Mains 2017 - 953
Question
Maris 2016 - GS2
Maris 2023 -
GS 2
.
-
in India
of Unemployment
Measurement
> MOSPI
who Measuers
Ns
Ns 'Piwing
.
is
sample surveys extrapolation of
te
population
Must
L
Regions
Be a diverse caste
gender
,
representative size
sample .
UErey
NSSO
goestocholds
official NOT in Labour
Force
Y
ask some
questions
to
In Labour
force .
working age
population
further
Questions
all asked
employed inemployed
Rate-
UE
employed
employed- unemployed.
(from
-Whatisthe kry variable/factor polya
Think in this a
Aus : How
you
choose to
define the word
'employed '
Randomised control
Concept of trial .
S done to reduce Bias in
sampling.
How better health outcomes in district.
ex can I
get
:
a
More
Doctors More More More
funds to
informationus ...
PHCS wago
RCT-select 5similar districts
Randomly vary
one variable While
.
kuping ohon
then see
differences .
RCT- Nobel
prize (poverty) [More ou this later]
&
,
used in
sampling
to reduce bias
Defining employed
earlier
(Before 2012) EUS
by
sso
(employment/employment
- -
suncy)
·
Quinquencial Survey
last -
2012 3mo (urban),; 14 (Rmal)
period Create
shortrecall
2017-
shifted to PLFS
,
.
many
technologuest
PLFS- usual status+ woment
Recall period . >
-
weekly
shorter.
status
Technology
More accurate
Bigger sample
size .
Methods
of defining
employment
D Usual Status
[Majority time criteria]
crictria - in Labou
force' < 181
days -actively seekingis
·
-
find work
for more than
majority of time that
they were in labour
force .
#
Employed (principle status)
subsidiary status
-
principally than
unemployed but able to
find work
for more 30
.
days
< Find work
for 101
days
-
ps
·
ex :
In LF
for 200
days
So
find work
days for 35 -
find work for 15 days umployed.
-
Usual Status= status
principlestatus subsidiary ess)
+
Headline Measure
unemployment
.
② Current Status
Weekly
·
If person is in Labour
force in last I week
for
can
they get work , cannot
find
work
for atleast
day
& Hour on
any
one
day
anyone a
the last week
attest #How of
on
employed inemployment
do NOT criteria
CWS
use
majority time
timing of survey
sensitive to
I
seasonality of unemployment
usually UE rate (Cws) (US)
,
<
PLFS both CWS and US
approach
-
uses
uban aleas -
every
3 months (CWS)
·
annual ->
Both urban and rusne (Us + CWS)
③ Current
Daily
Status
Approach
intensity of engagement
and measure the at work
try
we .
Person is in in work 24 Hours-100 % engaged
Labour
force for
engaged
engaged
in work boy. engaged
I
day
1 4 Hones
·
-
-
Unemployment
in work How-
engaged
·
onthis
Basis
Net
Intensity of employment over the last week.
ex : 1
person-in F-5 days
Mon The Wed Thus Fri
Hours :
5 380 6
I I 5
Intensity
:
0 5 .
· +
-
Employment -
100
% DUE-3%
CDS -
used
by
CMIE (unt for monitoring Indian cronomy)
measurement
usually on
up =
CDS) (WS) us .
GS3 Manis 2023 :
Reasons for
unemployment
at the
economy Reasons Reason specific to a
specific to
person
(Macroeconomic an
reasons and
economy
time
y
Y
Y
·
undera swymement
Structural
Classical UT
voluntary unemployment
· · ·
Seasonal
·
Frictional
Keynesian
·
·
cyclical
·
Labor
Market
Diagram
-
People we are
&
supply (Labor)
wagesWhe suring jobs
.
-
Demand
clabors
companies
S
seeking
employees .
Le
employment
Demand Cover factors constant)
Labor
mages
·
willingness
ability
.
Supply Labor <
Wages (other factors constant)
·
Gort fixes Minimum
wage (Price floor)
M
Slabor at MW .
Livel
wages
i
Le Supplysand.
! -4
-
excess
DLabour Labor in
Leg 22
S
economy
Quantity of Labor
unemployment
Classical economists
UE in the is due to Minimum and
economy
labour unious . wages
strong
Strong labour unions
Mint
wage legislations
3-stops Wh
from reaching eqb Level
Leads to
unemployment
Rate
K/a Wage Unemployment
Let Business do Business without
iemployment
solution to ->
regulations
CLaissez faire)
In short won't (Recall have
wage prices
run >
-
more .
:
we
read this
Rum-wageprice eventuallyseea
will at
En Long
t
to
,
operate freely
But How
long
is this
long
Rm ?
-
former
PM
Quote .
School
depression and
of Keynesian
the
The
great emergence
Great
depression in USA (1929)
classical solution- Laissez faire
Economist JM all dead
,
Keynes [ In longru
the we are
Different perspective on
Unemployment .
Keynesian theory of Unemployment
due to
UE is NOT
merely High wages.
4 also
depends on if firms are willing to Hire workers.
MKandaggregate demand Demand
deficit
unemployment
virgow ex :
↓
Covid-19
↓
Firms will Not low
wages but still
employ. unemployment
Keynesian UE- due to low
aggregate
demand.
Aggregate Durand
How
why isie
to restore
it levels ?
High
to
Business
Cycle . rate.
an growth
slowdown
7
M
a
Economy cyclical
is
Economy
wa
~
Nature.
Recovery
Recession ·
growth phase-High BD
3
·
Slowdown > LOWAD
Time > VE
(from Cambrid,
a
However world - don't know where the
,
is at the
in the real
moment
,
we
economy
M
don't know
Real-feronomy
Here we
will
o
(concept of Rolling
Y average
time .
Therefore grow from
wherever
objective in the
economy
is to
-
are
you
to
grow-yAD .
keynes
as
per
periods
of High growth CONVE
low
growth High ut
,
at this times Intervention needed
to
+ growth rate
↑ aggregate demand.
>
tin Quantity of Labor
↑ growth can be due to
↑ in
Quality of Labor
↑ in state
of technology
when
growth due a Quantity of labor
-
Temployment
only
· - to
Recession -> full in AD
employmentis
simply 4 AD-Not cause
will
set in the
of capacity economy
Damand has
a
to
beyond a set threshold -
only then
employment fa l s .
UE due to
varying cycles of economy cyclical UF
-
.
shapes of economic
Recovery
·
-expected
I didNosected
=
zsnape
growth
--
&
I
soneswerd k .
didn't
snaped
some
---
>
of
teare
How to YAD ? -
ES -which
(t M)
-
a
can
recession during
?
Recession
Keynesian
solution -
during govt spending +
-
forthis govt must
will
at time
Boom
&
govt
need to
E
of recover this
later
I
Boom in economy taxt
,
·
countercyclical
·
Recession in
economy
,
Spend t fiscal
policy
Types of UF
voluntary
Structural
frict
a gent
UE
seasonal
unemployment
Natural rate
of unemployment
These 4
types
- .
