College of Rural Engineering

Geographic Information
System
Lab 4: Georeferencing and Raster Spatial Analysis in ArcGIS Pro

Reda Yaagoubi, Ph.D.

[Link]@[Link]

1
Main objective:
In this lab, we will use ArcGIS Pro to georeference an image with undefined projection system.
Also, we will perform certain spatial analysis operations on Raster and Vector data.
Important Note:
In this tutorial, many functions have been already seen in the previous Labs. The corresponding
steps will be presented with less details.

Instruction for the Lab report:

Your report must contain a cover page. It may start with an introduction where you will address
the following questions:
• What is the importance of the georeferencing process?
• What is the importance of spatial analysis?
• What are the advantages and limitations of Raster versus Vector formats.

For each phase, you must answer to the corresponding deliverables.

Submit deadline: After one week.

2
PHASE 1: DATA PREPARATION
First, we need to add the data to be used in Georeferencing.
1- Start ArcGIS Pro and click on ‘Start without a template’.
2- Click on Add Folder, and select you working directory.
3- Make your working directory as Default. To do so, right-click on your directory in Catalog and
choose ‘Make Default’.
4- In the main menu, click Insert, then click New Map.
5- Add roadsGlobal and LimitNappe feature classes that are within Aaroui Geodatabase.
6- In the main ribbon, click View → Geoprocessing to open the Geoprocessing Window. Then
click on the Toolbox Tab and search for 'Clip' in Analysis Tools → Extract. This tool allows
clipping roads according to our study area.
7- In Input Features choose RoadsGlobal. In Clip Features choose the limit of our working area
named LimitNappe and name the resulting file Roads. Make sure that this feature class is inside
the Feature Dataset Zone_irrigation. Click Run.
8- Remove roadsGlobal from map contents.
9- Change the symbol of Roads Feature class to red.
10- Zoom to full extent.

Deliverable 1:
- Make a screenshot showing the clipped Roads in the study area.

PHASE 2: IMAGE GEOREFERENCING

In this phase, we will georeference an image that has no coordinates system.
1- Add the image [Link] provided with the lab data. This image has a very high resolution;
however, it has no reference system.
2- Remove LimitNappe from map contents.
3- Zoom to extend, you notice that the image is not visible because its reference system is
undefined.
4- Right-click on [Link] in the contents window and click Zoom to Layer.
5- Now, Right-click on Roads in the contents window and click Zoom to Layer.

3
6- In the main Ribbon, click on Imagery → Georeference.
7- Click on Fit to Display. This will bring the image to be georeferenced close to the roads that
will be used as a reference.

Deliverable 2:
- Make a screenshot showing the [Link] image placed approximately near the
roads.

8- To start georeferencing, proceed as follow:

a. Click on Control Point Table , to display the information about the GCPs to be
added.

b. Click on Add Control Points , it is necessary to follow this order when adding
GCPs:
i. First choose a point in the image to be georeferenced.
ii. Then, choose the corresponding point in the georeferenced file (Roads in our
case).
Note : You must choose an appropriate Zoom during georeferencing. An
exaggerated zoom will make the image pixelized, so the details will not be clear.
However, not enough zooming will cause errors in the location of GCPs.
c. Make sure that the GCPs to be chosen must be well distributed over the entire image
to be georeferenced.
d. Choose at least 10 GCPs. Don't forget to save your GCPs in a .TXT file. To do this, on
the Control Point Table, click on export and save it under an appropriate name.
e. Choose 1st order polynomial as Transformation Method.

Note: Your Forward RMS Error must be less than 20m. If you make a mistake in
choosing your GCPs, click on the wrong row in the Control Point Table and click
on the delete button.

Deliverable 3:
- Make a screenshot showing the new position of the image to be georeferenced as well
as Control Point Table after choosing a minimum of 10 GCPs.

4
9- In order to save the georeferenced image, after applying the 1st order polynomial as
Transformation Method, in the same reference system as Roads Feature Class, click on Save as
New under Georeference Tab in the Main Ribbon. Save your image in the Geodatabase
[Link], and Name it Aroui_Ref. For the pixel size choose 5m. Leave the other parameters
as default.
10- Remove [Link] for the map.

Deliverable 4:
- Make a screenshot showing the superposition of the road network on the
georeferenced image.

10- Right-click on [Link] → Properties → Source → Spatial Reference.

Deliverable 5:
- Make a screenshot showing the new projection system for the georeferenced image.

PHASE 3: CREATION OF A DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM) IN RASTER

FORMAT
In this phase, we will create a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in TIN format, a DEM in Raster
format, and a Digital Terrain Model for the Slope.
1- Add CourbesdeNiveau and LimitNappe feature classes that represents the contour lines in the
Map.
2- In the Geoprocessing Tools, search for Create TIN which allows you to create a Digital
Elevation Model in TIN format (Triangular Irregular Network).
3- In Output TIN, choose your working folder and name your file TIN_Aaroui.
4- For the coordinate system, choose the same as Roads.
5- In Input Features, choose CourbesdeNiveau. The tools will automatically recognize the
Elevation Attribute as Height Field. For the Type, leave Hard_Line.

5
6- Click on icon near Input Feature Class. Then, in the new Input Features, choose
LimitNappe. For the Type, leave Soft_Clip, in order to define the boundaries of your TIN to be
created. Leave the other parameters as default.
7- Click Run.

8- Right-click on TIN_Araoui → Symbology, click on the third icon and near Draw using,
choose Simple.

Deliverable 6:
- Make a screenshot showing the Created TIN.

9- Now click again on the third icon and uncheck Draw using.

Deliverable 7:
- Make a screenshot showing the updated TIN.

10- In order to convert the TIN to a Digital Elevation Model in Raster Format, search for the TIN
to Raster function. Fill the corresponding dialog box as follow: 1) Aaroui_DEM as output name,
which must be stored inside [Link], 3) For Output Data Type, choose Integer, 3) For
Sampling Distance Choose Cell Size and specify 5 as sampling Value. Leave other settings as
default.
11- Right-click on Araoui_DEM → Symbology. In Color scheme, check show names and
choose Elevation 7.

Deliverable 8:
- Make a screenshot showing the Digital Elevation Model in Raster Format.

12- Form Araoui_DEM, we will calculate the corresponding slope in Percentage. To do so,
search for Slope in the Geoprocessing Window. Fill the corresponding dialog box as follow: 1)
Aaroui_DEM as Input Raster, 2) Aaroui_SLP as output raster that must be stored inside
[Link], 3) For Output measurement, choose Percent rise. Leave other settings as default.

6
Deliverable 9:
- Make a screenshot showing the Slope in Raster Format.

PHASE 4: EXAMPLES OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS

In this phase, we will perform zonal statistics on the parcel units to extract the mean height and
the mean slope for each parcel unit.
1- Open the Spatial Analyst Tools → Zonal → Zonal Statistics.
2- In Input Raster or Feature Zone Data, choose BLOC.
3- In Zone field, choose BlocID.
4- In Input Value Raster, choose Aaroui_DEM.
5- In Output Raster, name the file Aaroui_DEM_Stat and save it inside Aaroui Godatabase.
6- For the type of statistic, choose MEAN.
7- Click Run.
8- Change the Color scheme to Condition Number.

Deliverable 10:
- Make a screenshot showing the Aaroui_DEM_Stat raster file.

9- Repeat the same operations on Aaroui_SLP and name the new file Aaroui_SLP_Stat. For the
color scheme, choose Surface.

Deliverable 11:
- Make a screenshot showing the Aaroui_SLP_Stat raster file.

10- We want to find the parcel units that fulfill the following condition: What are the parcels that
have an average elevation greater than 220 m? To answer to this question, we will reclassify
the Parcels as follow: Parcels with elevation less or equal than 220 m will have a value of 1
and those with elevation greater than 220m will have the value of 2. To run this condition,

7
search for Raster Calculator in the Geoprocessing Window, and introduce the following
formula:

Con(Raster("Aaroui_DEM_Stat") <= 220 ,1 ,2)

Deliverable 12:
- Make a screenshot showing the resulting classification of Aaroui_DEM_Stat based on
the specified condition.

Deliverable 13:
- Make a screenshot showing :
* The condition formula on Aaroui_SLP_Stat to classify parcels as follow: Parcels
with slope less or equal than 4% will have a value of 1 and those with slope greater
than 4% will have the value of 2.
* The resulting classification of Aaroui_SLP_Stat.

Deliverable 14:
- Make a screenshot showing:
* The condition formula on Aaroui_SLP_Stat and Aaroui_DEM_Stat to classify
parcels as follow: Parcels with a slope greater than 4% and an elevation greater than
220m will have a value of 1, otherwise, the other parcels will get NoData as a value.
* The resulting classification of Parcels.