Chapter - Electricity

Quantity Formulas Unit

I=Q/t

Current I Amperes (A)

Q = Charge

t = time taken
V=E/Q

or
Voltage V Volts (V)
V=W/Q

E = Energy, W = Work done

R = ρl / A

ρ = Resistivity,

l = length,
Resistance R Ohm (Ω)
A = Area

or,

R=V/I
Power P P = VI Watts (W)

Conductivity σ sigma = 1 / ρ Siemens per meter (S/m)

Electricity and its Effect (notations)

Physical Quantity Symbols SI unit

Voltage (potential difference) V Volt(V)

Power P Watt(W)

Charge Q Coulomb (C)

Work or Energy W Joule (J)

Resistance R Ohm Ω

Current I Ampere (A)

Resistivity ρ Ohm metre (Ω m)

Current:

The rate of charges (Q) through a conductor is called current (I) and is given by.

current = charge/time

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I = Q/t.

The SI unit of current is ampere (A).

Electromotive force: The potential difference at the terminals of cells in an open circuit is called
electromotive force (emf) and is denoted by letter E.

Potential difference is the work done in bringing a unit charge from one place to another.

Ohms law: At any constant temperature the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (V) across it. Mathematically,

Where R -Resistance, V – Voltage (P.D.), I – Current

Resistance: Resistance is a property of a conductor by virtue of which it opposes the flow of

electricity through it. Resistance is measured in Ohms (W). Resistance is a scalar quantity.

Conductor: Low-resistance material which allows the flow of electric current through it is called a
conductor. All metals are conductors except Hg and Pb etc.

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Resistor: High-resistance materials are called resistors. Resistors become hot when current flows
through them (nichrome wire is a typical resistor).

Insulator: A material which does not allow heat and electricity to pass through it is called an
insulator. Rubber, dry wood etc., are insulators.

Equivalent Resistance: A single resistance which can replace a combination of resistances such
that current through the circuit remains the same is called equivalent resistance.

Law of Combination of Resistances in Parallel: If resistance R1,R2,R3 etc are connected in parallel then the

equivalent resistance (R) is given by

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chapter-Light Reflection and Refraction
Laws of Reflection:
(i) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. ( i =  r)
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.

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 SPHERICAL MIRRORS
IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONCAVE MIRROR FOR DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF

THE OBJECT
Position of the Position of the Size of the image Nature of the
object image image
At infinity At the focus F Highly Real and inverted
diminished,
point sized
Beyond the Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted
centre of
curvature C
At C At C Same size Real and inverted
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
At F At infinity Infinitely large Real and inverted
or highly
enlarged
Between the Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect
pole P of the
mirror and focus
F

IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONVEX MIRROR

Position of the object Position of the image Size of the image Nature of the image
At infinity At the focus F, Highly Virtual and erect
behind the mirror diminished
point-sized
Between infinity and Between P and F, Diminished Virtual and erect
the pole P of the behind the mirror
mirror

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6
 IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONCAVE LENS
Position of the Position of the Size of the Nature of the
object image image image
At infinity At focus F1 Highly Virtual and erect
point- sized diminished
Between infinity Between focus F1 Diminished Virtual and erect
and optical centre and optical centre
O of the lenses

IMAGE FORMED BY A CONVEX LENS FOR DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE OBJECT

Position of the Position of the Size of the image Nature of the

object image image

At infinity At focus F2 Highly Real and inverted

diminished,
point-sized
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Diminished Real and inverted

At 2F1 At 2F1 Same size Real and inverted

Between F1 and 2F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and inverted

At focus F1 At infinity Infinitely large Real and inverted

or highly
enlarged
Between focus F1 On the same side Enlarged Virtual and erect
and optical centre of the lens as the
O object

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 Absolute refractive index (n) of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum
or air
(c) to the speed of light in the medium (v) i.e.
c
n

 Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in the path of light in

going from one medium to another.
 n going from a rarer to a denser medium, the ray of light bends towards
normal and in going from a denser to a rarer medium, the ray of light bends
away from normal.

 Snell’s law of sin i  n2  1n

2
refraction: sin n1
r
 No refraction occurs,
when

(i) light is incident normally on a boundary,

(ii) refractive indices of the two media in contact are equal.

 Refractive n21 = speed of light in medium 1 refractive index of medium 2


index =
speed of light in medium 2 refractive index of medium
1
 
 
21

23


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