Academic Year: 2022-2023

IV Partial differentiations

Classwork Examples
4.1 Partial derivative and geometrical interpretation

Partial derivative and geometrical interpretation

1 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Find the values of 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦 at the point (4, −5), where 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 1.

C.W.
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Answer: | = −7, | = 13.
𝜕𝑥 (4,−5) 𝜕𝑦 (4,−5)

2 The plane 𝑥 = 1 intersects the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2. Find the slope of the tangent to
the parabola at (1, 2, 5). C.W.
𝜕𝑧
Answer: | = 4.
𝜕𝑦 (1,2)

3 Find the first and second order partial derivatives of 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦, where 𝑎 is a
constant. C.W.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Answer: 𝜕𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑦, 𝜕𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥,
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 6𝑥, 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = −3𝑎, 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = −3𝑎, 𝜕𝑦 2 = 6𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 2

4 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 , then verify that 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥. C.W.

5 Find the first order partial derivatives for the following functions at the specified point.
𝑥
(𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln ( ), at (2, 3). C.W.
𝑦
𝑥
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = , at (3, 4). H.W.
√𝑥 2 +𝑦2
1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )−2 , at (2, 1, 2). C.W.
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ln(𝑥 + √𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ), at (2, 3, 4). H.W.
Answer:
𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕𝑓 1
(𝑖) | = 2, | = −3 .
𝜕𝑥 (2,3) 𝜕𝑦 (2,3)

𝜕𝑓 16 𝜕𝑓 12
(𝑖𝑖) | = 125 , | = − 125 .
𝜕𝑥 (3,4) 𝜕𝑦 (3,4)

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𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕𝑓 2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) | = − 27 , | = − 27 , | = − 27 .
𝜕𝑥 (2,1,2) 𝜕𝑦 (2,1,2) 𝜕𝑧 (2,1,2)

𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕𝑓 3 𝜕𝑓 4
(𝑖𝑣) | =7 , | = 35 , | = 35 .
𝜕𝑥 (2,3,4) 𝜕𝑦 (2,3,4) 𝜕𝑧 (2,3,4)

6 𝑦
Verify that 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 , when 𝑓 is equal to sin−1 (𝑥 ). H.W.

4.2 Euler’s theorem with corollaries and their applications

Euler’s theorem with corollaries and their applications

1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
If 𝑧 = (8𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(log 𝑥 − log 𝑦), then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑧. C.W.

2 𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = cos ( 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2 ), then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 0. C.W.

3 𝑦 𝑦 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
If 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓 ( ) + 𝑔 ( ), then find 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 . C.W.
𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

Answer: 0.
4 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = sin−1 ( ), then show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑢. C.W.
𝑥+𝑦

5 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢 log 𝑢. C.W.

6 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
If 𝑢 = sin−1 ( ), then find 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 . C.W.
𝑥𝑦

Answer: tan 𝑢 (1 + sec 2 𝑢).

7 𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 tan−1 (𝑥 ) − 𝑦 2 tan−1 (𝑦), then find (𝑖) 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦,
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 . H.W.
𝜕𝑥 2

Answer: (𝑖) 2𝑢, (𝑖𝑖) 2𝑢.

8 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = tan−1 ( ), then prove that (𝑖) 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = sin 2𝑢,
𝑥−𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 2 cos 3𝑢 sin 𝑢 𝑜𝑟 sin 4𝑢 − sin 2𝑢. H.W.
𝜕𝑥 2

4.3 Chain rule

Chain rule
1 𝑑𝑓
Find at 𝑡 = 0 for a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦, where
𝑑𝑡

𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡. C.W.

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𝑑𝑓
Answer: | = 𝑒.
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0

2 𝑑𝑓
Find at 𝑡 = 0 for a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧, where 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑡

cos 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 . C.W.
𝑑𝑓
Answer: | = 3.
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0

3 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦), then prove that 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑎 𝜕𝑦 = 0, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants. C.W.

4 If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑢 + 𝑒 −2𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑢 + 𝑒 2𝑣 , then show that

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
− 𝜕𝑣 = 2 [𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦]. C.W.
𝜕𝑢

5 𝑦
If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑢 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = cot −1 (𝑥 ), then prove that

𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2 1 𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2
(𝜕𝑥 ) + (𝜕𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 [(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (𝜕𝑢) + (𝜕𝑣 ) ]. C.W.

6 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥), then prove that 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 0. C.W.

7 If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝛼 − 𝑣 sin 𝛼 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝛼 + 𝑣 cos 𝛼, where 𝛼 is a constant,

𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2
then prove that (𝜕𝑢) + (𝜕𝑣 ) = (𝜕𝑥 ) + (𝜕𝑦) . H.W.

8 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
If 𝑧 = ln(𝑢2 + 𝑣) , 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 , then prove that 2𝑦 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 = 0. H.W.

4.4 Implicit functions

Implicit functions
1 𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 at (1, 1) if 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 4 = 0. C.W.
𝑑𝑦 1
Answer: 𝑑𝑥 | = 5.
(1,1)

2 𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 at (−1, 1) if 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 3 = 0. C.W.
𝑑𝑦
Answer: 𝑑𝑥 | = 2.
(−1,1)

3 Assume that the equation 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑐 = 0 defines 𝑧 as a function of 𝑥 and

𝑦 say 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Find a value of the constant 𝑐 such that 𝑓(0, 𝑒) = 2 and compute the
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
partial derivatives 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦 at the point (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0, 𝑒). C.W.
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2𝑒
Answer: 𝜕𝑥| = 𝑒 2 −4 , 𝜕𝑦| = 𝑒 2 −4.
(0,𝑒,2) (0,𝑒,2)

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4 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Find 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦 at (1, 1, 1), if 𝑧 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 3 − 2 = 0. C.W.
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧 3
Answer: 𝜕𝑥| = 4 , 𝜕𝑦| = − 4.
(1,1,1) (1,1,1)

5 𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 at (0, ln 2), if 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − ln 2 = 0. H.W.
𝑑𝑦
Answer: 𝑑𝑥 | = −(2 + 𝑙𝑛 2).
(0,ln 2)

6 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Find 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦 at (𝜋, 𝜋, 𝜋), if sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑦 + 𝑧) + sin(𝑥 + 𝑧) = 0. H.W.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Answer: 𝜕𝑥| = −1 , 𝜕𝑦| = −1.
(𝜋,𝜋,𝜋) (𝜋,𝜋,𝜋)

4.5 Total differentials

Total differentials
1 Find total derivative of the function 𝑧 = 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 − 7. C.W.
Answer: 𝑑𝑧 = (12𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (3 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦.
2 If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, then obtain 𝑑𝑢. C.W.
Answer: 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧.
3 Find total derivative of the function 𝑧 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑥. H.W.
Answer: 𝑑𝑧 = (cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑥 sin 𝑦 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑦.
4 If 𝑢 = ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ), then obtain 𝑑𝑢. C.W.
2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
Answer: 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧.