Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 29:
The Process of
Evolution
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 29:The Process of Evolution
First Edition, 2020
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Quarter 2 – Module 29:
The Process of
Evolution
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the process of evolution. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.
The module covers:
Lesson 2 – The Process of Evolution
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe how the present system of classification of organisms is based on
evolutionary relationships;
2. Interpret and explain the phylogenetic tree;
3. Explain the importance of phylogenetic tree to evolutionary relationship of
organisms.
Lesson
29 The Process of Evolution
In 1835, when Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands, evidence has been
found to indicate that living things have changed gradually during their natural
history. The study of fossils as well as biogeography, embryology, molecular
evidence, and comparative anatomy such as homologous structure, analogous
structure and vestigial structure provide evidence for evolution.
What’s In
Activity 1
Match the picture with each type of evidence. Choose your answer from the
word bank below. Write your answer inside the box.
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1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
analogous structure molecular evidence fossil
embryology vestigial structure homologous structure
What’s New
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called phylogeny from the
Greek word phylon which means “tribe” and genesis which means “origin”. Biologist
traditionally represent the genealogy or organism’s line of evolutionary development
of organisms as phylogenetic trees, which are diagrams that trace evolutionary
relationships and connections among organisms.
A phylogenetic tree can be read like a map of evolutionary history. Rooted
phylogenetic trees have single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor.
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Activity 2
Label the parts of rooted phylogenetic tree based on the given description.
1.
2.
3.
5. 4.
Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic tree
branch point the point where split occurs
basal taxon lineage that evolved early from the root
and remains unbranched
sister taxa point of two lineages stem from the same
branch
polytomy branch with more than two lineages
Root Indicates that an ancestral lineage gave
rise to all organisms on the tree
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What is It
There are four groups of evolutionary tree namely monophyletic, paraphyletic,
polyphyletic and soft polytomy. Monophyletic group is also called clade which shows
common ancestor. Paraphyletic group refers to recent common ancestor but not all
descendants are included. Polyphyletic group includes recent common ancestors are
not included only distant relative. Soft polytomy indicates more than two immediate
descendants.
Activity 3
Identify what group of evolutionary tree is illustrated below.
1. 2.
3.
What’s
Activity 4
Analyze the phylogenetic tree. Fill the blank with the correct answer. Please
be guided by the Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic tree discussed.
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1. The root of the tree is represented by letter .
2. shows common ancestor of B and C.
3. A to E represents the .
4. B and C are .
5. Which is more likely close related? A and C or C and D?
What I Have Learned
Activity 5
Complete the sentences.
(1) were grouped and used as evidence and basis for
further classification of living things. The evolutionary history of a group of
organisms is called (2) from the Greek word phylon which means “tribe” and
genesis which means “origin”.
A (3) can be read like a map of evolutionary history.
Rooted phylogenetic trees have single lineage at the base representing a common
ancestor. Structures of phylogenetic tree are tip or terminal node, basal taxon, sister
taxa, polytomy and root. (4) is the point where split occurs.
Lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched is called
(5) . A branch with more lineages is polytomy while
(6) shows that ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on
the tree.
The four groups of evolutionary tree are monophyletic, paraphyletic,
polyphyletic and soft polytomy. (7) group is also called clade which
shows common ancestor and all their descendent. (8) group refers to
recent common ancestor but not all descendent are included. (9)
group includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant relative.
(10) indicates that branching is unknown.
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What I Can Do
Activity 6
Complete the phylogenetic tree. Choose the corresponding organism from the
word bank.
Alligator Beavers Dolphin Tuna
Frog Gorilla Tyrannosaurus
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Lineages that evolved early from the root and remain unbranched
a. basal taxon
b. branch point
c. root
d. sister taxa
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2. The point where split takes place
a. basal taxon
b. branch point
c. polytomy
d. sister taxa
3. Indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree
a. basal taxon
b. branch point
c. root
d. sister taxa
4. Monophyletic group is also called .
a. clade
b. domain
c. genus
d. taxa
5. Branch with more than two lineages
a. basal taxon
b. branch point
c. polytomy
d. sister taxa
6. Point of two lineages stem from the same branch
a. basal taxon
b. branch point
c. root
d. sister taxa
7. Greek word phylon from the word phylogeny means .
a. ancestor
b. branch
c. origin
d. tribe
8. Greek word genesis from the word phylogeny means .
a. ancestor
b. branch
c. origin
d. tribe
9. Diagram that trace evolutionary relationships and connections
among organisms
a. evolution
b. family tree
c. lineages tree
d. phylogenetic tree
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For numbers 10 -11. Analyze the structure of phylogenetic tree.
10. Letter K represents ?
a. branch point
b. node
c. sister taxa
d. root
11. D and E are .
a. branch point
b. node
c. sister taxa
d. root
12. Common ancestor shows in group .
a. monophyletic
b. paraphyletic
c. polyphyletic
d. polytomy
13. Indicates more than two immediate descendants
a. monophyletic
b. paraphyletic
c. polyphyletic
d. polytomy
14. Includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant
relative
a. monophyletic
b. paraphyletic
c. polyphyletic
d. polytomy
15. Indicates recent common ancestor but not all descendants are included
a. monophyletic
b. paraphyletic
c. polyphyletic
d. polytomy
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Additional Activities
Activity 7
Study the phylogenetic tree then answer the questions below.
Questions:
1. What do you call the place where two branches split apart?
2. What does the branch point that connect chimpanzee, bonobo and human
represent?
3. What is that single branch point from which all branches originate?
4. What does the node closest to the root represent?
5. How important is phylogenetic tree?
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