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1982-2000)
2006 Lebanon War
Operation Accountability
Operation Grapes of Wrath
Hezbollah tunnels
2024 Israeli invasion of Syria

Notes
a. The Lebanese government stated they will stay out of the conflict between Hezbollah and
Israel, but would respond to Israeli attacks on their positions.[8]
b. Although UNIFIL is a peacekeeping force and is not actively engaged in hostilities, its
positions have been targeted and its peacekeepers have suffered casualties.[10]
c. Brief occupation in 1956. Second Israeli occupation from 1967 until 1982, but Israel retained
control of Taba until 1989.
d. The IDF announced the start of the operation at 2:00 AM local time, following earlier reports
of Israeli incursions, which had been denied by the IDF.[11]
e. See UNIFIL's contributing countries for more detailed information on the forces contributed
by each country.
 f. IDF casualties:[51][52][53]
g. UNIFIL casualties: [72][73][74][75][76][77]

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‫ מהם נשקף איום מיידי‬,‫ במספר כפרים סמוכים לגבול‬,‫ותשתיות טרור של ארגון הטרור חיזבאללה‬
‫ צה״ל פועל על פי תוכנית סדורה שתוכננה במטה הכללי‬.‫וממשי ליישובים ישראלים בגבול הצפון‬
‫ הכוחות הקרקעיים מלווים‬.‫ ואליה הכוחות התאמנו ונערכו בחודשים האחרונים‬,‫ובפיקוד הצפון‬
‫ שתוקפים מטרות צבאיות באיזור במאמץ מתואם‬,‫במאמץ תקיפות של חיל האוויר וכוחות תותחנים‬
‫ מבצע‬.‫ שלבי המערכה אושרו ומתבצעים בהתאם להחלטת הדרג המדיני‬.‫עם לוחמי כוחות היבשה‬
‫ צה״ל ממשיך‬.‫״חיצי הצפון״ נמשך על פי הערכת המצב במקביל ללחימה בעזה ובזירות נוספות‬
‫ ועושה כל מה שנדרש על מנת להגן על אזרחי מדינת‬,‫להילחם ולפעול להשגת מטרות המלחמה‬
‫ אנו מבקשים לא להעביר שמועות ודיווחים לא‬.‫ישראל ולהשיב את תושבי הצפון לבתיהם בביטחון‬
‫ ולהיצמד להודעות הרשמיות בלבד‬,‫( "רשמיים על אודות פעילות כוחות צה״ל‬https://x.com/IDFspo
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been approved and are being carried out in accordance with the decision of the political
level. Operation "Northern Arrows" continues according to the assessment of the situation at
the same time as the fighting in Gaza and other arenas. The IDF continues to fight and act
to achieve the goals of the war, and does everything necessary to protect the citizens of the
State of Israel and return the residents of the north to their homes safely. We ask not to pass
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