ME211B: Thermodynamics
Instructor: Joon Sang Kang
Chapter 4
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
Objectives
• Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly encountered in
reciprocating devices such as automotive engines and compressors.
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of the conservation
of energy principle for closed (fixed mass) systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at constant
pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal energy and
enthalpy of ideal gases.
• Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in their internal
energy and enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems that involve heat
and work interactions for general pure substances, ideal gases, and
incompressible substances.
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Moving boundary work (P dV work): Quasi-equilibrium process:
The expansion and compression work A process during which the system
in a piston-cylinder device. remains nearly in equilibrium at all
times.
in exactdifferential as
path functien Wb is positive → for expansion
Wb is negative → for compression
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
The area under the process curve on a P-V
diagram is equal, in magnitude, to the work done
during a quasi-equilibrium expansion or
compression process of a closed system.
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Generalized boundary work
relation
Pi is the pressure at the
inner face of the piston.
In a car engine, the boundary work
done by the expanding hot gases is
used to overcome friction between
the piston and the cylinder, to push
atmospheric air out of the way, and
to rotate the crankshaft.
Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process
5 kg
400 kPa
P, kPa
400
v, m3/kg
Boundary Work for an Isothermal Compression Process
sTcaenst
'
Boundary Work for a Polytropic Process optional
Spru =
For ideal gas
Expansion of a Gas against a Spring
)
Ex 4 4
-
Jas
V2 C .
=
-
↓
DS =
0 -
m
KOS 30 kW →= 120 kPa
F = =
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance for any system
undergoing any process
Energy balance in
the rate form
The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time
Energy balance per unit mass basis
Energy balance in
differential form
Energy balance for a cycle
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance when sign convention is used:
- heat input and work output are positive
- heat output and work input are negative
The first law cannot be proven mathematically, but no process in nature is known to
have violated the first law, and this should be taken as sufficient proof.
Energy balance for a constant-pressure
expansion or compression process
General analysis for a closed system For a constant-pressure expansion
undergoing a quasi-equilibrium constant- or compression process:
∆U + Wb = ∆H
pressure process. Q is to the system and
W is from the system.
Ddesedsystem
pdV
n,
=P . ( 2 .7
An example of constant-pressure process
0
ex) 4 5 Gin Gout t win Waut
-
-
WE VIt
TOKt
=
.
= R 3 KJ = O
er =vs
↓
Win Gcat aaVtWo
-
H
=m ( hanhi )
h .
table
h 2
h 2
Fable
.
'
2e0 c
An example of constant-pressure process
Unrestrained Expansion of Water
SPECIFIC HEATS
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise the temperature of
the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise the temperature
of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is maintained constant.
CrdTu Cp =
SPECIFIC HEATS
SPECIFIC HEATS
Consider a fixed mass in a stationary closed system
undergoing a constant-volume process
Consider a constant-pressure expansion
or compression process
The equations are valid for any substance
undergoing any process.
cv is related to the changes in internal energy and
cp to the changes in enthalpy.
SPECIFIC HEATS
True
True or False:
cp is always greater than cv
cv and cp are properties.
The specific heats of a substance depend on the state.
The energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degr
ee is different at different temperatures and pressures.
A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg·°C or kJ/kg·K.
Are these units identical? yes
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
Internal energy and enthalpy
change of an ideal gas
Joule showed using this experimental
apparatus that u=u(T)
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
At low pressures, all real gases appro
ach ideal-gas behavior, and therefore
their specific heats depend on temper
ature only.
The specific heats of real gases at low
pressures are called ideal-gas specifi
c heats, or zero-pressure specific heat
s, and are often denoted cp0 and cv0.
u and h data for a number of gases ha
ve been tabulated.
These tables are obtained by choosin
g an arbitrary reference point and perf
orming the integrations by treating sta
te 1 as the reference state.
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
Internal energy and enthalpy change when specific heat is taken constant at
an average value
T, =
C
CT )
Three ways of calculating ∆u and ∆h
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
This is the easiest and most accurate
way when tables are readily available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table A-
2c) as a function of temperature and
performing the integrations. This is very
inconvenient for hand calculations but
quite desirable for computerized
calculations. The results obtained are
very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats. This is
very simple and certainly very
convenient when property tables are
not available. The results obtained are
reasonably accurate if the Three ways of calculating ∆u.
temperature interval is not very large.
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
PXV
=
RT
The relationship between
cp, cv and R
dh = cpdT and du = cvdT On a molar basis
Specific heat ratio
The specific ratio varies with temperature, but this variation is mild.
For monatomic gases (helium, argon, etc.), its value is essentially constant
at 1.667.
Many diatomic gases, including air, have a specific heat ratio of about 1.4 at
room temperature.
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
Heating of a Gas in a Tank by Stirring
4 8)
-
win = oU
ex
( 5 × 30 × 60
=
mCv (2 π
- .)
= O
. MX 3 1156
.
.
× (2- Janc
↓
P, Ʃ:39. 4C .
kPa
P2
He
G
= B 1156
0.7 kg
.
27°C
350 kPa Oa 15 kw
fer 3Omin
idealgas 350
Heating of a Gas by a Resistance Heater
ex 4 a
-
)
Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure
ex) 4 to
-
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific
volume (or density) is constant.
Solids and liquids are incompressible substances.
Cp ==dutpC
dth .
Internal Energy Changes
Enthalpy Changes
The enthalpy of a compressed liquid
Usually amore accurate relation than
Cooling of an Iron Block by Water
Heating of Aluminum Rods in a Furnace
Summary
• Moving boundary work
• Energy balance for closed systems
• Specific heats
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of ideal gases
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of incompres
sible substances (solids and liquids)
