Module – 1:

Foundation concepts in
Database Management
Dr. Om Prakash
SOM, CMR University
 Syllabus
Module – 1: Foundation concepts in Database Management

► Traditional File environment - Terms and Concepts, Problems

► Database Approach – Advantages, Capabilities
► Relational Database Management Systems
► Object Oriented Database Management Systems
► Databases in the Cloud
► Designing Databases –
► Normalization,
► Entity – Relationship Diagrams.
► Querying and Reporting
► Joining databases
► Data Warehouses
► Data Marts
Database
► A database is a collection of information centered on a particular theme
► Banking transactions are stored in a database
► Swiggy, Bookmyshow, Airtel
► Student Data
 Database
INPUTS
► Keyboard-InputData/Qu
ery
► External Database
► Biometric
► RFID/ Bar code
OUTPUTS
► Monitor/LCD
► Reports/Bill/Statement
► Audio/Video
HCI-Human Computer Interface
► Email/Fax
 Data Hierarchy

Traditional File Environment

► Data is stored in one or more separate computer
files
► Defined and managed by different application
programs
► Organizes data in a hierarchy that begins with bits
and bytes
► Fields: Group of characters, words, or a complete
number
► Records: Group of related fields, describes an
entity (a person, place or thing about which
information must be kept - each characteristic of
an entity is an attribute)
► File: Group of records of the same type
► Database: Group of related files
 Traditional File Processing
► Accounting, finance, manufacturing, human
resources, and sales and marketing all developed
their own systems and data files
► Develop specialized applications and file
► Each application requires a unique
data file that is likely to be a subset
of the master file
Problems :
► Data redundancy: duplicate data in
multiple files, leading to data
inconsistency, different values
used for the same attribute
► Program-data dependency:
Changes in programs requiring
changes to the data
► Lack of flexibility
► Poor security
► Lack of data sharing
 Database Approach
► A Database Management
System is defined as the
software system that allows
users to define, create,
maintain and control access
to the database
 Advantages of Database Approach

DisAdvantages
 Relational Database Management DBMS RDBMS
Systems - RDBMS

► A database that stores data in tables, so it can be used

in relation to other stored datasets
► RDBMSes are a subset of DBMSes
► Stores data in a structured table using rows & columns
► SQL is used to create Tables, Retrieve Data, join….
► Relations among tables are also stored in the form of the table
► Provides facility primary key, to uniquely identify the rows. Sharing
a common column in two or more tables(primary key and foreign
key)
► Creates indexes for quicker data retrieval
► Provides multi user accessibility that can be controlled by individual
users
► A virtual table creation is enabled to store sensitive data and
simplify queries
Codd’s 12 Rules - to qualify as RDBMS
 Relationship
∙ One-to-many
∙ Many-to-many
∙ One-to-one

Normalization
Structurally correct
Optimal database
• Add Columns
• New Table
• Split to 2 Tables
1st Normal Form
2nd NF, 3rd NF…
RDBMS
ADVANTAGES
► Data structure: table format can be easily understood by the users
► Accessing the Network: a software program, server daemon, designed to capture requests sent over a
network, facilitating the communication between database clients and the database. Provides a security
layer for database
► Language: syntax of SQL is simple
► Speed: variety of optimizations for performance enhancement, Not fastest.
► Maintenance: Easier to maintain, repair, control, test and back up databases. Can be Automated.
► User Access to More Than One Person: built-in locking and transactions management functionality to
access the data
► Privileges: Admin can restricts access to selected client IP address
DISADVANTAGES
► Cost : maintaining and setting up a database system is relatively high, require proficient and experienced
relational database administrator.
► Managing Huge Volumes of Data: complication in information, multimedia products, complicated images
► Structured Limits: impose limits on field lengths, necessary to specify the data volume in a field.
OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE SYSTEM
► A collection of object-oriented programming (C++, Java)
and relational database
► Organized around objects rather than actions, and data
rather than logic
► Object oriented data model is based upon real world
situations
► Eg: multimedia record

Elements of Object oriented data model

Objects: Real world entities & situations are represented as
objects
Attributes and Method: Every object has certain
characteristics-represented using Attributes. Behaviour
represented using Methods.
Class: Similar attributes and methods are grouped. An object
can be called as an instance of the class.
Inheritance: A new class can be derived from the original
class. contains attributes and methods of the original class as
well as its own.
 (E-R) RELATIONAL MODEL VS OBJECT ORIENTED
► ER model is used to represent real life scenarios as entities
►
MODEL ►
Object oriented data model is based on using real life scenarios
Properties of these entities are their attributes in the ER diagram
► Scenarios are represented as object
► Connections are shown in the form of relationships
► Top down approach in data designing ► Objects with similar functionalities are grouped together and linked
to different other objects
Advantages
► Advantages
► The data requirements are easily understandable using an E - R
model as it utilises clear diagrams. ► Due to inheritance, the data types can be reused in different
objects. This reduces the cost of maintaining the same data in
► Can be easily converted into a relational database. multiple locations.
► The E-R diagram is very easy to understand as it has clearly defined
entities and the relations between them. ► The object oriented model is quite flexible in most cases.
Disadvantages ► It is easier to extend the design in Object Oriented Model.
► There is no data manipulation language available for an E- R model ► Disadvantages
as it is a largely abstract concept.
► It is not practically implemented in database systems as it is mostly
► There are no standard notations for an E - R model. It depends on a theoretical approach.
each individual designer how they design it.
► Can be quite complicated to create and understand
 DATABASES IN THE CLOUD
► Data stored in a virtual environment, either in a hybrid cloud,
public or private cloud
► Optimized and built for such a virtualized environment
► Advantages:
► Ability to pay for storage capacity and bandwidth on a per-user basis
► Provide scalability on demand
► High availability
► Supports business applications in a software-as-a-service
deployment
► Utilizes high-end remote servers which efficiently manage, process Top Cloud Platform Providers
and store information in a highly versatile manner • Amazon (AWS)
• Microsoft (AZURE)
► Fully scalable resources like virtual machines (VMs), storage units, • Google (Google Cloud Platform)
shared utilities and intelligent applications
• IBM (IBM Cloud SoftLayer- Bluemix)
Top Cloud computing Trends
Cloud Enhancement Phase
• Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
• Analytics, Machine learning, and Automation
• Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
Designing Databases
► Step 1: Requirement Analysis
► Step 2: Gather, Organize Data in Tables
► Step 3: Create Relationships
► One-to-many
► Many-to-many
► One-to-one
► Step 4: Normalize
► Adding more columns
► Create a new table for optional data using one-to-one relationship,
► Split a large table into two smaller tables

Integrity Rules
► Entity Integrity Rule
► Referential Integrity Rule
► Business logic Integrity
QUERYING & REPORTING Steps
• Make a data request.
► Handles "tell me what happened“ • Retrieve the data.
• Manipulate the data slightly/Summarize/reorganize
► Relatively static and predictable processing
• Format the data.
► Data is retrieved, formatted and presented • Present the data.

Querying
► Action of retrieving data from your database
► See data that fits a certain criteria SELECT * FROM Albums WHERE ArtistId = 1;
► Programatically or via a user interface

Reporting
► A front-end interface that calls or runs back-end
database queries that are formatted for easy
application usage
► Eg: Monthly loan summaries, Net Worth report
Joining Databases
► SQL allows you to join tables from different databases
► Types of SQL joins:
► Inner, left, right, and full
Joining Databases
Data Warehouse
• Process for collecting and managing data from
varied sources to provide meaningful business
insights
• Used to connect and analyse business data from
heterogeneous sources
• Data warehouse is the core of the BI system
which is built for data analysis and reporting
• It is a blend of technologies and components
which aids the strategic use of data
• Designed for query and analysis instead of
transaction processing
• Not a product but an environment
• Helps to reduce the response time
• Helps to enhance the performance of queries
for reports and analytics
Types of Data Warehouse
DW is also known as:
Data may be: • Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW)
• Decision Support System (DSS)
• Structured • Operational Data Store (ODS)
• Executive Information System
• Semi-structured • Data Mart
• Management Information System
• Business Intelligence Solution • Unstructured data
Sectors using Data warehouse:
• Analytic Application Airline, Banking, Healthcare, Retail chain…
 Data Marts
• Is focused on a single functional
area of an organization
• Contains a subset of data stored
in a Data Warehouse
• Condensed version of Data
Warehouse
• Designed for use by a specific
department, unit or set of users
• Eg: Marketing, Sales, HR or
finance
• Controlled by a single
department
• Small in size and are more
flexible compared to a Data
warehouse

Types of Data Marts

• Dependent
• Independent
• Hybrid